广西英语中考写作范文（20篇）

积累一些英语格言，对英文写作有一定的帮助。以下是小编带来的小学生经典英语格言，希望对你有帮助。

A cat may look at a king. 猫也可以看国王。

A friend in need is a friend in indeed. 患难识知已。

A good marksman may miss. 智者千虑，必有一失。

A good maxim is never out of season. 至理名言不会过时。

A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口，忠言逆耳。

A good winter brings a good summer. 瑞雪兆丰年。

All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马。

Better early than late. 宁早勿晚。

Better late than never. 迟做总比不做好。

Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。

It is good to learn at another man’s cost.前车可鉴。

It is never too late to learn. 活到老，学到老。

Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌。

Men learn while they reach. 教学相长。

Second thoughts are best. 三思而后行 。

导语：英语写作能力作为体现语言交际能力至关重要的一个方面,写作测试是对学生书面交际水平及能力进行检验最有效的途径。以下是yjbs作文网小编为您收集整理的写作技巧，希望对您有所帮助。

要想获得高分就应在“正确”表达的基础上写出自己的特色，写出自己的“亮”点。

一、词汇选择——标新立异

在写作中“较高级词汇”的使用主要是指使用《大纲》上没有的词语、使用通过构词法变化来的新词、使用同(近)义词或反义词等来代替常见词语。

1)这栋房子在芳草街的一栋楼上。

A: The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street.

B: The flat situates in a building on Fangcao Street.

分析:is in是常见词语，而situates in则是《大纲》上没有的，属于高级词汇。

2)在周末我们做很多作业。

A: At weekends, we have a lot of homework to do.

B: At weekends, we have endless homework to do.

分析:B句在表达时没有使用过于直接的a lot of，而是使用了endless。endless就是由《大纲》词汇end加后缀-less变化来的。

3)洗澡间和厨房都很好。

A: The bathroom and the kitchen are good.

B. The bathroom and the kitchen are well-furnished.

在表达要点时，B句使用了well furnished,这比good语气强，也显得生动。

在造句时,“较高级词汇”如能运用贴切自然，哪怕整篇文章只用上一个，也会使你的作文显示出与众不同。

二、结构造句——与众不同

在造句时,既要使句子生动，又要使其简明扼要。

1、使用与人不同的表达方式，特别是提倡打破汉语句子结构的束缚而重组的句子更受欢迎。

1)唐山曾在二十世纪八十年代发生过一次大地震。

A: There was a strong earthquake in Tangshan in the 1980s.

B: A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tangshan in the 1980s.

大多数同学使用了there be结构，这是对的，但是B句却摒弃了常见句式。另辟蹊径而使用了“主语+谓语+宾语”结构，且使用了terrible,hit/strike这样的词汇，更是难能可贵的。

2)你八月十五日的来信我今天早晨收到了。

A:I received your letter which was written on August 15th this morning.(多数人使用的方式)

B: Your letter of August 15th reached/ got to me this morning.(与多数人使用的方式不同,简洁)

2.使用一些强势句式，如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等，增强语句的表现力。如：

3)阿福救了我妹妹。

A: Ah Fu saved my sister.(一般句式)

B: It was Ah Fu that saved my sister.(强调句式)

4)我们看到庄稼和蔬菜长势喜人很是高兴。

A: We were glad to see crops and vegetables growing well.(一般陈述句)

B: How glad we were to see crops and vegetables growing well.(感叹句)

3、句式多样,复杂得体。在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相同句型，而应注意句式的变化，如长短句结合，简单句、并列句与复合句共用，还可使用简化句等;一些较复杂的结构如独立主格，分词结构等也可使用。下面的表达中A句简单句多，而且多处使用there be结构，显得单调、乏味，而B句就有自己的特色(请同学们自己分析)。

5)这是一套25平方米的住房，住房里面有卧室、有洗澡间、有厨房;卧室里有床、沙发、桌子和椅子等。

A: Its a flat of 25 square metres. There is a bedroom in the flat. There is a bathroom and a kitchen in it, too. In the bedroom, there is a bed; there is a sofa, a desk and a chair as well.

B: Its a flat of 25 square metres, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. In the bedroom there is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair.

三、布局谋篇——独具匠心

在写作中，我们可按时间、空间或其它逻辑顺序来安排各要点，同时为使主题突出,结构严谨，我们应注意学习和使用交代句以及段落的主题句等。在布局谋篇上，NMET2002范文堪称典范。请看：

Opinions are divided on the question.

60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. They believe a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city.

On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardens and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees. They suggested, however, fees should be charged low.

1)该文使用Opinions are divided...作交代句，开门见山，随后两个段落均使用了主题句(见黑体字部分)，使全文结构紧凑，表达严谨。

2)在表述要点时范文还对要点出场顺序作了调整，如“40%的同学认为应收门票，但不宜过高。”前部分作为主题句放在句首，而后部分另起一句放在句末：They suggested, however, fees should be charged low.这样就分清了轻重缓急，主题突出，条理清楚。

3)范文使用了and, what is more, however等连词，在段落之间使用了on the other hand(说明前后两个观点是相悖的)，这些连接手段的运用加强了句子之间、段落之间的联系，使文章表达连贯，浑然一体。

4)范文在第二段为说明不收门票的“原因”时增加了Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away.等细节，这也是解决句与句之间缺少连贯性的常见方法。

写作技巧：

一、要善于模仿

对大多数学习英语的同学来说，英语的词汇量、句式的积累还极其有限，远不能达到用英文流畅表达，挥洒自如的境地。在这一阶段进行创作是不合时宜的，如果非要创造，只能写出“long time no see”这样的文字来。因此，模仿是这一阶段的必经途径。

谈到模仿，一些同学的办法就是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，效果可想而知。这不是真正意义上的模仿，充其量算是默写课文。如何模仿呢?

首先，模仿的目标要明确。模仿的重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。道理很简单：一个词，随着文章内容的变换，可能就不能用了;而句式结构是放置四海而皆准的东西，适用的范围广，学来对写作的帮助也就明显。

其次，模仿的材料要地道。像新概念英语这样的教材就提供了很多原汁原味的英语表达法。盲目选择文章学习，记一些不中不洋的句子，以讹传讹，浪费时间。

最后，模仿要体现在实际动笔上。比如说，新概念第三册有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在大学英语考试中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行，表达为：“the bicycle is very popular in china for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学经常背了这些句式不用，一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”，等等。

二、要灵活变通

在批改英语作文的过程中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。由于中英文之间的差异和词汇量、表达法积累的不足，出现难于表达的情况是十分正常的。关键问题在于如何处理。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，套用在这个问题上就很合适。写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。

有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“what is it made of?”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“it is made of miss hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。

比如说，在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn"t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

再比如说，翻翻新概念第三册所有的课文，会发现凡是一段文章的段首句出现转折时，转折词however都放在句子结构中的第二部分，以插入语的形式出现。分析原因，是因为段落一开始就用转折词，会时转折显得较生硬、突兀。

最后，许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

1. 不用说…… It goes without saying that …

= (It is) needless to say (that) ….

= It is obvious that ….

例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

2. 在各种……之中，…… Among various kinds of …, … /= Of all the …, …

例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, ….

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that ….

例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwan’s economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

We shouldn’t spend too much time on something we aren’t interested in.

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：那至少可以证明你很诚实。

At least it will prove how honest you are.

8. 状语从句

A) 如果你不……，你就会…… If you don’t ..., you’ll ...

例︰If you don’t keep working hard, you’ll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

B) 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

C) 每当我听到……我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.

每当我做……我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.

每当我想到……我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.

