高中英语写作教学反思10篇(精选20篇)

I have nine little goldfish. Eight goldfish are all orange and one is black. I like the black one best. We call it Xiao Hei. Its body is black. It has two big and round eyes, a small mouth, and a big tail. Though its very small, it swims fast.

I often feed them and change water for them. We are good friends.

In our life, everyone 情态动词+have . Some could be found at last. But some of them couldn’t be found forever. I had an unforgettable experience. One day, I went home happily. I I found my watch gone (be about to do ...when ...句型 ) . I was very worried. I looked for it everywhere but 省略 ), it is very important.It’s the gift that my parents gave to me for my Two days later, to my surprise, I found my watch in my drawer, which made me overjoyed (非限制性定语从句 ). The experience precious gift (虚拟语气 ) . I should take care of it and avoid missing it again.

反思， 回头、反过来思考的意思。近代西方哲学中广泛使用的概念之一。小编整理了英语反思作文，希望对你有所帮助。

这次作文课要求学生图文并茂，可以通过画图和作文来说明要写的内容。作文的题目是“我的梦中小屋”。我们作文时不受钱、时间、地点等任何外界条件的限制，任凭我们自由发挥想象作文。作为老师，该如何组织好本次习作教学，帮助学生克服畏难情绪呢？结合班级实际，经过深思熟虑，我决定以“谈谈自己的梦中小屋”和“评评同学的梦中小屋”为本次习作教学的话题，通过谈关于房子方面的亭、台、楼、榭等单词入手，引导学生发挥想象。在我的引导下，同学们经过思考琢磨后，开始动笔画的画，写的写。课后同学们全都积极的把作文交了上来。同学们描述的“梦中小屋”美妙绝伦，他们想象丰富，无论是图画还是作文都令人感觉舒适、安逸、有趣和奇特。

反思一

英语语言学习的外延和生活的外延相等。平时学生怕写作文，是因为话题与生活实际联系不够紧密，而本次习作，让学生在不受空间、金钱等的限制下自由想象作文。学生根据生活实际谈自己的梦想，徐徐道来，构思奇特，颇具匠心。

写作是一个由浅入深、由易到难、由简到繁的训练过程，任何一个环节出问题都会影响学生写作能力的培养。因此，盲目的训练往往多做无用功，我们必须在平时就十分注重方法与技巧。

1、注意多种训练方法相结合。

与任务(task)相结合。目标明确， 如写“我的梦中小屋”，有目的的引导学生画画、描述、说明想要的小屋。调动学生的积极性，所以在培养学生这方面的能力时，我尽量与教学的多种任务相结合，而不是纯粹布置一篇作文。贯穿这节写作课的也是一系列的任务。

2、平时注重解题技巧的养成：

1). 准备工作 ①.仔细审题，明确要求 ②.紧扣要点，寻求思路。

2). 写作之中 ①.开门见山，紧扣主题。②.语言正确，规范地道。尽量使用学过的、最熟悉也最有把握的句型、结构，应尽量避免中国式英语。要养成正确运用标点符号的好习惯，切忌一点到底的错误方法。③.重短轻长, 就易避难。④.过渡自然，表达流畅。注意前后句、上下文尽量过渡自然，正确使用and, or, but, because, so, then, after等词，保持行文的流畅。不重复使用可置换的词，如描述“我的梦中小屋”时，可以用firstly, secondly, then, after that等表示先后的序列词。

3).成文之后

鼓励学生学会批改自己的习作。

①.一般语法项目的检查——英语中的人称、时态、单复数、习惯用法等都是非常重要的，即使在朗读中好像全理解，但在动笔的实践中就往往出错。如我们这篇作文多用一般现在时，第一人称。

②.注意语序——英语中的疑问句、感叹句和宾语从句都是通过语序的变化来构成和体现的，不注意会出现错误和意义上混淆。本篇作文要注意感叹句的语序。

④.书写规范，卷面整洁。卷面不整洁，使人无法看清你写的究竟是什么，那么就可能按错处理。所以在写时，我让学生一定要先打草稿。

反思二、

1、善于指导。缺乏精心指导，再多的训练也是徒劳的。这几乎是常识。说到底，一在于科学序列的建构，作文教学中仅复习过程就可精心设计诸如：读题训练、材料训练、构思训练、成文训练、修改训练、应变训练。如此细密的规划，匠心独运，更有利于大大提高学生的写作能力，终身受益。二在于有效的训练指导的落实。诸如审题、立意、谋篇等写作知识在新课改的“淡化”要求之下，教学实际中已经被忽略了，作文教学更显随意和无序。读懂文题是立意谋篇的第一步。审题不到位造成作文失败的例子并不鲜见。主题不鲜明、思路不清等等问题，与作文有效的规范训练不足有很大的关系。

2、善于选择。学生的作文缺乏生气，缺乏真情，缺乏典型的实例，是因为少了一份智慧的选择。智慧的选择需要教师智慧的引领。教师引领学生去梳理、归类属于自己的生活，引领学生去回味属于自己的那一瞬间的“怦然心动的感觉”，把这些生活细节、心灵感悟形成单元形成系列。我想，学生在整理归类中、在回味感悟中也是一种情感的升华意趣的提升。让学生用个人独特的视角去看自我，去看世界，作文自然有“真意”；学生对自己的生活有了深刻的感受，作文自然有“真情”。

3、一定要用真实实例，使作文有血有肉。基于这些反思，我一直把作文教学引导当成了重头戏，也因为自己对写作的爱好吧。所以我看了许多作文教学的资料，也尝试了一些作文教学的方法。因为我觉得让学生写好作文，第一步先是让学生敢写作文，而要写的生动感人，就必须有真情实感，要有真实的生活实例，要有自己的真实感受，不是编造。基于这些思考，因此我的作文教学是从记叙文开始的，我列了几个专题训练学生如何能把身边的小事写细写得生动感人。这当然要借助一些方法，诸如语言、动作、心理、细节等描写方法。所以我的专题就是从这些开始的。

语言教师的长处就应该拥有教育引领学生学习和动手写作的智慧，使学生的作文做到凤头、猪肚、豹尾。为今后的人生道路走得更加宽广打下坚实的基础。

[英语反思作文

Mid-autumn day is a special festival in China, which is one of the traditional Chinese festivals. It falls on the 15th day of Augustlunar month every year. Our Chinese will celebrate it on that day. I think there are not too many people can reject the temptation of it. I like this festival very much. I have two reasons.

First of all, Mid-autumn has the deep meaning of reunion. In China, people regard Mid-autumn day as very important, so no matter where they are, they will come back to their family if there is a chance. They don’t like celebrate this festival outside, which will make them feel lonely. Thus, they will go home by all means. Luckily, the government also pays great attention to this traditional festival. There are laws tomake sure people have holidays on that special day. In the other word, mid-autumn festival gives a chance for family get together.

Secondly, every family will prepare a big meal on that day. All the food is delicious. It is good to have a big meal. I think nobody will not interested in delicious food. The mooncake is a necessary decoration forMid-autumn day. It tastes good, too. It is the tradition for a long time. How pleased to enjoy the glorious full moon with mooncake!

This is why I love Mid-autumn festival so much.

