用英语写信英语翻译1000字（经典20篇）

he weather in winter is a set of all the phenomena in a given atmosphere at a given time. It also includes interactions with the hydrosphere. The term usually refers to the activity of these phenomena over short periods (hours or days), as opposed to the term climate, which refers to the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, weather" is understood to be the weather of Earth.

Winter is cold. Let’s play the snowball and make snowman. The snowman is big . I like to play snowball. I am on the snow. The snow is cold. I have a scarf and coat. So I am not cold. I like the Christmas. Because I can see santa clus in Christmas . Christmas tree is beautiful. The presents are on the Christmas tree. I like winter. Do you like winter?

他的天气在冬天是一组给定的大气中的所有现象在给定的时间。它还包括与水圈的交互。这个术语通常指的是这些现象的活动在短时间(几小时或几天),而不是气候这个词,指的是在更长时间的平均大气状况。使用时没有资格,天气”被认为是地球的天气。

冬天是寒冷的。让我们玩雪球,使雪人。雪人是大的。我喜欢玩雪球。我在雪地上。雪是冷的。我有一条围巾和外套。所以我不冷。我喜欢圣诞节。因为我可以看到圣诞老人俱乐部在圣诞节。圣诞树是美丽的。礼物在圣诞树上。我喜欢冬天。你喜欢冬天吗?

There are many festivals in China，During these holidays, my favorite holiday is Chinese New Year.Not only because it’s the biggest festival in the year, but also because it’s a new beginning that brings hope to people and it’s time for family gathering.Before the festival, people come home no matter where they are.Usually, we have a big dinner on the New Year’s Eve. And then families sit together and share their lives or planes.Some will play games or hang out to have some fun.

On the New Year’s Day, people get up early and say good words to anyone they meet.Children can get lucky money from relatives.In the following days, we will visit relative’s home and bring New Year’s wishes to them.In short, it’s a time for family gathering and all of us enjoy it.

在中国，一年有很多节日，在这些节日中，我最喜欢春节。这不仅因为它是一年中最大的节日，更因为它是新一年的开始，给人们带来新的希望，也因为它是亲朋好友团聚的时刻。不管身在何方，人们总会在春节前回到家里准备过节。

通常，我们会在除夕夜吃一顿丰盛的晚餐，之后家人团座一起，分享一年以来的生活以及新年计划。有的人则会玩游戏或者出去玩。大年初一，人们通常会早起，会与见到的人说吉祥话。孩子们会得到压岁钱。在接下来的几天里，人们会带上新年祝福互相串门拜年。总之，春节是一个欢聚一堂、供人享乐的日子。

Today, as the development of the medical, people can slow down their aging. As for the celebrities, they use the developed technology to keep young, seeing their unchangeable faces in the screen for so many years, the audience also want to imitate the celebrity, they believe that by using the developed technology, they can keep young all the time. While in my opinion, the way to keep young is to hold a young heart, some people look young outside, but in their hearts, they are old enough and refuse to keep pace with the time. While for another group, even they have wrinkles, they are curious about all the things and are willing to change. My grandpa is old, but he knows all the fashionable things, sometimes I have to ask him for the new things. The young heart is the way to keep young forever.

今天，随着医疗的发展，人们能够延缓衰老。对于名人来讲，他们使用高科技来保持年轻，看到他们常年在屏幕上保持不变的容颜，观众也想要模仿名人，他们相信通过使用高科技就能一直保持年轻。然而在我看来，保持年轻的方法就是拥有一颗年轻的心，一些人表面看起来年轻，但是在他们的心里，他们足够的老，并且拒绝去与时俱进。对于另外一些人来讲，虽然他们有皱纹，但是他们对一切都保持好奇，并且愿意去改变。我的爷爷年纪大，但是他对一切时尚的东西都了如指掌，有时候我不得不问他关于新的事物。年轻的心是永葆青春的方法。

Every May in Chinese lunar calendar is Dragon Boat Festival, do you know anything about it? Let me speak for you.

Once upon a time, there was a patriotic poet Qu Yuan, once he went to Beijing to go to work, see a decline of state variable, then vote Miluo River to commit suicide. Before he died, he wrote a poem. People in order to commemorate the patriotic poet, the annual Lunar New Year in May at the beginning of a dragon boat festival.