每当我遭遇……我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.

每当我看到……我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.

例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.

= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.

每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不 I think / I don’t think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesn’t think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式, S + 现在完成式.

例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。

导语：能够成功的人，必然是善于发现并且抓住任何有利时间的人，即使是"洗手间"时间也不放过。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关中考素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1969年，他进入了世界知名的ibm公司，在纽约总部的研究院工作，那年他刚好26岁。

刚进入ibm的时候，虽然他有着美国普林斯顿大学计算机博士的学位，但是在人才济济的ibm，他也只是个最普通的研究员。在他之前，整个研究院里只有一名华裔高管，而且是做了15年才勉强做到了二级经理人。当时就有很多人告诉他，华人在ibm研究院里最多只能做到二级经理人，根本不可能进入核心领导层，然而他还是义无反顾地留在了ibm。

生性桀骜的他，深深知道，在ibm这样美国味很足的公司里，作为一个中国人首先要做的就是要融入他们。他一开始便决定每天都和那些美国员工一起吃午饭，了解他们的生活方式和习惯。由于自己的英语发音不是很地道，他更是下班之余苦练口语。慢慢地，那些美国人都开始把他当成"美国人"了。

由于他在电脑方面的独特天赋，1971年，不到30岁的他被派到硅谷创立西部电脑研究部门，组建了一个几乎全由名校博士组成的60余人团队。他们将edgar codd的理论和自己对软件要适应人和企业需要的思维结合起来，经过5年不断地研发，成功地发明了电脑关系数据库系统结构查询语言sql和必需的相关运行系统。其中他带队的一个重要的项目导致sql(关系型数据库)的发明，这个发明对后来全球计算机软件应用影响深远，可是当时ibm部门拒绝他将sql产品化的建议，而且研究院的领导也不赞同这个方案。

他于是让科研人员把发明写成论文公布于世，希望可以引起ibm的重视。

另外，为了让ibm的老板能够了解到这一情况，同时又不能让研究院的领导知道，他开始思考如何寻求老板的帮助。有一次，他上班去洗手间的时候，刚好碰见一位贵人，那就是ibm的老板卡里。由于初次在公司遇见大人物，他显得很紧张，除了一句简单的礼貌性问候外，似乎不知道该说什么了。回去之后，他开始观察卡里的时间安排。经过一个月的观察，他发现卡里每天下午3点左右的时候会错开员工下午茶时间去趟洗手间。他觉得他应该抓住这样的机会和老板沟通一下。

第二天，第三天，在那个时间他装作无意中去洗手间，无意中碰见了老板卡里。此时的他已经没有之前的紧张了，而是主动向老板自我介绍，并且将他预见到关系数据库的美好前景和卡里分享。经过几次洗手间的谈话后，老板开始注意到这个小伙子不一般。通过董事会及高层的分析，他们决定破例同意了sql产品化的建议。

1981年，ibm觉得时机成熟，推出自己的sql产品时，曾轰动一时。随后他开始主管通讯软件业务，他在大多数人还没有意识到软件重要性的时候，预见到软件的光辉未来。并推动改变ibm过去将软件作为硬件附带赠送品的商业模式，开创了销售ibm通讯软件的先河，不但为ibm创下很可观的营业收入，也间接加速了软件作为一个产业的发展。

同年底，他仅仅用了不到3年的时间成为了ibm最高管理委员会秘书长和ibm组织部部长，亲身体验到ibm最高层主管的管理方式及公司发展策略，并协助董事长卡里为ibm制定了未来10年的组织和战略蓝图。其管理、领导和把握未来的能力也得到进一步的提升。

他就是刘英武。ibm有史以来最高华人高管，是华人在美的最杰出高科技代表人物之一。

他的"洗手间"事件也一直被it业的精英们津津乐道。可以说，因为老板的支持，才让他的sql产品化的建议得以采纳。要不然到现在他可能还只是个普通的研究员。能够成功的人，必然是善于发现并且抓住任何有利时间的人，即使是"洗手间"时间也不放过。

中考英语作文范文 我梦想的工作my dream job

Since i was an innocent child, i had the idea to be a doctor in the future. I always see the people died in the TV, i feels

frustrated about it. therefore, a dream to be a doctor came into my mind. I want to be the person who can save people＇s life just like God Jesus

一个浪子所走的路是跟太阳一般的，可是他并不像太阳一样周而复始。--莎士比亚《雅典的泰门》

虽然紫菀草越被人践踏越长得快，可是青春越是浪费，越容易消失。--莎士比亚《亨利四世上篇》

不要让小小的误会使春天的花儿枯萎。春天的花儿，发了芽，又枯萎，就不能再开了。在太阳中闪光的喷泉，不应当仅仅为了三心二意加以阻塞;撒哈拉沙漠中的沃壤，不应当加以懒懒地耕耘。--狄更斯《大卫科波菲尔》

你知道，我的天性喜欢抓紧眼前的现实而生活。你能够了解：要我等待未来是多么痛苦的拘束。--《罗兰与梅森葆的通信》

青春啊!难道你愿意倒卧在尘土之中，埋葬在累累赘赘的废物之下?黎明给你带来黄金的冠冕。火焰向天空放射，太阳在你身上看到了他自己的形象。--泰戈尔《鸿鹄集》

我有了这样一宗珍宝，就像是二十个大海的主人，它的每一粒泥沙都是珠玉，每一滴海水都是天上的琼浆，每一块石子都是天上的黄金。--莎士比亚《维洛那二世》

弓弦越拉得紧，生命之箭射得越远。--罗曼·罗兰《母与子》

凡有能力对人世有的贡献的人就必须经常记住，决不能胡乱浪费掉自己的资本，不然的话，他就会慢慢失去济世助人的能力了。--泰戈尔《沉船》

春天把花开过就告别了。如今落红遍地，我却等待而又流连。--泰戈尔《吉檀迦利》

任何事物都无法抗拒吞食一切的时间。(《泰戈尔评传》)

人的一生是短的，但如卑劣地过这短的一生，就太长了。--《莎士比亚戏剧集》

时间的无声的脚步，是不会因为我们有许多事情需要处理而稍停片刻的。--莎士比亚《终成眷属》

宝贵的光阴，总是像箭一样地飞逝着。--狄更斯《游美札记》

时间是人的财富，全部财富，正如时间是国家的财富一样，因为任何财富都是时间与行动化合之后的成果。--《巴尔扎克论文选》

记住吧：只有一个时间是重要的，那就是现在!它所以重要，就是因为它是我们唯一有所作为的时间。--托尔斯泰《三个问题》

青春是有限的，智慧是无穷的，趁短短的青春，去学习无穷的智慧。--高尔基《外国名人名言录》

世界上最快而以最慢、最长而又最短，最平凡而又最珍贵、最容易被人忽视而又令人后悔的就是时间。--高尔基《外国名人名言录》

一个个生日，组成一条朝伟大的未知不停地走去的长长的行列，就像千条江河归大海那样向它们的最终目的地奔去。--《泰戈尔评传》

导语：相信大家都有在网上购物过，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Shopping online is quite popular in our daily life now. It is a new way of shopping. Many things are offered and wait for your choosing. Convenience is the most important advantage. You can buy anything as you like. You don’t have to queue with other shoppers. Meanwhile, it is often open for 24 hours a day.

However, there are many disadvantages about shopping online. You can’t actually see the real products. So you may be cheated easily. Also, many people will miss the best opportunity to get along well with their friends and share the joy of shopping.

In conclusion, we should make proper use of the internet shopping.