Notes：

“学生的语文是读出来的，不是老师教出来的。”这是我在本课的教学后再次的感悟。在课堂上学生的表现让我对所任教两班的学生充满了信心，我深信他们到了初三语文能力绝对不会差，尤其是对语言文字的感悟能力。

在学习的两则短文时，学生能够抓住关键的词句去深入理解作者要表达的情感。比如《金色花》，“为了好玩”一句，学生分析到：“这是我为了逗母亲开心，似乎与母亲在玩一个爱的捉迷藏，表现我对母亲的爱。”再如;“我便要突然地再落到地上来”，学生能分析出“突然”表现“我”要给母亲一个惊喜，也表现了“我”的天真、活泼、调皮。另外，学生在阅读时能很快地捕捉道能够表现文章主旨的关键句，如《荷叶.母亲》，学生能够抓住最后一段来理解文章的主题。

一个学期快结束了，我一直在抓学生的“读”，学生一天天地进步，感悟理解能力逐步提高，而在这个过程中，我讲得非常“少”，学生读多了，自然就有了感觉，而这“感觉”是学生自己的“悟”所得，是“教”所不能代替的!抓好“读”是语文教学的关键。

There is no doubt that learning English is vital for us. On the one hand,

English has become an international language that people can communicate with

each other in many countries. On the other hand, if we learn English well, we

could get more chance of success.

However, it is well-known that there are many methods for us to learn

English well. There are some tips. First, we can study in a group to improve

learning efficiency. Second, we could listen to English songs and watch English

movies; this way is very suitable for student to improve their listening and

speaking abilities. Third, I have believed that a great deal of practice can

strengthen language knowledge.

In a word, it is natural for us to learn English well by making efforts. If

we didnt work hard, we would never do well in learning English.

本校同行们的悉心指教，让我对一节课，甚至整个语文教学有了更为深刻的认识。对于那些帮助过我的老师们，我表示深深地感谢！

我对本节课的反思如下：

首先，一节好课层次的高低首先在于教学设计。合理的教学目标，由浅入深的教学思路，合理的材料，讲练结合的做法，都在教学设计中完成，而这些的优劣决定着这一节课能否成为上乘之作。

其次，要充分发挥老师的主导性和学生的主体性。备课的过程中，既要备教材，备教法，还要备学生，尤其是备学生显得更为重要。因为老师一切美妙的设想都要在学生身上实现。讲课的过程更是如此，老师应该是知识的引导者，要充分尊重学生的认知规律和认知能力，而不能越俎代庖，要让学生自己体验由不会到会，由模糊到清晰，由浅显到深刻的认知过程。

再次，一堂好课应该是具有生成性的课。课堂上，学生被调动起来以后，思维非常活跃，会有一些新奇，甚至奇怪的想法，这些想法很有可能超越老师的预设，在这种情况下，老师应当允许不同想法的存在，鼓励大家进行创新思维，对于学生的想法进行合理的引导，这样才能保证学生思维的鲜活，灵动。否则，如果完全按照老师的想法，对不同意见采取打击压制的方式，学生会最终丧失对语文的兴趣。

以上是我这次做课过程中感触最深的几点，也是我在这节课中力求做到的几个方面。

当然，讲完之后，尤其是听了备课组同仁的评课之后，我也认识到自己这节课中存在的不足，比如课堂互动不够热烈，课堂练习设计有失妥当等等，这些我会铭记于心，在以后的教学过程中吸取教训。

对于从教刚刚八年的我来说，语文教学这条路还很长，我会以这次做课的经验与教训为起点，以更高的标准要求自己，走好以后的每一步，努力做到更好。

英文写作是一种综合能力训练，临阵磨枪是不能取得好成绩的，也是不可取的，应该重视平时的英语作文训练。下面是小编帮大家整理的英语写作教学方法，希望大家喜欢。

高考英语作文占25分，有着不可忽视的比重，它足可以说明写作教学在高中英语教学中占有相当重要的位置。然而高考现状却不乐观，部分学生由于平时缺乏足够的训练，所以对英语写作要么感到无从下手，充满畏难情绪，胡乱写些英语单词或不着边际的句子充当字数，权作心理慰藉；要么用词不当，构句无章，错误频出，行文不流畅，表达不地道，无写作质量可言。如何提高学生的写作水平和促进写作教学呢？笔者认为应注意下列几个问题：

一、注重写作教学的基本训练阶段

语言教学最高层次是应用。英语属于结构语言，它有自己的基本句型、固定搭配、固定短语等，这些都是不可变的，要想在写作中用上它们，用好它们，必须加强这方面的基本训练。首先，加强五种基本句型结构教学。几乎所有的英语句型都是五种句型的扩大、延伸或变化，因此训练学生“写”就要抓住五种基本句型的训练，让他们把这五种基本句型记牢，不断运用。五种基本句型是：

(1)S＋V；

(2)S＋V＋O；

(3)S＋V＋O＋O；

(4)S＋V＋P；

(5)S＋V＋O＋C。

五种基本句型虽然能表达一定的意思，但无法比较自由地表达思想，因此还必须对学生进一步进行扩句训练，在课堂上充分发挥学生的想像力，进行扩句练习。其次，加强句型教学，要对一些句子进行分析，增强他们利用各种句子进行一意多种表达的训练。再次，充分利用新教材中“巩固语言的练习，”对学生进行基本语感的训练。

二、注重写作训练的多样化

听、说、读、写四种技能是相互依赖的，说的能力有赖于听的能力，进而有助于写作。听是理解和吸收口头信息的手段。听和读是输入，只有达到足够的输入量，才能保证学生具有较好的说和写的输出能力。因此，在日常的教学中要注重写作训练的多样化。

首先，在Dialogue的教学中，除了听录音、对话、表演和编写相似的对话外，还要求学生把对话改写成一段短文，这样就要求学生在变成短文的过程中，注意时态、语态、人称和前后的逻辑关系，从而为写作打下基础。

其次，在Reading教学中，回答问题时要求学生必须用自己的语言，且人称、时态要做相应的变化，这样既能搞懂本意，又能用同义句表达，提高了表达能力。还要让学生用课文中的词组进行复述，学生复述课文不是件容易的事，既要把握课文中的重点，逻辑关系，又要用自己的语言把主要内容表达出来。这样既锻炼了他们组织篇章结构、句子与句子之间逻辑关系的能力，又提高了语言的精炼度，使自己的写作能力有了很快地提高。

再次，在“Listening”教学中，除了让学生听懂做完听力练习之外，还让他们把练习作为guide进行复述听力材料，有时还让他们写在作文本上。

三、注重写作训练的规范化

高中起始阶段的写作训练，培养学生的写作模式是非常重要的。我按教师用书上说明的写作步骤，即：①构思(讨论题目)；②写提纲(理顺思想的逻辑关系)；③起草(打草稿)；④校订(检查错误，重新安排内容)；⑤修改(定稿)。对学生进行写作模式的训练。这样看起来比较麻烦，但避免了反复，养成了好的写作习惯。再就是书写和文体格式要规范。严格要求学生正确、端正、熟练地书写字母、单词和句子，注意大小写和标点符号，养成良好的书写习惯。。同时对各种文体特点、格式要讲清楚，使学生熟悉规范的书面表达形式，用正确的标准评析和规范自己的书面表达。

四、注重教师的指导作用

教师批改是写作教学的有机组成部分，批改过程中，教师的指导作用就在于肯定学生的成绩，指出错误，给学生以恰当的评价。但在批改过程中，如果抓住学生的错误不放，有错必纠，改到最后，就变成了教师自己的作品；如果对错误视而不见，写得再多也收效甚微。我根据教学实践，对于新教材中的“有指导的写”的写作训练，规定学生限时写完，同桌、前后桌互相批改，重新行文，再上交。这样批改起来就非常轻松，而且典型错误，很容易找出，有利于讲评。对于新教材中的“自由写作”训练，我指导学生弄清主题，抓住要点，组词造句，安排好顺序，过渡到段落形成短文，多用熟悉的单词和句型，多用五种基本句型表达。然后让学生共同研究，互相评论写好的草稿，以便最后写出修改的稿子来，这就有助于减轻教师修改作业的负担，也有利于学生写作水平的提高。