The main contents of the Dragon Boat Festival is the dragon boat racing, zongzi.

Dragon boat racing scene is very lively, crowded shore. Just listen to the sound of gunfire, paddled boat people desperately, but the river is full of cheering.

Rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves, is for filling, with glutinous rice. When the package is very sticky, not professionals, but the package is not good!

According to legend, the dragon boat race is to salvage the Miluo River to die of the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Threw rice dumplings into the river, is to let the fish and shrimp to eat, not eat Qu Yuans body.

In recent years, the global warming gets increasingly attention. More and more people make contribution to stop the global warming. Therefore, a new lifestyle occurs--low carbon life. What can we do to live in low carbon?

近几年，全球气候变暖越来越得到关注。越来越多的人为阻止全球变暖做出贡献。因此，一种新的生活方式诞生了——低碳生活。在低碳生活中我们可以做些什么呢?

First, remember to turn off lights and turn off the faucet when you do not need to use. Use the energy-saving lamps. There are many small things we can do to save resources. Second, when we go out, take public transport as much as possible, to reduce gas emissions and to ease the transporting pressures.

首先，但你不需要用电和水的时候，记得把灯和水龙头关掉。使用节能灯。我们可以做很多小事来节省资源。其次，当我们外出的时候，尽可能乘坐公共交通以减少气体排放和缓解交通压力。

All in all, there are many other things we can do to live in the low carbon life. It needs us to do something practically. If everyone can keep this lifestyle from now on, it will greatly change the situation and our home would become more beautiful.

总之，为了低碳生活，我们可以做很多事。它需要我们做出一些实际行动。如果每个人能够从现在起保持这种生活方式，情况将得到很大改善，我们的家园会变得更美丽。

In the 30 days of the winter vacation, I also want to some of my winter vacation plan.

On the first day of winter vacation, I will look over the final exam papers review once, and then do some exercises.

In the second day to the fifth day of the winter vacation, I will finish the all homework assigned by the teacher is good, take a look at some reference books and information.

Review to the same, I will go to buy some books and materials book1&book 2 in the sixth grade to preview, understand and recite every passage and words, math is to buy some exercises to do. In the New Year to come, tidy up all the information about learning well, back to their hometown to play with my friends. My winter vacation plan is like this, what about you?

I Lin Wei wish you success in the New Year!

在这寒假的30天里，我也想好了我的一些寒假的计划。

在寒假的第一天，我会先把期末考的试卷复习一次，然后再做一些练习题。

在寒假的第二天到第五天，我会把老师布置的所有作业都完成好，再看一些课外书和资料。

复习到差不多的时候，我会去买一些六年级下册的书籍和资料来预习，并背诵每一篇课文和词语的理解，数学就买一些练习题来做。在新年要到来的时候，就把全部有关学习的资料整理好，回到老家和朋友们玩耍。我的寒假计划就是这样，你们呢?

我林薇在新的一年里祝你们马到成功!

Another Chinese New Year arrived, dad said: "the Spring Festival to return home with grandma." Family reunion dinner mom made a delicious fish, mom said: "eat fish on behalf of the annual New Year." I looked up doubt ask a mother: "every year more than fish is on behalf of heaven will drop down to us to eat? She smiled and said to me:" the fish is more harmonics, fish is a symbol of wealth. "Like a duck to water" used to describe the work and life happiness, harmonious, and happy.

On the first day, I got up early, to grandma happy New Year, my grandma gave me a red envelope, I said happily: "thank you, I wish you a happy holiday!" The Spring Festival fireworks, wear new clothes, watching the dragon boat show, visiting relatives and friends, eat, drink, and be merry. The holiday was happy!

又一个春节到了，爸爸说：“这个春节要回老家陪奶奶一起过。”年夜饭妈妈做了香喷喷的鱼，妈妈说：“过年吃鱼代表年年有余。”我仰起头疑惑的问妈妈：“年年有余是不是代表天上会掉鱼下来给我们吃?她笑着对我说：”鱼是余的谐音，鱼象征着富贵。“如鱼得水”用来描述工作和生活和谐美满、幸福。

大年初一，我早早的起床，去给奶奶拜年，奶奶给了我红包，我高兴地说：“谢谢，祝您节日快乐!”春节放烟花、穿新衣、看龙舟表演、走亲访友、吃喝玩乐。这个节日过得真快乐啊!