【参考译文】

网上购物在我们的日常生活中很受欢迎。这是一种新的购物方式。很多东西都提供了，等待你的选择。方便是最重要的优点。你可以随意买任何东西。你不必和其他购物者排队。同时，它通常每天开放24小时。

然而，网上购物有许多缺点。你真的看不到真正的产品。所以你可能很容易受骗。同时，许多人会错过与朋友相处的好机会，分享购物的乐趣。

总之，我们应该好好利用网络购物。

虔诚的开端，带来美好的结束。--雨果《吕意·布拉斯》

爱你自己要爱在最后，珍爱那些恨你的人，诚实比起腐败会给你赢得更多的好处。--莎士比亚《亨利八世》

你必须对你自己忠实;正像有了白昼才有黑夜一样，对自己忠实，才不会对别人欺诈。--莎士比亚《哈姆莱特》

最光明的天使也许会堕落，可是天使总是光明的;虽然小人全都貌似忠良，可是忠良得一定仍然不失他的本色。--莎士比亚《麦克白》

纯朴的忠诚所呈献的礼物，总是可取的。我们不必较量那可怜的忠诚所不能达到的成就，而应该重视他们的辛勤。--莎士比亚《仲夏夜之梦》

如果你想要过的快活，想要祷告上帝，做一个诚实的人，那你就得遵守诺言。--狄更斯《荒凉山庄》

如果你做事缺乏诚意，或者迟迟不愿动手，那你即使有天大本事，也不会有什么成就。--狄更斯《荒凉山庄》

人们倾诉衷肠的声音更温柔，更真实，可以绝对信赖，并且可以十分肯定它除了给人以最亲切的劝告之外，再无别的。--狄更斯《圣诞故事集》

诚实，像我们所有的情操一样，应当分成消极的与积极的两类。消极的诚实没有发财的机会时，是诚实的。积极的诚实是每天受着诱惑而毫不动心的。--巴尔扎克《邦斯舅舅》

当一个人是一个真正的人的时候，他就应当在大言不惭和矫揉造作之间保持等距离。既不夸夸其谈，也不扭捏取宠。--雨果《悲惨世界》

一个诚实的人绝不会白用人家的东西，也决不会白拿人家的东西……--高尔基《崔可夫一家》

有些人相信诚实总是上策。其实这是迷信;有时候假装诚实要比真正的诚实强好几倍。--马克·吐温《赤道环游记》

你们以诚实获得了悠久和崇高的声誉，当然你们是以此自豪的--那是你们的宝中之宝，简直是你们的心肝宝贝。--马克?吐温《败坏了赫德莱堡的人》

善良的心就是太阳。--雨果《笑面人》

一只小小的蜡烛，它的光照耀得多么远!一件善事也正像这支蜡烛一样，在这罪恶的世界上发出广大的光辉。--莎士比亚《威尼斯商人》

爱与善是幸福，亦是真理，世界上唯一可能的幸福与真理。--罗曼·罗兰《托尔斯泰传》

文明是善，野蛮是恶;自由是善，束缚是恶。但正是这种臆想的知识把人类天性中的那种本能的、最幸福的、原始的对于善的需要给消灭了。--托尔斯泰《卢赛恩》

如果一切皆善，就一切皆美。--《托尔斯泰作品研究》

生活中的善越多，生活本身的情趣也越多。二者水乳交融，相辅相成。--托尔斯泰《伊凡·伊利奇之死》

功利是一部机器的目的和检验机器价值的根据，而善良只是人的目的和意愿。--泰戈尔《民族主义》

善良的、忠心的、心里充满着爱的人儿不断地给人间带来幸福。--马克·吐温《镀金时代》

良心这玩意儿，它谴责起人来，是够叫我害怕的，对大人是这样，对小孩也是这样。--狄更斯《远大前程》

人心是广漠寥廓的天地，人在面对良心、省察胸中抱负和日常行动的时候，往往黯然神伤!--雨果《悲惨世界》

不要相信良心的责备，它会带你走得很远。不合理的忠贞像地下屋的楼梯一样落下去。走下一级，两级，再到目前为走一级，就走进黑暗中。聪明人就回头走上去，天真的人留在那里。--雨果《笑面人》

每个人的良心上都有污点，但多数人对自己心灵上的这种点缀却满不在乎，就像穿着一种浆得笔挺的衬衣一样轻松。--高尔基《水及其在自然界与人类生活中的意义》

人如果没有良心，哪怕有天大的聪明也活不下去!--高尔基《我的大学》

良心的法则常常与经典上的法则不同。--泰戈尔《牺牲》

你就这问题作解释的时候，千万不能够歪曲、穿凿，或牵强附会;更不能仗着自个儿精明，就明知故犯，叫自己的灵魂负上罪名。--莎士比亚《亨利五世》

酒是一种无色的液体火焰，它迅速、准确地把人的心灵中一切人性的东西统统烧尽。--高尔基《扫烟囱的人》

遭到了诽谤，还大事张扬，那是不聪明的，除非张扬起来能得到什么很大的好处，诽谤很少能经得住沉默的磨损的。--《马克·吐温自传》

出示习题： 开展一项动作游戏活动(比如：投乒乓球入盒子)请仔细观察两名游戏者的动作，抓住他们各自的特点，分步骤描述具体，注意两人动作的差异。

审题指导：内容要点，两名游戏者的动作

写法要点，抓住他们各自的特点，分步骤描述具体

写法指导：刻画人物，方法多样，其中对动作描写的偏好，可以说是任何一个作家都不例外的。高尔基认为，写人物要多行动少说话。老舍曾说，只有描写行动，人物才能站起来。当代心理学家们认为，人的内心是看不见摸不着的，只有动作才是真实可靠的。动作的确是透视人物心理的多棱镜。那么，怎样写好人物的动作呢?

一、要抓住特征性动作描写。

在特定的环境下，人物的动作具有相应的特征。我们要仔细地观察，抓住这些特征。我们常说：“行动从思想中来”，就是说人物的行动要符合人物的思想品质，每个人都有不同的性格，不同的感情，不同的内心世界。具有典型意义的人物动作描写，能使人物形象更加生动，更加鲜明。在描写人物动作时，不仅要写出他在做什么，而更重要的是描写他是怎样做的，并且要通过人物的动作描写，表现人物的性格特点和精神面貌。《彩色的翅膀》一课写守岛战士品尝海岛上结出的第一个西瓜时，是这样描写他们的动作的： “战士们都笑着，用两个指头捏起一小片来，细细地端详着，轻轻地闻着，慢慢地咬着，不住发出‘喷喷’的赞叹声。” 这种具有特征的动作描写，把战士们喜悦、激动、珍视、自豪的心情充分表达出来。

二、要写出连贯性的动作，描写一个人的动作要进行分解，也就是说一个人的动作是由一系列地动作构成的。把一个大动作分解成几个小动作，抓住人物最有特征的动作，一一进行叙述，那么整篇文章就能把人物动作写具体了。

炒菜

妈妈先把白菜一片片洗干净，又一片片摞起来，左手按住菜，右手拿起刀，一刀一刀地切着，把白菜切成一个个的小方块，剩下的菜叶放在旁边。开始炒菜了。妈妈先把锅坐在火上，等锅烧热后把油倒进锅里，不一会儿，锅里腾起了油烟，发出“嗞嗞”的声响。妈妈先把切好的葱花扔进锅里，等葱花变黄，腾起一股香味，又把菜倒进锅里，抄起锅铲，不停地翻动着。等菜慢慢由白变黄，妈妈再倒入酱油、醋，撒上盐，接着用铲子翻动了几下，撒上白糖、味精，迅速把锅端下来，翻炒了几下，就出锅了。妈妈炒的糖醋白菜，甜丝丝，酸溜溜，香喷喷，吃起来别有风味。这是妈妈的拿手菜呢!2014中考作文写作技巧：动作描写