总之，英文写作是一个学生综合能力的书面体现，是一个长期复杂的训练过程。因此，培养学生的写作能力不能一蹴而就，而要在平时从学生的实际水平出发，有目的、有计划、有要求、有检查、有反馈地进行，由易到难，循序渐进。只有这样，到高考时才能做到厚积薄发、思如泉涌、下笔如有神。

She’s Got Blank Space Again

Taylor Swift, one of the most popular female singers around the world, was broke up with her boyfriend again. It is known to all that this talented girl always gets inspiration to write songs from her relationships. All of these songs will become the hit songs. The fans play the jokes that they can hear the new song soon. As the media always reported Taylor had many relationships, she wrote a song called Blank Space to fight back. The song ranked No.1 in the most powerful music chart. In the song, she described that the girl had a long list of ex-boyfriends, while when she got broke up, there would be a blank space for the next boy. It sounds like her real life, but Taylor tell people’s the boys treat the relationship like a love game and don’t take it seriously.

泰勒斯威夫特,全世界最受欢迎的女歌手之一,又和她的男朋友分手了。众所周知,这个才华横溢的女孩写歌的灵感总是来自她的爱情。所有的这些歌曲都会成为热门歌曲。粉丝们开玩笑说他们很快就可以听到新歌了。媒体总是报道泰勒有很多段关系,她写了一首歌叫《空格》来反击。这首歌在最权威的音乐排行榜排名第一。在这首歌中,她描述了女孩有着一长串的前男友,而当她分手了,会留下空格等待下一个男孩。这听起来像她的现实生活,但泰勒告诉人们，男孩们对待他们的关系就像爱情游戏,并没有认真对待。

Hello,everyone here.Now,please let me introduce myself to you.I am the only girl in my family. For my own hobbies, I love traveling，listening to music and reading.From these hobbis, you can see,I would like to live a free life.Of course, everyone has some strong points.without myself exception,for instance,both of playing the piano and drawing are my strong points.At present,I am satified with my life. The activities in school are great.My teachers and classmates are friendly to me.For my parents,both of them are managers.They are always busy working.As for my ideas of going abroad to study, I think it is useful and wonderful if we have the chance to do so.I also would like to go abroad to study to improve myself.Thats all.Thank you.

汉语拼音是识字的工具，是学习普通话的工具。课程标准中的表述是：“能读准声母、韵母、声调和整体认读音节。能准确地拼读音节，正确书写声母、韵母和音节。能借助汉语拼音认读汉字。”一年级的学生要在短时间里学会这些，难度极大。汉语拼音的教学我用了一个多月时间，在这一个多月时间里，我一边教组织课堂纪律，一边带着孩子们学习了声母、韵母和整体认读音节，在学会汉语拼音的同时还需学会其中的儿歌和生字。可见教的难度很大，学的难度也大。 现拼音的教学的工作已结束，我发现有以下几点需反思：

一、恰当运用教材，发挥教材优势。

教材根据儿童阅读特征，每个字母都配有图片，并从声母开始每节都带有富 有情趣的儿歌，并用红色音节标注本节所学的字母，这样让孩子不至于面对拼音这一些枯燥的抽象符号，从而激发了学生的学习兴趣。在教学中，在开始的几节课，我往往就局限于其中，无法跃出教材。只要学生读得出字的音、记得住形就行了，对学生的拼读能力、观察能力、说话能力的训练差强人意，无法达到预期的教学效果，学生的学习兴趣欠佳。在此后的教学中，我将每一课的插图都编成童话小故事，利用一些童话小故事吸引孩子们学习的好奇心。引导孩子们观察图画，让孩子们想象说话，进而进行拼音内容的教学。让学生在美的熏陶中，在自我探索、自我发现中愉快的认读、书写。如在jqx 的教学中，我编了小ǖ娃的故事：在前鼻韵母的教学中我编了五兄弟的故事等等，这样学生学习的兴趣提升了不少。

二、把学习的主动权还给学生

刚开学，孩子们的常规还控制不好，课堂上，好多时候要组织课堂纪律，会花很多时间，学生学习的时间就不多，这时就多让学生自己读，自己拼或是同位互拼。班上不少孩子已认识了很多声母，韵母。老师可以放手发动有利资源进行教学。老师只是在关键的地方重点指导一下就可以了。课堂上我通常采用学生互帮互学的学习方式，有同桌互读的，有四人小组互读的，在互读的过程中引导优生教差生，差生学优生，培养了学生的合作意识。课后还让优生带差生看拼音读物，既提高了优生的拼读能力，增设了他们学习课外知识的渠道，又带动了差生，提高了差生拼读积极性。

三、拼音教学游戏化。尊重孩子的天性，在玩中学。

孩子在一个月的学习之后，表现出了厌学倾向。这是为什么呢？原来，紧张的学习生活，大量枯燥的知识、技能训练，扼杀了孩子学习的积极性。所以我们要重视儿童的年龄特点与学习心理，教学中多采用儿童乐于接受、能激发学生学习兴趣的形式，根据字母的音、形体编出儿童喜爱的顺口溜、小儿歌、绕口令来教儿童记忆那一个个干巴巴的抽象的拼音字母，把抽象符号变成活的形象，使学生在浓厚的兴趣中掌握这些字母。这种形式在复韵母的教学中尤为重要，因复韵母学生极易弄混淆，如：ui和iu，这时可编儿歌“围巾围巾ui，游泳游泳iu” 等儿歌来记忆。ei和ie，“e在前ei ei ei，e在后ie ie ie”。通过这样的形式学生就能很容易掌握韵母的读音。

总之，在汉语拼音教学中，我相信只要创新地设计教学过程，采取多种教学方法，充分运用多种教学手段，寓教于乐，就能培养学生的学习兴趣，使学生积极、主动、生动地获取知识，不断提高自学能力。我在今后的工作中定会向此靠齐，使得自己的教学更有利于学生的获取知识，更有利于学生的成长。

Recently, the movies about the old people happen to have the magic and then

come back to their 20 years old time are very popular. The old people do all

kinds of crazy things that they never have the chance to do. These movies tell

people that given another chance, they will do whatever they want to do. I

always hear my parents said when they retired, they could carry out all kinds of

their plans and enjoyed the life. In my opinion, when we are young , we shuold

enjoy our moment and chase our dream. It is a little to carry out the plans when

we are old. Youth is the advantages.