My hometown is Guiyang, a small city in Southwest China, surrounded by rolling green mountains. A river runs through it, with locust trees lining along both banks. In Spring the locust trees all blossom at the same time, spreading the delicate fragrance all around the city. In Summer there will be little boats floating on the river, the laughter of children resonating with the sound of the running water.

我的家乡是贵阳，一个中国西南的边的小城市，四周群山环绕。有一条护城河，两岸种植着槐树。春天槐树都在同一时间开花，全城都弥漫着淡淡的芳香。夏天的时候有小舟在河飘动，孩子们的笑声在在水流声间回荡。

I was born and grew up in the city, and Im very affectionate to it. It rains a lot, but the climate is very mild, neither too cold nor too hot throughout the year. It is small and not very prosperous, but people there are warm-hearted and straightforward. The life pace there is slow and peaceful. Its a good place for spending hot summer days.

我在这座城市出生、成长，我非常热爱它。贵阳常常下雨，但气候宜人，一年之间不会太冷、也不会太热。贵阳很小也不繁华，但是这里的人都很热情、直爽。这里的生活悠闲而安详。这是一个度过酷热暑假的好地方。

That is my hometown. I love her deeply from the bottom of my heart.

这就是我的家乡，我深爱的着的地方。

Today is Christmas Eve once a year. We have three at home. We burn delicious hot pot in the kitchen for mom, dad and I are in the sitting room decorate the Christmas tree together.

First of all, my father and I put the branches stretching, then put the tree is installed on a tripod.

Finally, my father and I put the small bells, Musical Instruments, gifts, fawn, Santa Claus, bowknot, five-pointed star and snowflake decorations hanging in the branches. Also has a long string of colorful lights around the branch.

A: wow! A beautiful Christmas tree appeared in front of our eyes, just like that. The mother of hot pot also burn well. The three of us to sit down and eating hot pot, hot side sing Christmas songs, was quite happy!

今天是一年一次的圣诞平安夜。我们一家三口开开心心地在家里。妈妈在厨房为我们烧美味可口的火锅，我和爸爸在客厅一起装饰圣诞树。

首先，我和爸爸把树枝舒展开来，然后把树安装在一个三角架上。最后，我和爸爸把一个个铃铛、乐器、礼物、小鹿、圣诞老人、蝴蝶结、五角星、雪花的装饰用品挂在树枝上。还把一长串五彩缤纷的彩灯绕在树枝上。

哇!一棵美丽的圣诞树就这样出现在我们的眼前。这时妈妈的火锅也烧好了。我们三人坐下来一边吃着热腾腾的火锅，一边唱着圣诞节的歌曲，真是太开心了!

Today I was very happily today！ In the morning， it was very fine！ Then I climbed the mountain with family， the air on the mountain was very fresh， the flowers plants and trees on the mountain all seemed extremely beautiful.

Today I was very happily today！ In the morning， it was very fine！ Then I climbed the mountain with family， the air on the mountain was very fresh， the flowers plants and trees on the mountain all seemed extremely beautiful. In the afternoon， I went to friend‘s home to play， the friend entertained me warmly， showed me a lot of books of his ，listened to his CD for me ， then also asked me to eat a sumptuous dinner. Coming back home in the evening， family and I sat and watched TV together， we were returning and eating the fruit while chatting， the whole family was happy and harmonious！

译文：

今天我过得非常开心！早上，天气非常好！于是我和家人一起去登山，山上的空气非常清新，山上的花草树木都显得格外美丽。下午，我去了朋友家玩，朋友热情地招待我，给我看了他的很多书，给我听了他的CD，然后还请我吃了一顿丰盛的晚餐。晚上回到家，我与家人坐在一起看电视，我们还一边聊天一边吃着水果，全家其乐融！

[开心的一天小学英语日记带翻译

Can Money Buy Happiness?

Can money buy happiness? Different people have different opinions. Some

think yes, while others hold the opposite.

It is true that with enough money one can buy all the things one wants, and

live a life of comfort and security. However, it is equally true that lack of

money causes great distress. It is a common view that "money is the root of all

evil." The pursuit of money drives many people to cheat and steal. In some

places there is nothing that cannot be bought with money, resulting in corrupt

societies where everybody is miserable.