妈妈是怎样炒糖醋白菜的呢?作者把妈妈炒菜的动作进行分解，用了表示连贯动作的词，然后抓住妈妈炒菜时最有代表性的动作，进行具体描写。如：先是——洗菜、切菜，开始——坐锅炒菜，又把——菜放锅里，再是——倒入调料，接着——用铲翻动。在这个片段作文里，由于用了表示动作先后顺序及动作连贯的词，清楚地写出了妈妈炒菜时的全过程，并且把妈妈炒菜时那熟练地样子清晰地展现在读者面前，给我们留下了深刻地印象。

三、准确运用动作词语。我们祖国的语言十分丰富，例如：表示动作的词有：拿、提、拎、推等等，运用哪些词语呢?这就要看文章的具体环境了。因此，在描写人物动作时，要准确使用词语，精选动词，力求把人物的动作写得准确、具体、鲜明，这样才能把人物的动作、形象，逼真地写出来。请你阅读下面的作文片段：

擦玻璃

别看张敏的个子矮，可是每次做扫除，她擦的玻璃最干净了!为了看看她到底有什么绝招儿，我仔细观察了她擦玻璃的动作。她敏捷地踩着椅子上了桌子，又从桌子迈上窗台。她先用一块干布掸了掸玻璃，然后再换一块潮湿的抹布，踮着脚，一只手抓住窗棂，一只手从上到下用抹布蹭玻璃。接着，又自上而下从左到右蹭了一遍。玻璃上有污点的地方，她就哈一口气，使劲蹭几下，还不干净，她又用手指抠几下，啊，污点终于被她消灭了。她从窗台上下来，站在地上，端详着被她擦得一尘不染的玻璃，美滋滋地笑了。原来她擦玻璃这样细致，还真有两下子呢!

这个作文片段在写张敏擦玻璃时，使用了“踩、迈、掸、踮、抓、蹭、哈、抠”等一系列的词，把擦玻璃的过程写得很具体，我们把这些词串连起来，在头脑中就会形成张敏擦玻璃又干净、又麻利的画面，从心底里佩服她把玻璃擦得一尘不染、又快又好地绝招。从这个实例中我们知道，恰如其分地使用表示动作的词，能够把内容写得充实、具体，把人物刻画得活灵活现，能够再现人物的思想品质，避免内容空洞无物。描写动作是为刻画人物，刻画人物是为了表达中心。因此紧紧围绕文章的中心，仔细观察，精心选择，具体描写，就成了写好人物动作的关键。我们要写出人物行动的方式和过程，并通过这种描写揭示人物的内心活动，显现人物的性格，这是我们努力的方向。

[中考作文写作技巧：动作描写

导语：套用一些英语作文模板可以得到分数的提高哦!下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Some people contend that ... has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages)

有些人认为________有很多有利之处(不利之处)。

Those who argue for ... say that ...economic development of the cities.

觉得_____的人认为，______ 城市的经济发展。

Some people advocate that ....

有些人在坚持认为_________。

They hold that ... 他们认为_________。

People, who advocate that ..., have their sound reasons (grounds)

坚持认为______的人也有其说法(依据)。

Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise of it.

那些从中受益的人对此大家褒奖。

Those who strongly approve of ... have cogent reasons for it.

强烈认同_______的人有很多原因。

Many people would claim that...

有人会认为___________。

Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.

俗话说，""。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。

To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.

对于这个问题，不同的人持不同的观点。

There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying that...

万事万物都有其两面性，所以，勿庸置疑，____________。

When it comes to ..., most people believe that ..., but other people regard ...as ....

提到_________问题，很多人认为_________，不过，一些人则认为______是____.

When faced with...., quite a few people claim that ...., but other people think as...

提到_________问题，仅少数人认为________，但另一些人则认为_________。

以下是《九年级英语作文:我和哥哥的历险记》翻译。

It was sunny that day. Our parents were out, so there were only my brother and me at home. We were bored. So we decided to go boating. We played happily. But when we went to the middle of the river, the weather changed. It rained suddenly. We didn t bring umbrella and our boat was bamboo raft. As the rain was more and heavier, we were afraid to sink in the river. We tried our best to make our boat in shore. But our bamboo raft had more water on it. I was afraid to die. My brother was also very anxious. At that time, my mother came and she pulled us back to the ground. It was thrilling.

那是一个晴天。我们的父母都出去了，所以只有我和哥哥在家。我们很无聊。所以我们决定去划船。我们玩的很开心。但当我们走到河中央时，天气变了。突然下起雨来。我们没带伞，而且我们的船还竹排。由于雨越来越大，我们担心会沉到河里去。我们尽力使我们的船靠岸。但是竹筏上的水越来越多。我害怕死了。我哥哥也很着急。那时，我妈妈来了来了，她把我们拉回到地面。真的惊心动魄啊。

On Christmas morning， the children wake up very early. Some even turn on the light attwo o‘clock， and most of them are awake by six o’clock although it is not light in England for another hour or two at this time of the year.

Children look for their presents ， and the young ones play while the dinner is prepared. At about one o‘clock in the afternoon， the Christmas dinner is brought in . The turkey or chicken is quickly eaten . Children search in their Christmas pudding for new coins which are hidden in it . The rest of the day is full of games and eating until the happiest of all Christmas hollidays comes to an end.

一：用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

二：删除诸如"who is”或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

三：剔除你不需要的单词，例：

Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call.

写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一遍，挑出单词"joint"和"telephone"，注意删去不必要的词。

英语写作注意两点

一、先审题，弄清写作要求审题是写好作文的前提，也是书面表达的基础。如果写偏了题，语言表达再好也很难得高分。审题时要注意两个方面：

1.认真地看两遍题目，包括提示，全面了解写作要求。

2.理清思路，确定体裁、框架结构和内容。

二、用英语进行思维英语写作时必须排除汉语思维的干扰。

从现在起应逐渐加大阅读量和听的输入量，将阅读、听力训练与书面表达有机地结合起来。经常体会和领悟作者传递信息和表达思想的方式。在话题讨论和写作中经常运用所学到的表达方式就会有所创造。还要尽量做到“五多”：多看、多听、多思考、多用心体验和感悟身边的人和事、多用英语说和写自己的体验和感受。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

阅读一般记叙文，能把握记叙的要素和线索，理清记叙的顺序及倒叙、插叙的表达作用，弄清记叙的人称及表达作用，理解中心和材料的关系，了解详略安排的作用，能辨析记叙、描写、抒情、议论等表达方式，理解多种表达方式，理解多种表达方式综合运用对表情达意的作用，能够从课文内容中体会出作者的态度、观点和语言所表达的思想感情。

一、记叙顺序。

1.顺叙：即按照事情的发生、发展和结局的顺序写。如《老山界》。

2.倒叙：把后发生的事情写在前面，然后再按顺序进行叙述，也就是在记叙的时间上与事情的实际是相反的。

如《一件珍贵的衬衫》。作者先写衬衫，由这件衬衫回想起四年前发生的事情，追述衬衫的由来。这种方式就叫倒叙。阅读时要注意倒叙和顺叙交换处的句、段是怎样连接起来的。应当强调的是，倒叙决不是整篇的由尾到头的逆向叙述。提到开头先叙述的结局或最突出的片段，在全文中只是一个局部，其下面的部分才是文章的主体。而这主体部分采用的仍是顺叙的方法。总之，倒叙只是顺叙方法的一种局部变通方式。其次，顺叙部分的结尾与开头先写的那个结尾遥相呼应，结构才算完整。