教学是教师的教和学生的学所组成的一种人类特有的人才培养活动。通过这种活动，教师有目的、有计划、有组织地引导学生积极自觉地学习和加速掌握文化科学基础知识和基本技能，促进学生多方面素质全面提高，使他们成为社会所需要的人。下面是小编为你带来的农村初级中学作文教学的反思与启示，欢迎阅读。

【摘要】本文针对近年来农村中学的写作教学实际，分析当前农村初中作文教学的现状，反思当地的教学实践，指出作文教学中普遍存在的三大误区并分析“误区”形成的原因。为走出这三大误区，语文教师必须在新课标指引下，首先要做的是激发学生的写作积极性，变“要我写”的消极应付为“我要写”的积极主动；再以“抓立意”为宗旨，以“作文评价”为媒介，让每个学生在写作中体验到到成长和成功。

【关键词】作文教学；教学误区；激发兴趣；抓立意；重评价；促成长

从事农村语文教学近二十年，笔者亲历了传统语文教学到新课标语文教学的变革。欣慰地看到学生语文素养正在逐步提高，同时也忧心地感到，相当一部分学生在写作表达能力方面的发展有所欠缺。为改变这一状况，在《全日制义务教育语文课程标准》的指导下，笔者有意识地对本地区几间农村中学的教学环境和教学现状做了调研和反思，并与同事们一起致力于语文课堂教学实效性的探究和实践，取得了一定的成效。

《全日制义务教育语文课程标准》中，对七到九年级学段作文教学做了明确的定义：“写作是运用语言文字进行表达和交流的重要方式，是认识世界、认识自我、创造性表述的过程。写作能力是语文素养的综合体现。”正因为“写作能力是语文素养的综合体现”，所以，作文教学一直以来是语文教育工作者不断探索的一项重要课题；更因为写作能力的考查在中考中占百分之四十的比重，让一线的语文教师尤其是毕业班的任教老师视为提高成绩的堡垒。就是在急于攻破这座堡垒的“战役”中，农村初中语文作文教学逐渐陷入以下三大误区。

（一）文体写作的单一性

初中阶段，部分语文教师认为能写记叙文就能应付中考，写好记叙文就能决胜中考，而花时间教学其他的文体是费时费心，徒劳无功。于是，只训练学生写记叙文，基本不教授也不提倡学生写其他的文体。尤其在农村中学，因学生的语文基础相对薄弱，表达能力相对较低，这种做法就更普遍了。

步入这一作文教学误区的主要因素是受中考作文命题的影响。广州市乃至广东省对中考作文考点的规定是：能写记叙文，做到内容具体；能写简单的说明文、简单的议论文。近十年来，广州中考作文题型都适合写记叙文。如2008年的《又见枝头吐新芽》、2009年的《其乐融融》、2010年的《奖励自己》、2011年的《游戏》、2012年《改变一点点》等，尽管写作要求里有注明“文体自选（诗歌除外）”，但这些命题从记叙文文体切入可以很稳当地组织一篇600字以上的考场作文，从议论文文体切入却较难把握，从说明文文体切入根本就无法成文，更何况有些文题还就只能写成记叙文，如《又见枝头吐新芽》、《其乐融融》等。这就使得我们的部分语文教师认为，只要教学写作记叙文，在中考考场上作文就可以万无一失，至少可以拿个及格分。其次是受前几年流行的“写作可以淡化文体”的说法的影响。“淡化文体”之说引起了一部分教师的误解：认为中小学生写作不需要有文体感，不必讲究文体的格式，既然这样，也就没必要再学习写作其他的文体，师生都落得个轻松，何乐而不为？于是乎，从七年级开始，就只要求学生写记叙文，而说明文和议论文基本不做要求。

“初中阶段只学写记叙文就行了”这一急功近利的做法是老师对学生的终身学习和发展极不负责任的做法。作为一名合格的中学语文教师，必须改变这种错误的观念和做法，还学生写其他文体和常见应用文的权利和能力！

（二）写作教学的无序性

很多教师上作文课没有作文教案，没有对作文教学进行学期计划安排，课堂随意性很强。主要表现在以下两个方面：

⒈作文教学的随意性

相当一部分初中语文教师在作文教学中存在随意性问题。具体有两个方面的表现：一是时间安排的随意性。这节课不想讲新课了，就抛个题目、发句话给学生“这节课完成什么什么题目的作文，45分钟堂上完成，字数在600字以上”；有时能做到每两个星期布置学生完成一篇堂上作文；有时却是一个月都不要求学生练笔。二是课程内容安排比较随意。教师一般是在决定堂上写作的当天才去思考决定写作题目；或者是今天在哪个资料上看到了一个很有新意的作文题目，教师自己可能还来不及好好地推敲，就急不可耐地在课堂上让学生动笔写作，更谈不上有规范的作文教学设计。这些教师，对“课标”中关于写作的要求“作文每学年一般不少于14次，其他练笔不少于一万字。45分钟能完成不少于500字的习作”，除了“其他练笔不少于一万字”之外，其他的都能做到。但这种没有计划和针对性的作文训练模式，只是完成了作文的次数而没有顾及学生作文水平的真正提高，也很难激发学生写作的兴趣。教师的随意率性的教学行为反馈到有些学生眼里，可能就成了写作文只是“凑够字数，完成次数，上交充数”而已。

⒉缺乏有序训练

写作是一种表现和创造能力，在语文的听说读写能力中属于比较高级的能力，需要以其他能力为基础。同时，写作还与学生心理发展机制有关，还应具有一定的生活经验。学生写作能力的发展，应遵循他们身心发展的规律循序渐进。课程标准写作的学段目标与内容，体现了这种思想。但具体到写作教学上，教师就甚少能按照课标的要求，从激发学生的写作兴趣入手，根据学生的实际能力来组织作文教学。甚至连初中语文课本中每个单元安排的“综合性学习？写作？口语交际”都难以一一落实到教学中。如果以上环节未能很好地实施，本还可以通过作文批改、讲评来弥补不足。但不幸的是，这道最后的防线到了一些不大负责任的教师眼中变成了有名无实。作文批改、讲评基本处于信马由缰的盲目状态。学生的习作一学期能被老师批阅四次已经是很荣幸了。至于偶尔有之的作文讲评，大多时候也只是说说错别字、病句的大致情况，读一、两篇范文而已。

写作教学内容的随意、无序，写作教学形式的单一、枯燥，使得相当一部分学生在写作训练时勉为其难，写作兴趣无法激发，写作能力难以提高。

（三）对写作素材积累的无要求性

近些年来，教师对学生的课外积累渐渐淡化到不作任何要求。笔者为这一语文活动在初中阶段的流失而深深痛惜。这不是语文教师的不作为，我认为其主要的原因在于我们的孩子挤不出这个课外时间来做这个似乎跟提高升学分数关系不大的事，他们每天被迫要把自己埋在能立竿见影的题海中，加上网络文化的浸蚀和社会普遍存在的浮躁心理的影响是造成他们无法静下心来完成这一项“系统工程式”学习活动。最初的时候，教师是有把这一活动布置下去的，但由于大部分同学无法做到，即便是做到的，也只是个形式，没有实在的价值，渐渐地，教师只好无奈地放弃这一要求了。笔者正是经历了从“坚持到放弃再到重拾”的过程。

在《新课标》指引下，笔者坚持实践以下三个作文教学理念，走出了三大误区，提高了作文教学质量。

（一）激发“我能写”的自信

《语文课程标准（2011年版）》明确提出：“作文教学应贴近学生实际，让学生易于动笔，乐于表达，应引导学生关注现实、热爱生活、表达真情实感。”作为语文教师要真正领悟“作文教学应贴近学生实际”的内涵，绝不能陷于中考考什么就教什么的功利之中。