So, money does not necessarily mean happiness. It all depends on how it is

used. If we make honest and sensible use of money, it can be a stepping-stone to

happiness l Although money cannot buy happiness, it can make happiness possible

if it is employed sensibly.

金钱能买来幸福吗?

金钱能买来幸福吗?不同的人有不同的回答。有的人认为能，有的人则持相反的意见。

诚然一个人如果有足够的钱可以买到他想要的所有物品，过上舒适稳定的生活。然而，同样缺钱往往引起巨大的忧伤。人们常常认为“金钱是万恶之源”，对金钱的追求驱使许多人去骗去偷。在某些地方，没有钱买不到的东西，导致社会的腐化堕落。

所以，金钱并不一定就意味着幸福。这取决于怎样使用金钱，如果我们诚信明智地使用金钱，它将是幸福的基石。尽管金钱买不到幸福，但它可以使幸福成为可能。

There are many festivals in China. Among them, I like the Spring Festival

most.Not only because it’s the biggest festival in the year, but also because

it’s a new beginning that brings hope to people and it’s time for family

gathering.Before the festival, people come home no matter where they

are.Usually, we have a big dinner on the New Year’s Eve. And then families sit

together and share their lives or planes.Some will play games or hang out to

have some fun.

On the New Year’s Day, people get up early and say good words to anyone

they meet.Children can get lucky money from relatives.In the following days, we

will visit relative’s home and bring New Year’s wishes to them.In short, it’s a

time for family gathering and all of us enjoy it.

在我国，一年有很多节日，在这些节日中，我最喜欢春节。这不仅因为它是一年中最大的节日，更因为它是新一年的开始，给人们带来新的希望，也因为它是亲朋好友团聚的时刻。不管身在何方，人们总会在春节前回到家里准备过节。

通常，我们会在除夕夜吃一顿丰盛的晚餐，之后家人团座一起，分享一年以来的生活以及新年计划。有的人则会玩游戏或者出去玩。大年初一，人们通常会早起，会与见到的人说吉祥话。孩子们会得到压岁钱。在接下来的几天里，人们会带上新年祝福互相串门拜年。总之，春节是一个欢聚一堂、供人享乐的日子。

The vacation, I and my mother, father and uncle went to my hometown, beautiful yongping county, Dali prefecture. Where there is water, mountains, can be beautiful!

When I eat the food I think mother gave me to do before oil powder soup. When I go for a walk in beautiful hui mosque, see I can see the whole yongping county, I am very happy!

Next, I introduce you to whats there to do in my hometown, and what to eat.

My hometown is a very beautiful place! There are two small park, one is called scenic beauty, a small park, there is a place where is hui mosque, there is a very beautiful castle.

Yongping county, Dali prefecture food with conger chicken, thin oil powder, ShaoErKuai, casserole bait silk. Play and eat there still has a lot of, I said dont finish this time, next time!

放假了，我和妈妈、爸爸还有叔叔去了我的老家，美丽的大理州永平县。那里有山有水，美不胜收，可漂亮了!

当我吃到那里的美食我会想到以前妈妈给我做的油粉汤。当我去美丽的回族清真寺走一走、看一看我会看到整个永平县，我很快乐!

接下来，我给大家介绍一下我的家乡有什么玩的和有什么吃的。

我的家乡其实是个很美丽的地方!那里有两个小公园，一个叫山水美居，一个叫小公园，还有一个地方是回族清真寺，那里是一座很美丽的城堡。

大理州永平县的美食有黄焖鸡、稀油粉、烧饵块、沙锅饵丝。那里的玩的和吃的还有很多，我这次说不完，下次吧!

I walk on the road, as the snow fell on me. Wow, what a vanity of build by laying bricks or stones jade world! Air is flying snow, the ground is soft white carpet. The vast heaven and earth color, gray. Fog, lingering in the mountains, white fog around the high mountain, as if that was the world like milk, a piece of white, an infinite yearning.

Nearby, the branches on the blooming of snow, is really "like night of spring breeze comes suddenly, thousand trees critics, pear flower open" in the distance, the evergreen pine and cypress trees, just like past ice sculptures carved jade, exquisite pagoda. In the distance, partners in a pile of white cute snowman. I run past, said we heap together! Partners all said, "come." Soon we heaped up several snowman. I love winter!