3.插叙：在叙述过程中，由于内容的需要，中断原来情节的叙述，插入有关的情节或事件，然后再继续原来的叙述。

如《同志的信任》。先写鲁迅收信、看信，再插叙方志敏的革命事迹和写密信、文稿的经过，最后写鲁迅转信。这一段插叙交代密信托付鲁迅先生的缘由，突出鲁迅先生是共产党人最可信任的人，也就突出了文章的中心思想。

记叙的人称有第一人称和第三人称。以"我"的口吻或角度展开叙述是第一人称。采用第一人称，便于直抒胸臆，读起来有一种亲切感和真实感，但所写的内容不能超过"我"耳闻目睹的范围。阅读时要充分注意到"我"在文章中的地位和作用。在一般记叙文和散文中，"我"即作者本人，"我"在文中可能处于主要地位，也可能处于次要地位。如《藤野先生》中的"我"处于重要地位，通过"我"和藤野先生的交往相处表现了文章的中心意思。《孔乙己》中的"我"是咸亨酒店的一个12岁的小伙计，是次要人物，在文中起了穿针引线的作用。以第三者的地位来叙述文章中的人物、事情、场景等是第三人称。用这种人称不受任何限制，用"他"或"他们"(或***)，以旁观者的身份出现，写来比较自由开阔。

二、记叙的线索和结构

线索是连贯文章始终的脉络，也可以说是文章的纲。抓住了线索，对理解文章、掌握结构、把握中心大有作用。

线索的形式有如下几个方面：

①以某一件有意义的实物为线索，如《记一辆纺车》;

②以某一中心事件为线索，如《挺进报》;

③以人物为线索，如《回忆我的母亲》《背影》(以人物的某一特征"背影"为线索);

④以作者的思想感情或思想感情的发展变化为线索，如《荔枝蜜》;

⑤以时间为线索，如《老山界》;

⑥以地点变换为线索，如《小橘灯》(也是以第一人称"我"为线索)。

阅读一篇文章，怎样迅速地找出其线索呢?

首先要了解文章的体裁和内容、表现手法，再认真阅读全文;其次注意文章标题，不少文章标题就是线索，如《七根火柴》;还有，应注意文章中从头到尾反复出现的某个词语和某个事物，如《背影》中"背影"反复出现过四次，它就是线索;除上述以外，还要注意文章中议论抒情的语句，如《白杨礼赞》中的"我赞美白杨树"。值得一提的是文章中有时除了明线外，还有暗线，如《藤野先生》。

“线索”是连贯文章始终的脉络,是文章的纲。

①文章的标题

②反复出现的词或事物

③文中议论抒情的语句

④作者的思想感情(变化)

⑤“我”的所见所闻所感过渡是段落层次连接的桥梁，对语气的连贯、布局的缜密、转承的自然等都起着重要的作用。

如何分析文章的过渡呢?

首先要分析过渡的方法，了解过渡的规律。一般来说，过渡可以用词语、用句子、用段过渡。如《白杨礼赞》用"那是力争上游的一种树，笔直的干，笔直的枝"句过渡。其次要了解过渡的作用。在记叙文中，过渡的主要作用是连接不同事件或不同场景;记叙、议论、抒情间的转换;转换不同的叙述方式。如《这不是一颗流星》由顺叙转入倒叙时，用"我紧紧地抱住她，眼泪洒在记忆的门里"过渡，由倒叙转入顺叙时,又用"……我抹去眼泪，深深地叹了一口气……"进行衔接;交代，说明有关的记叙要素时，也需过渡。至于"连贯"是指一段文字中句子与句子之间必须有紧密的联系，前后呼应，上下衔接，使语意贯通，形成有机整体。另外要注意文中的交代照应。一种是文题照应，如《在烈日和暴雨下》。一种是文章的首尾照应，如《一件珍贵的衬衫》。文章开头说："在我的家里，珍藏着一件白色的确良衬衫……"，结尾写："这件珍贵的衬衫，我精心地收藏着。"还有一种是文中的前后照应，如《挺进报》，前面有许晓轩模仿陈然写仿宋字的交代，后面，许晓轩当着敌人的面查对笔迹得出"笔迹相同"的结论也就真实可信。文章前有交代，后有照应，可使文章显得严密。

三、记叙文的中心

“中心”是蕴涵在所记叙的人、事之中的，所以准确归纳记叙文中心意思的关键是正确理解文章的内容，具体的方法有以下几种：

①抓住文中直接告诉读者中心意思的语句，如《枣核》的最后一段："改了国籍，不等于就改了民族感情;而且没有一个民族像我们这么依恋故土的"。

②抓住文章开头、结尾段中提示中心意思的点题句、关键句，用适当的词语连贯起来，如《驿路梨花》结尾部分引了陆游的诗句"驿路梨花处处开"，它既是文章的点题点人句，又揭示了文章的中心意思，或者说是再次人花相映，完成了主题的升华，这"驿路梨花"是边疆盛开的梨花，是哈尼族的梨花姑娘，更是以梨花为代表的青年一代的品质和雷锋精神的象征。

③还可以通过结构分析来归纳中心意思，把文章各部分的大意连贯起来，加以综合概括，然后指出作者借以表达的思想、感情、态度等。

④还可从时代背景入手，好的文章都具有明显的时代烙印，能折射出特定时期特定的社会内容所包含的深刻含义，如《最后一课》，我们只要了解了法国当时濒临亡国的背景，就可以了解其中心了。

四、记叙文的表达方式

记叙：把人物或事件的概貌介绍给读者，把分散的场景或事件的片段贯穿起来，让读者对事件的全貌和发展的来龙去脉有一个清晰的了解。

描写：对人物或事件、环境作细致入微的刻画。议论：目的是为了直接点明和加深所写内容的意义。

抒情：作者在记叙的基础上抒发自己的思想感情。一种是作者在记叙的基础上直接抒发自己对文章的思想感情;还有一种是寄情于人、寄情于事、寄情于物。

说明：常用来说明某种事物状态、性质、功能的特征

例如：

①透过荔枝树林，我望着远远的田野，那儿正有农民立在水田里，辛勤地分秧插秧。(记叙)

②他们正用劳力建设自己的生活，实际也是在酿蜜为自己，为别人，也为后世子孙酿造生活的蜜。(议论)

③头发约莫一寸长，显然好久没剪了，却一根一根精神抖擞地直竖着。胡须很打眼，好像浓墨写的隶体“一”字。 (描写)

④我永无改正我的过失的机会了!(抒情)

以上表达方式各有特点，但并非截然分开，互不相干，而是互相渗透，融为一体的。以写人为主的文章当然主要表现人物的思想品质及性格特点。人物总是生活在一定的时间和空间里的，因此分析人物形象首先得把握人物生活的时代背景、社会环境，由此才能准确理解人物思想行动的客观基础，从而体会作品的社会意义和历史意义。

记叙文中的人物描写是为表现人物性格，揭示作品主题思想服务的。人物描写的方法有正面描写、侧面描写、细节描写。正面描写，也叫直接描写，即通过直接地描写人物的肖像、行动、语言、心理等揭示人物思想品质和性格特点，反映作品主题。

肖像描写，它不只在于勾画出人物的外部面貌，而是为了以"形"来传"神"，揭示人物的性格特性。如《老杨同志》中对老杨同志的描写，"他头上箍着块白毛巾，身上是白小布衫深蓝裤，脚上穿着半旧的硬鞋至少也有二斤半重"，寥寥数笔勾画了一位朴素、和农民打成一片的农村干部形象。