曾经一段时期，笔者总是翻阅大量的资料尤其是各地的中考作文命题，收集自认为命题新、创意深、价值大的作文题，通过编排顺序后，便模拟中考考试的要求，让学生在规定的时间里一一完成。但如此一个学期下来，学生的写作能力不但没有明显的提高，反而更畏惧写作了。因为，他们感觉那些作文命题太深刻，离他们的生活实际似乎很远，每次好不容易憋出一篇作文来，又让老师划掉了一大堆，一说用词不当，二说叙事不具体，三说中心不突出等等，所以，一到写作文时，就有畏难的情绪。到第二学期，笔者改变了策略，开学初，便让每个学生自己写三至五道作文题，再经过师生们共同筛选后，由老师结合课本中的写作要求，根据本期的教学安排将题目有序归类安排十次课堂写作，课余同学可以自由写作抒怀，要求每星期坚持交一次周记，变“要我写”为“我能写”，“我要写”。半个学期下来，每个学生都能在45分钟完成一篇600字以上的作文，作文质量有了很大的提高。

作文教学应从学生的学习和生活需要出发，把学生放在主体位置上，尊重学生的生活，时时关注学生的需要、情感和发展，激发学生主动积极地参与到作文教学中来，激发“我能写”的自信。写作安排上，一定要注重让学生有话可说，有感而发，有感即发。他们乐意写，一切就好办。

（二）抓立意，促成“人”

《义务教育语文课程标准（2011年版）》突出了“立意”，更加鲜明地提示：“文以意为帅”。正所谓“练字不如炼句，炼句不如炼意”。注重立意，其实质是关注学生的心灵，关注学生的情感态度价值观，也就是关注学生的成长。

作为语文教师，要利用作文教学，既抓立意，又促育人。要做到这点，教师必须让作文教学呈现出开放的状态。把学生的生活经历、思想感情、情感心理等因素，巧妙地贯穿在学生的写作活动之中，成为学生学习语言的动力、契机或材料，并让学生在写作实践中收获成长，享受成功感。例如：过去语文课开设口头作文或说话训练，深受学生的欢迎。但由于认识不明确，特别是因为中考、高考都不考，具体操作的时候，随意性较大，时间一紧就被挤掉。通过对作文教学的不断探究，笔者不再只看到学生的眼前分数，而是更重视学生的长远利益，重视学生的“人”的发展。所以，坚持开设这一活动，这不仅锻炼学生的语言表达能力，更重要的是让学生关注生活，关注社会，学会用心灵、用真诚与人交流和沟通。就在这关注、交流和沟通中，学生们展示了自我，开阔了视野，丰富了阅历，提升了心智，形成了正确的情感价值观：以上这些，正是我们学生写作的“源头活水”。有了它，还用担心学生写不出“热爱生活，积极向上，立意深刻”的文章？而他们的心灵也正是在这样的一次次写作中接受了洗礼，收获“知识”与“人文”的双丰收。

（三）“因材施评”，关注成长

以前的作文教学通常是由老师批阅学生作文，走“打一个分数写一句批语”的套路。而那些评语大多是笼统的词句，诸如：“优”“良”“语句较通顺”“能围绕中心组材”等。这样的评价没能根据学生个体的实际，更没有让学生积极互动参与进来。这种忽视了学生主体地位的评价方式，无法激发学生的作文激情。新课标建议我们写作评价要“采取非常开放的态度，提倡从实际出发，进行多元化评价”，做到“因材施评”，让学生在作文评价中体验到知识生成和发展的过程。可以从以下两个方面展开：

1.评价形式方面：根据文题的不同和学生写作能力的差异来确定评价方式。笔者认为师生互动共改是比较科学的评价方式。具体操作中笔者往往将师评与学生互评融合起来，先让同学之间相互阅读和评价，相互讨论作文的优缺点，然后，同学们对争辩未定的问题提出来，由老师在课堂上进行点评并给出对应的指导建议，让学生在参与评价的过程中相互交流，取长补短，不断掌握评改作文的本领，使他们不但会写，而且会改，完善作文的全过程，从整体上提高学生的作文综合能力。

2.设置分层评价：学生存在认知和感官以及思想上的客观差异，作文是学生个性化的情感表达，学生写作能力存在差异。这就要求教师对作文能力较弱的同学，评分尺度要稍微松一些，多发现他们的优点和长处，多激发他们的写作热情；对写作能力好的要严格要求，要指出他们的不足，以求更上一层楼。教师还应该做到对每个学生每学期至少有一次面对面手把手的写作指导；让每一位学生至少有一次作文哪怕是一个片段能在班上宣读；将每次的优秀作文或某方面表现突出的作文装订成册，在班上传阅。注重以激励为主，让每个同学体验到创作的成就感，让他们能真切地感受到自己在写作中成长起来了！

无论采用何种方式展开作文评价，都要遵循“眼中有‘文’，心中有‘人’的原则，以促进人的终身发展。

参考文献

教育部。义务教育语文课程标准（2011年版）。北京师范大学出版社，2012

教育部。义务教育语文课程标准（2011年版）解读。高等教育出版社，2012

温儒敏。关于2011年版义务教育语文课程标准的对话，语文建设，2012

作者单位：广东省广州市萝岗区九佛第二中学

在我们的英语写作过程中，如果能够很好的运用英语谚语，能给我们的作文带来亮点。下面是语文迷整理的高频谚语，一起来看看吧。

(一) Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

(二) One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。

(三) Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

(四) A fall into the pit，a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

(五) Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。

(六) All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

(七) Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。

(八) More hasty，less speed. 欲速则不达。

(九) Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

(十) All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。

(十一) Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

(十二) God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。

(十三) Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。

(十四) A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。

(十五) Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

(十六) Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。

(十七) Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。

(十八) well begun，half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。

(十九) It is hard to please all. 众口难调。

(二十) Out of sight，out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。

(二十一) Do as Romans do in Rome. 入乡随俗。

(二十二) An idle youth，a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

(二十三) As the tree，so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

(二十四) To live is to learn，to learnistobetterlive.活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。

(二十五) Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

(二十六) Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。

(二十七) First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。

(二十八) Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。

(二十九) A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

(三十) live not to eat，but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。

(三十一) Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。

(三十二) East or west，home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。

(三十三) Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。

(三十四) Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。

(三十五) Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。

(三十六) The older， the wiser. 姜是老的辣。

1、开头部分

How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.

2、结尾部分

With best wishes. I’m looking forward to your reply. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.

主语+谓语+介词+宾语

We all agreed on the terms.

He hates to argue with his wife about such small matters.

All these things are to be answered for.

主语+系动词+形容词

Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.

He was so tired that he fell asleep the moment he went to bed.

Your explanation sounds reasonable.

主语+谓语+直接宾语

I want your promise.

Have your fixed my watch?

This factory produces 1000 cars a week.

主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

He paid me a visit yesterday.

He owed me 50 yuan.

He wrote his family a letter yesterday.

主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 (to do)

I will get someone to repair the recorder for you.

I didn’t mean to hurt you.

He invited me to teach at a well-known university.

主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 (do)

I often hear her sing the song.

The boss made workers work 15 hours a day.

Don’t forget to have him come.

主语+谓语+现在分词

I heard her singing in the next room.

We could feel our heats beating fast.

Did you observe the birds flying around the trees?

主语+谓语+过去分词

I must have my watch repaired.

We must get he task finished on time.

Speak louder to make yourself understood by everybody.

主语+谓语+宾语(动名词)

I suggested putting off the meeting.

They all avoided mentioning the matter.

We can’t help laughing at the news.

主语+谓语+宾语(不定式)

I can’t afford to buy such a large house.

Don’t pretend to know what you don’t.

He feared to speak in her presence.

主语+谓语+宾语(名词/代词)+介词+宾语

Nothing can prevent us from going forward.

Thank you for your help.

He demanded an answer from me.

练习写好句子的方法一：合并句子

It was early in the morning. Mr. Smith was in his garden. He was watering flowers.

Early in the morning, Mr. Smith was watering flowers in his garden.