我走在小路上，鹅毛般的大雪落在我的身上。嗬，好一个粉妆玉砌的世界!空中是漫天飞舞的雪花，地上是柔软洁白的地毯。天地一色，苍苍茫茫。雾，萦绕在山头，乳白的雾围绕在那高高的山头，仿佛那是牛奶般的世界，洁白一片，令人无限向往。

近处，枝条上绽放着一串串雪花，真是“忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开”啊远处，那些四季常青的松树和柏树，宛如一座座冰雕玉刻、玲珑剔透的宝塔。远处，伙伴们在堆洁白的可爱的小雪人。我小跑过去，说道我们一起堆吧!伙伴异口同声的说道：“来吧。”不一会我们堆起了几个小雪人。我爱冬天!

导语：从小到大，我们有很多老师，你最喜欢的老师是哪个呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Miss Li is my Chinese teacher . She is about thirty years old . She is very pretty and young . Her hair is brown and curly .

Miss Li always wears a blue coat . I think her favourite colour will be blue .

Miss Li is very friendly and kindly .Her classes are very interesting ,we all like to have Chinese class .

She always smiles when she speak to us .Sometimes she is very strict with us,when we make a mistake,she often makes us stand up .

Miss Li often sticks to have lessons when she is ill , She looked weak,but still beautiful .

Miss Li love us very much, she teaches us so carefully .I think she is a good teacher. We all love her,too .

I think teachers are like candles , giving off light for others by burning themselves 。

英语作文翻译：

李小姐是我的语文老师。她大约三十岁。她非常漂亮和年轻。她的头发是棕色卷曲的。

李小姐总是穿着一件蓝色的外套。我认为她最喜欢的颜色是蓝色。

李老师很友好，很和蔼，她的课很有趣，我们都喜欢上语文课。

她和我们说话时总是面带微笑，有时她对我们要求很严格，当我们犯错时，她经常让我们站起来。

李小姐生病的时候经常坚持上课，她看上去很虚弱，但仍然很漂亮。

李老师非常爱我们，她教我们很认真，我认为她是个好老师。我们都爱她，太。

我认为教师就像蜡烛，燃烧自己照亮别人。

since last summer, i have written to my pen pal, seda, who lives in turkey. i became acquainted with her when i went to england for a study tour.

we stayed with the same family, and she was my roommate and classmate as well. sometimes we went to the movies together after dinner. seda is very easy to get along with. i will always remember the two weeks i spent with her. we didnt forget each other and kept writing to each other after we returned home. although i havent seen her again since i left england, i still know how she is through letters, cards and photographs. seda tells me her secrets and also shares her happiness and sadness with me . both of us hope that we will meet each other somewhere one day.

maybe ill go to turkey to visit her, or shell come to taiwan to visit me.

自去年夏天以来,我已经写信给我的笔友,丝绸,居住在土耳其。我开始熟悉她当我去英国的学习之旅。

我们住在同一个家庭,她是我的室友和同学。有时晚饭后我们一起去看电影。丝绸很容易相处。我将永远记得我和她花了两个星期。我们没有忘记对方,让我们回家后写信给对方。虽然我没见过她了自从我离开了英国,我还知道她是通过信件、卡片和照片。seda告诉我她的秘密和也与我分享她的快乐和悲伤。我们希望我们能见面一天的地方。

也许我会去土耳其拜访她,或者她会来台湾访问我。

My Foreign Teacher

Hello! I’m He Baoyi. We have three new teachers this term. But my favourite

teacher is English teacher. Who is she? Yes, she’s Linda.

Do you want to know her? Linda is very beautiful. Look! She has a round

face, two small black eyes, a straight nose, a big mouth and two small ears. Her

hair is very long. She is not tall and not short. She likes wearing a white

dress. She looks like an angle. Linda works very hard every day. And she is

strict to us. But she is kind. Her class is so much fun. Really? Yes. In class,

she is our good teacher. After class, she is our good friend.

Her favourite food is tofu. It ’s very very healthy. She is not only good

at pingpong, but also good at singing. She likes talking with us. We all like

her.