语言描写指人物"对话"或"独白"的描写。俗话说"言为心声"，语言描写最能表示人物的身份，表达人物的思想感情，揭示人物的特点。如《范进中举》中对张乡绅的语言描写。范进中举后，他立即登门祝贺，称范进为"世先生"，说"我和你是亲切的世弟兄"，见范进家中贫寒，他又送钱，又赠房，范进再三推辞，他急了，说道："你我年谊世好，就如至亲骨肉一般;若要如此，就是见外。"这一句句话生动地表现了张乡绅拉拢新贵、老谋深算的特点。古人说："听其言、观其行"。

动作描写最能体现人物的性格特点。如《我的老师》写蔡老师假装发怒，"她的教鞭好像要落下来，我用石板一迎，教鞭轻轻地敲在石板边上"，这"轻轻地""敲"的动作，形象地表现了蔡老师爱学生，温柔慈爱的性格。

心理描写是对人物思想活动和内心世界的描写。成功的心理描写能生动地展示人物的精神风貌、性格特点。如《谁是最可爱的人》对青年战士马玉祥的一段描写。面对烈火中的朝鲜儿童，他想："要是在祖国遇见这种情形，我能够进去,那么，在朝鲜我就可以不进去吗?朝鲜人民和我们祖国人民不是一样的吗?"有关描写生动地表现了马玉祥把朝鲜人民视作自己祖国的亲人的崇高的国际主义精神。

侧面描写，也叫间接描写。概括地说，就是通过其他人物的言行间接写主人公，从登场人物的口中、眼中或感受中写出未登场人物的性格，如《孔乙己》一文中酒客与掌柜的一段对话，"有一天，大约是中秋前的两三天……算他的账。"包含着丰富的内容：不仅侧面写出孔乙己被丁举人打折腿的经过，为把情节推向高潮作了必要的铺垫，而且写出了对话人对孔乙己的冷漠态度，再一次揭露了当时社会的冷酷无情，还写出了考中的丁举人高高在上，作威作福，凶狠恶毒地摧残孔乙己的情景,深刻地揭露了封建科举制度对旧知识分子的摧残和毒害,控诉了吃人的封建社会的罪恶。

细节描写，也是刻画人物的一种重要方法，它是对于肖像、语言、动作、心理、环境和场面的细微末节所作的描写。如《同志的信任》中鲁迅先生打开方志敏同志托人捎带来的亲笔信和文稿的那段描述即是典型的细节描写。在塑造人物的过程中也缺不了环境描写。

环境描写指对自然环境及社会环境的描写。 自然环境描写指对日、月、星辰、天气、自然风光等的描写。自然环境描写能烘托人物的心情，表现人物的品质，推动情节的发展，起衬托中心意思的作用。如《七根火柴》开头对草地恶劣环境的描写，生动地表现了无名战士及卢进勇为保存火柴，要克服难以想像的困难，表现了红军战士的高尚品质，突出了全篇的中心。

社会环境描写指对人物活动的场所、风土人情、社会背景、历史背景的描写。能揭示人物思想产生和导致事件结局的社会根源。如《孔乙己》对鲁镇咸亨酒店的格局、不同人物的身份、穿着等的有关描写反映了当时社会贫富悬殊、阶级对立，交代了时代背景，暗示了孔乙己悲剧的必然性。分析环境描写的作用时，要先找出描写的句子，再联系文章的内容、时代背景综合考虑。

五、记叙文的词、句辨析

记叙文中的关键性词语，是指那些有助于揭示文章中心思想、包含着深刻思想意义的词语。对这些词语要会辨析;同样，文中的那些肯定句或否定句、主动句与被动句、长句与短句，陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等，也要会辨析，特别是应研究一下它们在文中所起的作用。

关于关键性词语的分析可以从下列几个方面着手：

1.结合特定语境，分析词语的含义。如《七根火柴》苦恼有一句话："他(卢进勇)苦恼地叹了口气……咒骂着这鬼天气!"联系特定语境，"苦恼"是因为掉队;"咒骂"表示他急于赶上部队的迫切心情。这里真实地刻画了一个革命战士急于归队的情感。

2.要注意词语的感情色彩，明了词的本义、引申义、比喻义、一词多义等。如《藤野先生》一文中"宛如小姑娘的发髻一般……实在标致极了"。这"标致"究竟是褒还是贬?联系作者的思想感情，可知作者决非赞赏清国留学生的风度，而是讥嘲其丑态。"标致"是反语。又如《我的老师》一文中"我用儿童狡猾的眼光察觉",其句中的"狡猾"一词的意思是"诡计多端，不可信任"，联系上下文显然不能这样理解，应理解为"机灵，聪明"。

3.注意动词、形容词、副词的运用，把握指代词的含义。这些也要会加以辨析。

4.注意句中的言外之意。如《故乡》"我只觉得我四周有看不见的高墙，将我隔成孤身，使我非常苦闷。"句中的"高墙"是比喻的说法，这里既包含着作者对故乡的失望，也包含着和故乡人们的隔膜，而造成这种隔膜的原因是半殖民地、半封建社会的等级观念,而这正是作者苦闷所在，也是文章所要揭示的主题所在。我们说，生动、形象是记叙文语言的特点。揣摩记叙文的语言除了要注意上述问题外，还要从其表达方式、修辞手法等方面去分析、体味。

记叙文的写作特色：

表现手法：对比、拟人、夸张、衬托、渲染、烘托、象征、讽刺、托物言志、以小见大、设置悬念、先抑后扬(欲扬先抑)等

语言风格：亲切自然口语化、幽默讽刺、热情奔放、冷峻辛辣等

修辞手法及其作用：

比喻：形象生动;

拟人：赋于某物以人的性格感情(喜怒哀乐等)

排比：加强语气，增强语势;

反问：加强语气，增强语势，激发读者的感情;

夸张：突出所描绘的事物或情境的特点(程度);

设问：自问自答，以引起读者注意和思考;

反复：加强语气，增强语势;

对偶、引用、借代、反语、对比。

六、记叙文答题技巧点拨

1、仔细审题，把握要领他向主考官深深鞠了一躬。抬起眼睛，踌躇歉疚地说：“请原谅，能更换一首曲目吗?”这一句轻声话语，却产生沉雷爆裂的效果。主考官有些茫然失措起来。

例.结合语境，将文章中画线处空缺的话写在下面

答:_________________。

“语境”指语言环境。

①它与前后的语句相关，在内容上既承上，又要启下;

②补人物的话，所补句子要符合人物的身份，要口语化;

③要符合当时说话的情境、情调;

④尤需注意文中与补句有直接关系的词语

2、联系旧知，准确作答阅读侧重考查能力，考查知识迁移能力是重点之一。

(哈尔滨·2001)阅读《峭壁上的树》：本文写酸枣树的同时，写了桃李杨柳四种树，作者这样写的目的是___________。”

《白杨礼赞》白杨树与贵族化的楠木进行对比，以突出白杨树的朴质、坚强、力求上进的精神的写法。

3、语言运用，具体分析词语的解释，特殊句子(过渡句、主旨句、双关语等)的确认与作用，写作手法的分析等，要具体问题具体分析，切忌空泛笼统。“从未见过开得这样盛的藤萝，只见一片辉煌的浅紫色，像一条瀑布，从空中垂下，不见其发端，也不见其终极。”

4、关注生活，勤于积累(开放性题目)

(陕西·2002)阅读张抗抗的《雪山向日葵》，题17：“作者发现了雪山向日葵的特性后，进行了深入的反思和再认识。作者‘发现——反思’这一认识过程，对你有什么启示呢?