A girl was crossing a road. The girl was pretty. The road was wide.

A pretty girl was crossing a wide road.

After I go to school, teachers always tell me to study hard, so that I can

be the excellent student. But now I have grown up, I have my own idea. The

reason for me to study hard is to return my parents’ love. When they are old, I

can make a lot of money and let them have a better life.

导语：写作方法的熟练，合理运用，能使得文章的结构更加完整，主题表达更加清晰，下面和小编一起来看看高中写作方法：援引添辉造语。希望对大家有所帮助。

高考作文的形式方面，语言是最受关注的。古人说话讲究辞令，写文章讲究文采。别林斯基认为，文章内容再好，如果没有文采，“有如一个面貌丑陋而心灵却伟大的女人，可以对她敬仰，但要喜欢她是不可能的。”何况，考场作文由于篇幅所限，与其在不易打造“亮点”的内容上孤注一掷，不如在文章的“外衣”——语言上精心包装，如句式的长短合理、字面的干净洗练，段落的张弛有度……就这种单纯形式上的美感对阅读者的心情影响也很大的。一个成熟的写作者会熟练的在文面上打造自己的文章，使其看起来“团结紧张，严肃活泼”。

但应当注意，这几年大部分的高考一类卷，以语言朴实清淡见长的十分鲜见，抢人眼球的多为名句迭出排比铺陈的“美文”。值得注意的是，最高的文采，是“内涵的文采”;堆砌华丽的辞藻，写成新的“骈体文”，决不是真正意义上的“有文采”。真正让人注目的是优美畅达的语言背后流淌着思想之源。语言是思想的载体，最要讲究与思想的匹配。有人说，语言是思想的外衣。外衣的美丑会影响人们对“穿衣者”的印象的，而这“外衣”最要紧的是“得体”;一味求美而失之得体，美会向丑转化。如果思想是个婴儿，穿着成人外衣，再美也会给人以“家庭贫困”之感;如果思想是个男子，穿着女性外衣，再美也令人作呕;如果思想是具僵尸，套着绫罗绸缎，再高贵也没人会多看一眼。缺少思想的源头活水，“为优美而优美”，则华而不实，甚至弄巧成拙，想得高分，是困难的。因此追求语言之美，先在准确、得体上下功夫，在此基础上的追求典雅优美，才能相得益彰。这是应该先予说明的。

灿若星汉、绵延炳焕的名家典故与诗文，是我们中华文化宝库中的瑰宝，比诸世界任何国家来得丰富多彩，这是值得我们自豪的。这些名家典故诗文，是思想与智慧的结晶，文质兼美的精品，内容包罗万象，应有尽有，让我们取之不尽。考生在课内外积累了许多名家典故诗文，考场中倘若善于援引或化用名家典故诗文之花，则可点缀自己的作文大放异彩!不无夸张地说，高考作文中多用一处名家典故诗文，就可多一个亮点，多一份文采，多一点展示文化文学底蕴的机会，在总成绩的天平上多一枚重重的砝码。

援引可有如下具体的操作：

1.巧借熟语显睿智。“正确使用熟语”是2004年以来高考新增的考点，它包含成语、俗语、谚语、格言、歇后语等，报刊上巧用熟语的，仅是文章标题就很多，如《考试马拉松要不得》、《有心栽花花更发》、《人情消费，温柔一刀》等等。如能在文中恰当使用，可化平淡为神奇，起到锦上添花之效。如：

古人说：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”古往今来，美丽的西湖承载了多少中国文人的梦幻?苏轼虽被贬至此，然而他没有悲怆，没有怨天尤人，既来之，则安之，一蓑烟雨任平生。他懂得了“为官一任，造福一方”、“当官不为民做主，不如回家卖红薯”的简单道理。于是，一道苏堤便横卧西湖，他要让西湖储藏的心灵，淹没他所有的痛苦、所有的忧伤。(福建考生《苏轼的赤壁》)

“怨天尤人”“既来之，则安之”“当官不为民做主，不如回家卖红薯”等熟语的使用使得文章语言清新灵动，熠熠生辉，意蕴平添。

2.巧引名言(警句)添文采。托尔斯泰说应多用“金刚钻的语言”进行写作。警句名言就无疑是一种“金刚钻”。

如无锡市一考生的《精彩语文》一文中有这样一段：

伴着你，陶渊明的朵朵菊花点缀了朦胧的南山，龚自珍的片片落红幻化成软软的春泥，晏殊的独自徘徊落寞了通幽曲径，温庭筠的脉脉斜晖笼罩了悠悠的碧水……

如江苏盐城一考生写的《语文从我身边轻轻走过》则运用了联用古诗名句的妙招：

如果你是“大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆”的边塞大漠，我愿飞奔在漫天黄沙里;如果你是“惊涛拍岸，卷起千堆雪”的浩淼长江，我愿遨游于猛浪湍流中;如果你是“山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村”的深山丛林，我愿跋涉在荆棘小道上。啊，语文，美丽如你，叫我爱不释手。

如江苏考生《西安与南京：山与水的对话》

南京，长江南岸的明珠，是苏浙纵横交错的河流湖泊给了明珠最灵动的光泽。抬眼望，“秦淮水榭花开早”，回首瞧，“燕子飞时，绿水人家绕”。那里的“六朝旧事如流水”，那里的“夜船吹笛雨潇潇”。南京用那上天赋予的水，勾勒出如梦如幻、如诗如画的“好江南”。……西安无言，南京无言，一个背靠秦岭，一个脚踏长江，却一起“面朝大海”，霎时“春暖花开”。

此段文字妙在扣合题意而又能充分激活自己的诸多文化积淀，文章显得充实而又灵动，哲理与诗情、历史与现实，融为一体，信手拈来的诗文名句，不露斧凿之痕，结尾化用海子的名句，尤为贴切自然，并赋予了新的意蕴。

3.巧仿诗词见功底。对爱好古典诗词的考生而言，要将平时厚积的阅读素养在考场上薄发出来，除了恰当引用与话题相关的诗文名句，还可自拟诗词。

“谪居黄城中，把盏临风，牵黄擎苍叹英雄。昔日汴河风光处，履履难重。成败任西东，此恨无穷，为了豪情谁与同?一蓑烟雨平生任，踏雪飞鸿。”(《浪淘沙》)这首词是我特意写给贬谪之后的苏轼的，东坡的一生极尽坎坷：爱情的曲折，仕途的偃蹇，政治漩涡的挣扎，满腹冤屈的难鸣。

“素月寄孤舟，只影随水流，家园破，一盏残酒。酒淡怎敌晚风疾，梧桐雨，点点愁。晚来独登楼，恨字锁眉头，黄花瘦，雁声断秋，一溪落花漫汀洲，流离苦，几时休?”(《南楼令》)这首词是我填给历尽漂泊的李清照这位满腹感伤的奇女子的，她历经了国破之凄，丧夫之痛，改适之苦。

(重庆考生《诗人·明月·黄花》)

最突出的特点是语言功底深厚，充满诗情画意。特别是能在紧张的高考竞技场上填诗作词，文采斐然，不同凡响，足见该考生读书多，素养高。(编者注——此词没讲究平仄，最好不要词牌名;李清照改嫁无据)