你好!我他Baoyi啦。这学期我们有三位新老师。但是我最喜欢的老师是英语老师。她是谁?是的,自己是琳达。

你想认识她吗?琳达非常漂亮。看!她有一张圆圆的脸，两只黑色的小眼睛，一个直鼻梁，一个大嘴巴和两只小耳朵。她的头发很长。她个子不高，个子不矮。她喜欢穿白色的衣服。她看起来像个天使。琳达每天工作很努力。她对我们很严格。但她是善良的。她的课很有趣。真的吗?是的。在课堂上，她是我们的好老师。下课后，她是我们的好朋友。

她最喜欢的食物是豆腐。它非常健康。她不仅擅长乒乓球，而且擅长唱歌。她喜欢和我们谈话。我们都喜欢她。

"Who made the heart-inch grass, at a three chunhui". "Behold dishes, each all pain," we when I was a child to recite the poem, is gratitude.

"Dripping of grace, yongquan", "bit loop knot grass, with the" good, the Chinese ancient idiom for many years, also tell us give thanks.

"Grateful heart", that is, all of the world all things to help their grateful, engrave on mind; "Grateful heart", that is, every one of us in the life indispensable sunshine, cant less. No matter how noble you are, or how seemingly humble; No matter where you live in where, or how do you have a special life experience, as long as your bosom with a grateful heart, often followed, will constantly for such as warm, confident, strong, kind, and so on these beautiful character.

“谁言寸草心，报得三春晖”。“谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦”，我们小时候背诵的这些诗句，讲的就是感恩。

“滴水之恩，涌泉相报”，“衔环结草，以恩报德”，中国绵延多年的古老成语，告诉我们的也是感恩。

“感恩”之心，就是对世间所有人所有事物给予自己的帮助表示感激，铭记在心;“感恩”之心，就是我们每个人生活中不可或缺的阳光雨露，一刻也不能少。无论你是何等的尊贵，或是怎样的看似卑微;无论你生活在何地何处，或是你有着怎样特别的生活经历，只要你胸中常常怀着一颗感恩的心，随之而来的，就必然会不断地涌动着诸如温暖、自信、坚定、善良等等这些美好的处世品格。

Last week, I found all of my friends were talking the novel Game of Thrones. I asked one of my friend why he was so crushed on this novel. He answered me that because there were all kinds of amazing characters. So I decided to read this novel, at the beginning, I could not figure out the characters, because there were too much characters. But as I insisted, I started to fall in love with this novel, I could not stop reading, I wanted to know the truth. Game of Thrones is really a good book, the author’s creation is so awesome, he creates many magical roles. Like the white walkers, which are the dead people come back to life without human’s consciousness. I open my vision, I appreciate the author’s, he writes the good literature book. I’d like to introduce this book to more friends.

译文：上周，我发现我的朋友们都在讨论小说《权利游戏》。我问了其中一个朋友为何如此着迷于这本书。他回答说因为书中有很多了不起的人物。因此我决定阅读这本小说，刚开始，我无法认清其中的人物，因为书中有很多人物。但是随着我的坚持，我开始爱上了这本小说，我无法停止阅读，我想要知道真相。《权利游戏》确实是本好书，作者的创意很棒，他创造了很多魔幻的角色。就如白色的行尸，那是死人复活了但没有人的意识。我开阔了视野，我很欣赏这个作者，他写出了一本好的文学小说，我想把这本书介绍给更多的朋友。

dear eric,

My hometown is beautiful place It stands near a wide river at the foot of low green hills. It has many tall buildings and wide streets. There are trees and flowers everywhere.

But it has not always been like that. In the old days, it was a sad dirty little town. Landlords and merchants lived in the few good houses. For the working people there were only dark, unhealthy rooms in old buildings and huts in narrow muddy streets. Nearly everyone was poor and many had no work.

Everything has changed since liberation. The people, led by the Party, have got rid of the mud and dirt. They have put up schools, theaters, shops and flats. They have an assembly hall and a hospital. Along the river they have built offices, hotels and parks. A lot of factories have sprung up. On the river, streamers and boats come and go busily, day and night. They carry the products of our industries to all parts of the country.

I love my hometown, and I love its people. They also have changed. Healthy and happy, they are going all out to build socialism.