”如何赏析诗文中所喜欢的句子：

1、从修辞手法上分析;(修辞的作用)

2、从该句在文中的作用;(点明中心、深化主题、前后照应、画龙点睛……)

3、从语言风格上(豪放、婉约……);

4、从用语、遣词准确传神巧妙;

5、从蕴含的哲理，给你的启示。

6、从作者描写的角度(听、视、嗅、味、触觉)。

记叙文开头句子的作用：

1、开篇点题;

2、总领全文;

3、引起下文，为下文作铺垫。

4、设置悬念，引起读者的兴趣或思考。

记叙文中间句子的作用：

1、单独成段起承上启下的过渡作用;

2、段末起总结作用;(总结上文，引出下文)

记叙文结尾句子的作用：

1、篇末点题;

2、总结全文，深化中心;

3、首尾呼应;

4、点明中心，升华主题;

5、令人深思，给人惊醒(启示)或留有思考的余地(回味无穷)。

开放性试题应注意：

①平时一方面要关注生活，注意勤观察、勤思考;另一方面要广泛阅读，开阔视听，不断吸取知识营养。积累较丰富的材料，“谈”起来才能得心应手。

②“谈”时要针对话题，选取适当的角度，具体阐述，避免空泛，“谈”的内容应从原文生发，要中心明确，要表现正确的思想和健康的情感。

③“谈”时要根据题意选择适当的表达方式(议论记叙相结合);语言力求简明扼要(注意文字数量的要求)。

Today mother took me to skate. I was very happy. But I hadnt expected I fell down as soon as I got in. Today I didnt know why my two feet were out of control. If I wanted to head east， they would head the opposite. I fell down from time to time. My hands and face were all dirty. I thought maybe it was because that I hadnt skated for a long time.

On my way home， I thought that whatever one wants to do， he must work hard at it， so he can make progress. Skating is like this， so it study.

Dear friend,

Welcome to our school. I would like to talk about two ways of study in our school. The first way is to study in groups. When we study in groups, we can help each other. We can learn to listen to others and how to work together. Also, everyone can have chances to express his own ideas. The other way we like is to study by ourselves. We can make our own plans for study and learn to make good use of time. We can also learn to think by ourselves. And the most important thing is that we we can be the master of our own study Thanks for listening!

[中考英语话题作文

从每年的考试情况来看，很多同学能完整地按照要求把文章写出来，但得分却较低。实际上，高考英语书面表达是一个分值颇高且易得分的题型，只是很多同学没有掌握得分技巧。下面我们一起看看怎样才能让高考作文拽起来。

一、几点重要原则

1.智者利用押题，傻子依赖押题!

2.书面表达整篇背诵绝无必要，可以以看读为主，关键是从中汲取一些常用的词汇和表达，并能得体熟练地运用。考场上应变能力很重要!

3.英文写作模仿很重要。有时也很有效。但不能过于牵强，尤其是对一些长难句的刻意模仿使用。

4.文似看山不喜平，起承转合一定要有!

5.见微知著，一叶知秋，几个亮点足矣：有道是：浓妆淡抹总相宜，作文写得简洁到位要比长篇大论更显功力。

6.心不为形役。不要身陷逐字逐句英汉对号式的字面翻译，要把表达的主动权始终握在自己手里。

二、善用万能句以不变应万变

历届高考，书面表达考得最多是提示作文，即提供一定的情景内容，要求考生完成100词左右的短文。

从命题方式看，有短文提示、要点提示、图画提示、情景提示以及图表提示等；体裁以应用文为主，记叙文为辅：题材为广大中学生所熟悉的日常生活。从提供要点的情景方面看，历届高考书面表达题均属供料小作文，采用文字供料或文字说明加图画(图表)的方式供料。

备考时，同学们要利用有限的时间把以前背的范文整理一下，从中选出不同体裁、不同题材的范文各一篇(范文以高考真题的高分作文为佳)，把它们重新记忆，一定记牢。这样，高考时不管什么样的文章都可套用背诵好的格式。避免考场上因紧张而无章可循。

最后阶段，还要总结一下写作时常用且能出彩的固定句型、句式，比如强调句型、定语从句、名诃性从句等，牢记英语的五个基本句式，背诵平时老师总结的万能句。以不变应万变。

考场答题前，应仔细审题，研究所提供的文字和图画(图表)材料和作文要求。分析、提炼要点，理顺要点，确立基本的写作思路，不要忽略任何一个词。关键的词更不能遗漏，构思好写几个方面，缺一不可。

写作时，尽量用学过的英语句型和词组。少写长句和复杂句以免弄巧成拙、漏洞百出。但目前高考有关书面表达的评分标准要求作文中应有较多的语法结构和词汇，因此同学们在书面表达中不能都写小句、短句和单句，还要正确运用高级词汇和复杂结构。恰当运用过渡词，使写出来的文章含金量更高，更具可读性。

三、高分作文六大特性

1.条理性。指的是合理安排文章结构。首先，在文章思路、组织材料、叙述顺序等方面要有一定的条理性。其次。根据需要，安排好段落，各段之间要层次分明，也要重视每一段的开头和结尾，开头语往往是总起句，结尾语往往是总结句。

2.准确性。指要求写出语法正确的句子，包括时态、语态、用词和句法等，要准确、地道地表达。必须要牢牢掌握一些常用句型或习惯表达，避免中式英语，在实践中不断总结中英用法的差异，养成用英语思维写作的习惯。

3.流畅性。指根据整篇文章思想的需要，有效采用不同的连接手段，使文章层次清楚、行文连贯。

4.简洁多样性。简洁性就是语言简洁，不重复。多样性就是能随情景内容的变化写出句式多样的语句。这也是新课程标准对写作的评价标准。

5.思想性。新标准对写作的要求，增加了情感因素，在准确流畅表达写作要点的同时，适当增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，使文章读起来更亲切，完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。

6.美观性。指的是卷面书写规范、清楚、干净、整洁。

四、怎样才能有拽的感觉

1.高考写作的实质变相考查句型与词汇的灵活应用

英语写作不同于语文作文的写作，如果说语文作文是一个自由发挥的舞蹈，那么高考英语写作就是带着枷锁在跳舞。我之所以这样来形容，是因为高考英语写作的内容都已经通过文字、表格、图片这三种形式给定，内容方面，不需要学生进行发挥，大家所需要发挥的就是不要老去给这个不变的内容穿毫无变化的校服(简单句)，而要去穿一些不一样的衣服，让它显得不那么单调，让阅卷老师能看到不同，而那些所谓的衣服也就是多变句型与词汇。

2.写作的评分标准怎么去迎合评卷老师的胃口

我了解到目前很大一部分学生的作文都处在15分左右，写作满分25分，15分也就是个及格分，那么15分和20多分的作文到底差在哪里?这个问题很容易回答。15分的作文中规中矩，该对的都对，包括内容要点的完整，语法与词形的正确，但是全都是简单句子的堆砌，没有任何亮点。而20多分的作文在句型词汇方面就做了很好的包装，它的句子穿的衣服已经不是校服，而是李宁、耐克，或者是阿迪，所以让人觉得很拽，而高考英语写作要的就是这种很拽的感觉。

3.写作提分的三要素句型。连词。高级词汇

句子是我们写作文最大的单位。有了漂亮的句子。用好的连词将其连句成段，再加上一些如星星般亮点词汇的点缀，一篇好的高考英语作文就诞生了。而这三个因素中最容易把握的是句子，最难的是高级词汇，限于大家的词汇还比较有限。一篇文章中出现那么一两个就够了。我们应该把重心放在句型上，因为这个最容易把握。