有一篇谈“减负”的话题作文，开头化用陈然的诗：

教师的门敞开着，阅览室的门紧闭着，一个声音高叫着，回教室去吧，那里有你们的分数。

当然，欲使援引有意蕴，说到底还在于作者的思想认识水平，基于作者对人生的探究，对生命的自省，对社会百态的思考，对历史人文的观照，对自然万物的关怀，这些都是使文章语言有张力有内涵有意蕴的基础。考生平时要从文学精品中去吸取人类语言的精华，从课本中、从报刊中去掌握各种技巧，用语言的砧、心的锤去不断锤炼它们，惟有思想的深刻和凝重，才能达到援引有意蕴的境界。

【例文借鉴】

语文天生浪漫

让我们再次聆听那遥远的声音——“坎坎伐檀兮，置之河之干兮。河水清且涟漪。不稼不穑，胡取禾三百廛兮?”即便是义愤填膺吧，它也是那般的富有浪漫气息。而“蒹葭苍苍，白露为霜，所谓伊人，在水一方”，更是将古人的浪漫情怀推向了极致。

语文，从远古走来，从蛮荒走来，从我们祖先浪漫的心灵中走来。

开天辟地的盘古，以身补天的女娲，用刚与柔成就了远古人类对世界与宇宙浪漫的想象;填海的精卫，逐日的夸父，用血与肉书写了所有生命对自由与光明不朽的追求。

因着浪漫，四十弃官归隐的陶潜“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”;因着浪漫，五十始举进士的孟郊“春风得意马蹄疾，一日看尽长安花”。

因着浪漫，王昌龄发出了“黄沙百战穿金甲，不破楼兰终不还”的豪壮誓言;因着浪漫，李白才会仰天长笑“天生我材必有用，千金散尽还复来”。

语文，从浪漫的心灵出发，走向深广，走向博大。

因着语文，孔雀东南飞的故事成了家喻户晓的绝唱;因着语文，木兰从军的传说成了妇孺皆知的佳话。

因着语文，雪莱的“冬天到了，春天还会远吗”温暖了多少失意者的心怀;因着语文，但丁的“走你的路，让别人去说吧”激荡着每一个开拓者的胸襟。

因着语文，我们收藏了春的温暖、夏的火热，秋的丰硕、冬的冷峻;因着语文，我们领略了北国的冰雪，南疆的椰林，西域的雄鹰，东海的潮汐。

语文，是天生浪漫的文化载体。睿智的思想，高尚的情感，灵动的才智，无不栖于根深叶茂的语文之树，它生生不息地传承着人类文明，它涤荡污浊，提精炼粹，陶冶身心，它汇聚了浪漫又传送着浪漫。

浪漫的语文，呼唤浪漫的情怀。

一个有些浪漫情怀的人，能像范仲淹一样无私，“居庙堂之高则忧其民，处江湖之远则忧其君”;也能像王安石一样无畏，“不畏浮云遮望眼，只缘身在最高层”。他们可以心游万仞、精骛八极，更可以在现实世界中撑门拄户，立地擎天。既可以迎来送往，胜友如云，更可以一人一盏一影，孤灯自守黎明。既可横空出世、笑傲江湖，又可面壁潜心，十年磨一剑。入世可如岳飞，“壮怀激烈”，“八千里路云和月”，也可躬耕垄亩如诸葛亮，“淡泊以明志，宁静以致远”。

唯有具备一些浪漫情怀，才可能真正的理解生活，热爱生活，享受生活;唯有具备一些浪漫情怀，才可能真正的理解语文，热爱语文，欣赏语文。

因为，语文天生浪漫。

浪漫是感性的也是理性的，浪漫是细致的也是博大的，浪漫是喜乐的也是忧伤的。

一分一秒的华年、一朵一朵的笑靥，一句句清风的低语、一帧帧季节的像片，一些黎明、一些黑夜，发黄的故事、春天的屋檐……一并装入生命的全部流程中，一遍又一遍地再读。让我们的心牵着我们的手，在语文的世界里徐徐穿行，在真实与浪漫中徐徐穿行。

全文围绕“语文天生浪漫”这一话题，广泛征引，信手拈来，写得很有感染力。文章激情洋溢，材料丰富，既有诗句和神话传说，又有文学长廊的历史人物;语言流畅，综合运用了记叙、描写、抒情、议论等多种表达方式，内容层层展开。阅读本文，让人有在浪漫的语文世界徐徐穿行之感。

【例文借鉴】

坚守心中的道德律

康德说：“在这个世界上，有两样东西值得我们仰望终生：一是我们头顶上璀璨的星空，二是人们心中高尚的道德律。”星空因其寥廓而深邃，让我们仰望和敬畏;道德因其庄严而圣洁，值得我们一生坚守。

某杂志刊登了一份关于青少年价值观的报告，其中的一些数据显示有相当一部分青少年对“在公共场所大声喧哗”，“在公共汽车上不让座”，“过马路闯红灯”，“竞争可以不择手段”，“诚实意味着吃亏”等明显不文明、不道德的行为表示“难以评价”。为什么会这样呢?我想，这正是我们当中一部分同龄人对社会公德和个人品德的认识模糊甚至错误所致，正说明他们没能坚守住心中的道德律。

不得不承认，有些青少年，在花花绿绿、充满诱惑的现实生活中，丧失了心灵的纯洁、放弃了道德的底线，最终迷失自我、走向罪恶。原因虽然很多，但最重要的，还是他们缺乏正确的价值观，没有守住心中的道德律。比如网上那对最近迅速窜红的“90后贱女孩”孪生姊妹——包包与阿紫，不就是以恶俗博出位、靠犯贱换成名的典范么?

要知道，一个人的真正价值并非取决于其容貌、衣着、金钱、地位等外在的东西，而取决于他的头脑、观念、精神、品格、爱心、气度等综合素质和内在修养，取决于他的躯壳里到底装了一副怎样的灵魂，取决于他是否坚守住了心中的道德律!

1979年度诺贝尔和平奖获得者德兰修女说：“人们不讲道理，思想谬误，自我中心;不管怎样，总是爱他们。如果你做善事，人们说你自私自利，别有用心;不管怎样，总是要做善事。你耗费数年所建设的，可能毁于一旦;不管怎样，总是要建设。你所做的善事，明天就被遗忘;不管怎样，总是要做善事。将你所拥有的最美好的东西献给世界，哪怕你会被踢掉牙齿。”德兰修女用自己的一生，将爱心撒向世界，用善良普渡众生，用微笑去抚平人们心中的伤痛。她的善行，她的义举，使她被誉为穷人的圣母，善良的天使，并成为世界人民心中的女神、天主的化身。这都是因为她始终坚守着自己心中的道德律!

桃李不言，下自成蹊。这次汶川大地震中那么多年轻而伟大的老师和同学，灾难猝临，生死瞬间，不约而同，毅然决然的选择了舍己救人!他们心中那崇高伟大的道德力量，感天动地、惊鬼泣神，高山仰止，日月同辉!

“不论是黄昏，还是晨曦初露，茉莉花，总是洁白的”。正如希腊诗人乔治·赛福斯的这首小诗所说，我们青少年要想有所成就，就一定要坚守住自己的洁白，坚守住自己的芳香，坚守住自己心中的道德律!

通篇中心突出，思想健康，结构严谨，语言流畅，援引添辉，富有文采，材料丰富而新鲜，文体特征鲜明突出，是一篇非常规范的议论文。

开头即用康德名言以先声夺人，巧加阐释并引出观点，兼呼应标题，收“凤头”之效。二段紧扣材料，重申主旨，中规中矩。

3-6段，联系现实，正反对比，例证、引证交叉并用，“90后贱女孩”双胞胎姊妹包包与阿紫，跟德兰修女、震区英雄师生群像对比鲜明，构成饱满充实的“猪肚”。且每段尾句均紧扣主旨和标题，令全文一线串珠，丝丝入扣，结构分外严谨。

结尾巧引希腊诗人乔治·赛福斯之《茉莉花》一诗，借以重申观点，发出号召，语言生动有力，意味悠远，可谓“豹尾”。

第六次作文是写小制作，在指导学生习作前对孩子们上好它真的不报多大希望，作文教学反思。在我的印象中他们好像疏于动手，只在科学课上做过一次“风向标”，由于是课后完成，班级孩子没有几个做的，科学老师为此还批评了他们。

再就是前两天在科学课上老师和他们为了研究声音，一起做了一个“土电话”。这样一个动手实践后的作文，他们能完成好吗？我在心里反问自己。但无论如何作文指导课是要上的。记得那天上作文指导课时，我也并没有向往常是的指导很细致，只是让三四个同学说了说，你打算做什么？接着我就讲了一下本次作文的提纲。

分四段，第一段写为什么做这个小制作，第二段写准备工作，第三段重点写制作过程，最后写心情或劳动感言。在写的时候一定要借鉴《捞铁牛》一课的写法，用上表示先后顺序的词语。不到二十分钟就讲完了，害怕限制他们思路，也防止班级孩子都写一样的作文，这次我连范文都没有读。第二天孩子们交上来的作文内容虽然是五花八门：有做贺卡的，有用饮料瓶做东西的，有写做小秤的（这是我在课堂上提醒他们的如果不会做什么，就让家长和你一起做小秤，因为我们小时候都会做），有写做风向标的，有写做土电话的，有写做伸缩苍蝇拍的。

孩子们都把准备工作交代的很细，制作过程写得也很不错。没细致指导的作文居然也很成功，我窃喜。班中除了几个学生的作文要改，其余的只是个别语句不是很通顺，所以第二天我们就上作文本了。当天我就把第六次作文批完了。我就在想为什么孩子们的这次作文在我没有报多大希望的时候，却完成的这样的好。他们的认真是一方面，更主要的是我们在讲这一单元的文章时，尤其是讲《捞铁牛》文章时，我重点讲了准备工作的四部，并让学生讨论的为什么这四部不能调换的理由。

在接下来的第四段学生时又让学生用因果关联词语，说了当沙子减少时，所引起的一系列变化。正因为把课文这个例子讲好了，所以孩子们在作文时就自然而然的仿照这个例子了，原来关键是在这里呀。表面上看这次作文指导课只有一点时间，没有细致展开，但因在本单元学文时教师重视，所以单元学生学习效果就好。原来语文课文之间，尤其时文章和习作之间也有这样的联系呀。今天在我和孩子们身上终于得到很好的验证了。

一、单项选择题

(1)先易后难：一些考题的答案比较容易选定，可以先从这些考题入手。平时练习时，应以基础为主，主要精力不应放在偏题、怪题上。

(2)分析考查意图、运用相关知识：应学会分析出题者考查的意图，明确相关题的测试点是什么，然后运用所学知识，进行分析、判断，再进行选择。

(3)利用暗示进行选择：注意考题涉及的语境范围。平时应注重对习惯用语表达、惯用法和中英文化差别等方面知识的积累。

(4)运用排除法：可采取语言排除、逻辑排除、语法排除或选择排除等方法。先排除较容易、较明显的错误选项，缩小范围，而后对剩余的选项进行比较分析，最后确定答案。

二、完形填空题

1、搭配判断法。

根据对以往试题的分析，搭配型考题在完形填空题中占的比例最高。搭配型问题主要测试常见搭配的熟练程度，比如说哪些词要搭配不定式、动名词或某种从句，哪些词必须与某个介词搭配。我们在复习时要特别注意短语动词和介词的固定搭配。

2、结构判断法。

结构型问题主要包括句型、句式、连接词的选择等，解题时要运用句法知识，把握关键词，从而做出迅速正确的判断。完形填空题中有很多是利用语法的正确性与逻辑的排斥性间的矛盾来设计的。因此考生应结合上下文的合理性及意义关系的逻辑性选择最佳答案。完形填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有：

(1)转折、让步关系：这种关系表明后一种观点或事实与前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。

常见的表示转折、让步的词或词组有：but，still，yet，however，though，although，no matter，in spite of，anyway，even if等。

(2)因果关系：

表示原因的连词或词组有：because (of )，due to，owing to，thanks to，since，for，as等。

表示结果的词或词组有：so，therefore，then，as a result，in consequence，consequently，thus等。

(3)递进、补充关系：这种关系表示对前一事实或观点做进一步阐述。

常用的词、词组有：moreover，likewise，besides，in addition，also，too，not only…but also，apart from，what‘s more 等。

(4)对比、比较关系：对比观点或事物间的差异性，比较观点或事物间的同一性。

表示对比的词或词组有：in contrast，by contrast，on the contrary，conversely，unlike，oppositely 等。表示比较的词或词组有：like，in comparison，compare…with，as，just as等。

3、词义判断法。

词汇型问题也是完形填空的一个考点，主要测试考生在段落语篇中把握语义连贯性的能力，提供选择的词可能是近义词、近形词也可能是随意拼凑的四个选项，遇到这类题，既要联系上下文，又要具有扎实的词汇基础，有时还须根据自己的文化背景知识做出判断、选择答案。

三、阅读理解

在做阅读理解题时，除了掌握前面介绍的基本题型、基本法则外，还要进行有意识的阅读训练。提高阅读能力的训练主要可以从下面几个方面入手：词汇、方法、侧重点。

1、词汇：猜词的技巧。

在阅读过程中，不可避免地会碰到不认识的单词，考试中又不允许查词典，有些不认识的单词对文章的理解影响不大，可以忽略。但有些不认识的单词则会影响阅读者对文章理解的正确性。在这种情况下，必需猜测词的含义，这就需要利用猜词的技巧了。

最基本的猜词技巧有两种：一是根据构词法的规则猜，构词法的规则在前面的章节中已有介绍，这里就不重复了;另一种猜词的技巧是根据上下文的描述、解释、列举、比较等，运用已有的知识，分析、推断该词的含义。常用的猜词技巧可归纳为以下几种：

(1)利用词根、词缀构词法推测词义。通过构词法推测词义是最常用的方法之一。

(2)分析文中对该词的直接定义推测词义。

作者在行文中有时不得不使用某些难词、偏词，为使读者理解，作者常常会在文章中直接解释该词语。作者或通过同位语，或使用定语从句加以阐明，或用冒号、破折号、括号给出，或用语篇标志词引出，这类语篇标志词有：that is (to say); e.g.;oor，in other words;to put it in another way等。如：

She is bilingual.In other words，she speaks English and French equally well.(bilingual：会说两种语言的)。

(3)分析文中对该词的近义复述推测词义。

同一短文中前后两个句子、短语或单词通常有互释作用，可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词或短语相关的信息以猜测词义。如：

It is difficult t

o list all of my fathe‘s attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities.(attribute：特质;才能)

(4)分析文中对该词的对比和并列表述推测词义。

利用上下文中的对比或并列表述猜测词义是最常用、最可靠的方法。有不少句子会在上下文中给出某个生词(尤其是偏词、难词)的同义词或反义词，运用对比或并列表达对这些生词加以推测。通过了解词与词之间的连接关系，特别是一些语篇标志词，如：however;on the other hand;nevertheless等，我们不难推断这些生词的词义。如：

If you agree，write “yes”;if you dissent，write “no”。(dissent：不同意）

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分