但是大家又有这样的困惑，学校里老师也给了我们很多的句型啊，动辄成五十上百句的，大家背得挺多，但是面对考试的时候，发现背的那些怎么也用不上。其实不是那些东西没有用，而是它们太干了，就好比一根干骨头，大家嚼起来很没有味。也不知道该把它们往哪里放。

在这里我给大家提供一种比较切实可行、迅速提高的练习方法，在接下来的时间里只要大家按照这个方法来，就一定会有收获。

找出历年真题，一周只需要写两篇。但是要这么来写。

1.把你要写的内容要点用九到十句的汉语表达出来。

2.逐一地进行翻译，不是用简单句。而是要刻意地去想：

(1)可以用什么样的复杂句；

(2)怎样去避开不会的表达，转义。

例如：

这本书是如此的有趣，以至于我读了一遍又一遍。

1.This book was so interest，ing that l read it again and again，

2.This was such an interest，ing book that l read it again andagain，

3.This was s0 jnteresting abook that l read it again and again

4.So interesting was thisbook that l read it again and again

这四句译文当中无疑评卷老师最欣赏的是第四句，因为它用了倒装。

4.如何备考

其实这种思维大家都有。但是没有成为一种思路，让它能在考试中起到作用，那是因为大家练得少。英语写作处在一种很尴尬的境地，一方面大家要分数。但另外一方面大家一个学期里写的作文也就是期中期末的两篇。毫不夸张地说，有的学生上了三年的高中可能只写了六篇作文，所以练习是很重要的，要是现在不练而把高考当练习。那么作文只拿14、15分也合情合理了，到那时你不要骂评卷老师不公平，而应该问问自己备考的时候为什么不多练几篇。时间都是挤出来的，希望大家可以挤出时间来练写作。

May first is a Sunday. And it is the Labor’s Day. My mother said to me :“Open your eyes！And look out of the window. What a fine day! Let’s go to park,” So my mother, my classmate and I went to the park. We took some foods in my schoolbag. On the way to the park. I saw the blue sky with snow-white clouds. I saw pear trees and some apple trees and so on. Below the trees, there are several kinds of flowers. It’s colorful, blue, red, yellow, pink, purple, orange and white. I saw some balloons and butterflies in the sky. I ate popcorn, cornflakes, banana and lollipop. They were wonderful.

In the afternoon, we went to the zoo. I visited the birds, mice, cats, dogs, budgies, hamsters, rabbits and so on.

May Day is my favorite day！

五月一日是一个星期日。这是劳动节。妈妈对我说：“打开你的眼睛，看看窗外。多么好的一天！让我们去公园，“所以我的母亲，我的同学和我去公园。我书包里带了一些食物。在去公园的路上。我看见蓝天白云。我看到一些梨树和苹果树等。在树下面，有几种不同种类的花。它是丰富多彩的，蓝色，红色，黄色，粉色，紫色，橙色和白色。我看到一些气球和蝴蝶在天空。我吃了爆米花，玉米片，香蕉和棒棒糖。他们都很棒。在下午，我们去了动物园。我参观了鸟类，老鼠，猫，狗，鹦鹉，仓鼠，兔子等。可能是我最喜欢的一天！

1. According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem： the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

12a. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may pay a heavy price.任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays， many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young people， it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

一、了解高分作文的特点

要想作文获得高分，必须了解高分作文具有的特点，才有助于我们朝之而努力。高分作文一般具有以下特点：

1、书写工整，书面整洁，很少有涂改痕迹。

2、分段合理。全文分段一般不止一个自然段，让阅卷老师很容易就能找到作文所要求写的要点和重要句子。

3、要点齐全，不缺要点。

4、首尾呼应，自然成一体。

5、使用了大量的高级词汇和句型。阅卷老师一看就知道这个同学的功底非不一般，自然就给打高分了。

6、开头言简意赅，不啰嗦，不偏题，迅速引入主题。

7、段与段之间，自然过渡。有合适的连接词。

8、句与句之间，有恰当的连接词，使之自然成一体。

9、全文中同一个意思，基本没有重复使用某一个词、短语或者句型等，说明这个同学的词汇量不同寻常。老师自然就对该作文有好感了。

10、能够恰当使用谚语、格言等给文章添彩。

二、勤积累，巧准备

要想作文得高分，除了了解以上的特点外，还要在平时的学习中注意一下方面：

1、牢记课标词汇是基础

一篇作文多数是由积极词汇写出来的，这些词汇主要来源于课标。因此，牢记课标词汇是写好作文的基础。

2、掌握课标词汇和短语的用法

要想作文不扣分或者少扣分，有个要求是作文的语病少。怎么能够减少语病呢?这就要求我们在平时的学习过程中反复通过练习，掌握课标词汇和短语等的用法。例如，对于assoonas、stopsomebodyfromdoingsomething、other、another等的用法很多学生就经常出错。

3、高度重视同一个意思的多种表达方式

高分作文有个特点是：让老师发现你拥有丰富的词汇量，你的水平高人一筹。这由何而来?靠我们在平时学习过程中，逐步积累起来的。比如：今年的中考作文，谈的就是帮助他人的问题。同一个意思“帮助”，假如你就用一个动词“help”，岂不显得你词汇贫乏?假如你在作文中不断地变换方式，用help、givesomebodyahand、giveahandtosomebody、beinneedof等以表达“帮助”同一个意思，岂不更好呢?

像这样的例子很多，比如：大家都觉得很简单又很基础的“表示姓名的方式”就有：MynameisJim.I’mJim.I’mcalled/namedJim.I’maboycalled/named/withthenameofJim.等等。

表达年龄的方式有：Sheis12.Sheis12yearsold.Sheisaged12.Sheisagirlof12(yearsold)。Sheisagirlaged12.等等。

很显然，使用高级一点的更好。

4、加强练习，积累经验

学习语言最好的方法是运用，作文也不例外。我们要想作文得高分，必须经常练习，才能提高水平。

5、充分利用作文范文

很多资料书上都有作文范文。诚然，他们有很多值得借鉴的地方。

我们怎么利用它们呢?首先，我们先不要看文章，自己先思考一下：假如你来写，你会怎么去写，会用到哪些词或者句子等。然后去比较，勾出其中的好词佳句，并且把它摘录在专门的作文册子上。供写作时选用。

另外，背一些范文也是很有必要的。

6、背诵一些谚语和警句

作文中如果出现恰当的谚语和警句，会有锦上添花的效果。

三、精心审题，沉着写初稿

很多同学看到作文后，下笔就写。这是不对的。一则很容易写偏题、写出病句，涂改后书面又不整洁，影响得分。

其实，会写作文的同学都知道，审题非常的重要，可以防止很多毛病，提高得分。那么我们审题要做些什么呢?

审题主要要做一下事情：

1、审人称、时态、体裁等

审题时，要求我们要弄清楚这篇文章主要使用的人称是第几人称，什么时态、什么体裁。这些问题解决后至少不会犯很严重的错误：全文皆错。例如，如果一篇文章，本来应该一般过去时，你的每句话却用了一般现在时态。你想想，那还能得高分吗?

2、明确必须表达的要点

高分作文有个特点是要点齐全。如果漏掉一个要点，则要扣分。因此我们必须认真细读其要求，把必须表达的要点勾出来。保证不漏掉任何一个要点。

3、罗列出可能会用到的短语、句型，确定好使用哪个?

4、确定好如何分段