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669高考英语写作谚语
全文共 3422 字
+ 加入清单Actions speak louder than words.
事实胜於雄辩。
Adversity leads to prosperity.
逆境迎向昌盛。
A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.
吃一堑,长一智。
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难朋友才是真朋友。
A friend is a second self.
朋友是另一个我。
A friend is best found in adversity.
患难见真友。
All time is no time when it is past.
光阴一去不复返。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy; all play and no work makes Jack a mere boy.
只工作,不玩耍,聪明孩子要变傻;尽玩耍,不学习,聪明孩子没出息。
A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.
远亲不如近邻。
An idle youth, a needy age.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
Business before pleasure.
事业在先,享乐在後。
Diligence is near success.
勤奋近乎成功。
Diligence is the mother of good luck.
刻苦是成功之母。
Diligence is the mother of success.
勤奋是成功之母。
Education has for its object the formation of character.
教育的目的在於培养品德。
Every brave man is a man of his word.
勇敢的人都是信守诺言的人。
Every man is the architect of his own fortune.
每个人都是他自己命运的建诛师。
Every man is the master of his own fortune.
每个人都是他自己的命运的主宰。
Failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
Faith will move mountains.
精诚所至,金石为开。
Friendship ---- one soul in two bodies.
友谊是两人一条心。
Grasp all, lose all.
贪多必失。
He alone is poor who does not possess knowledge.
没有知识,才是贫穷。
Health is above wealth.
健康胜於财富。
Health is better than wealth.
健康胜於财富。
He who does not advance falls backward.
不进则退。
Honesty is the best policy.
诚实是上策。
Hope is life and life is hope.
希望才有人生,人生要有希望。
Idle young, needy old.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
If you dont aim high you will never hit high.
不立大志,难攀高峰。
I might say that success is won by three things: first, effort; second, more effort; third, still more effort.
成功之道唯三点∶努力、努力、再努力。
Improve your time and your time will improve you.
珍惜时间,时间才会珍惜你。
In doing we learn.
行而知。
Industry if fortunes right hand, and frugality her left.
勤勉是幸福的右手,节俭是幸福的左手。
In lifes earnest battle they only prevail, who daily march onward and never say fail.
在人生的搏斗中,只有日日前进不甘失败的人,才能获胜。
It is dogged (that) does it.
天下无难事,只怕有心人。
Judge not according to the appearance.
不要以貌取人。
Labour is often the father of pleasure.
勤劳常为快乐之源。
Learning without thought is labour lost; thought without learning is perilous.
学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。
Like tree, like fruit.
有其因必有其果。
Manners make the man.
礼貌造就人。
Never neglect an opportunity for improvement.
抓住大好时机,切莫等闲错过。
Never too old (or late) to learn.
学到老,学不了。
No great loss without some small gain.
塞翁失马,安知非福。
No one can call back yesterday.
往日不复返。
No sooner said than done.
言而必行。
No sweet without some sweat.
不劳则无获。
Nothing is difficult to a man who wills.
世上无难事,只怕有心人。
Nothing is impossible to willing mind (or heart).
有志者事竟成。
Nothing is impossible (or difficult) to the man who will try.
天下无难事,只怕不努力。
Nothing is really beautiful but truth.
只有真理才是真美。
No time like the present.
只争朝夕。
One cannot put back the clock.
光阴一去不复返。
Overdone is worse than undone.
过犹不及。
Paddle your own canoe.
自立更生,自食其力。
Perseverance is vital to success.
不屈不挠是成功之本。
Second thoughts are best.
三思而行,再思可也。
Selt-trust is the essence of heroism.
自信是英雄的本色。
Self-trust is the first secret of success.
自信是成功的首要秘诀。
Success belongs to the persevering.
坚持到底必获胜利。坚持就是胜利。
Success grows out of struggles to overcome difficulties.
成功来自於克服困难的斗争。
The first element of success is the determination to succeed.
成功的首要因素是要有成功的决心。
The more a man knows, the less he knows he knows.
懂得越多,就越知道自己懂得不多。
Union is strength.
团结就是力量。
Virtue is a jewel of great price.
美德是无价之宝。
Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.
浪费时间是一切花费中最奢侈豪华的费用。
When there is no hope there can be no endeavour.
没有希望就不会努力。
Without a friend the world is a wilderness.
没有朋友,世界就等於一片荒野。
You cannot judge a tree by its bark.
人不可貌相。
更多相似作文
篇1:高考英语写作四大流程介绍
全文共 1345 字
+ 加入清单拿到英语试题不知道从哪里下手吗?那么下面这套英语写作流程对你会有一定的帮助。
一.审题。
拿到题目后,手中拿铅笔,手脑眼嘴并用,开始审题。看题目的要求是什么,要点是什么,特殊要求是什么。譬如你是叫李华,还是随便一个名字? 要议论文还是记叙文?对分几段写有无要求?等等。诸如此类的硬性要求信息,都最好用铅笔划下来,以免出错,也许你一开始会记得,可随着时间的流逝,你会不会因紧张而遗忘这些信息呢?还是小心为妙。边看最好边张嘴默读,这样就不会遗漏或忽略任何一个字了。
二.草稿。
有的同学怕出错,全文都打草稿再誊写,我姑且认为不太可取,毕竟考场时间宝贵,即使我有四十分钟时间写作文也不敢贸然这么做,更何况考场时我们留给作文的时间往往一再被压缩。有的同学不打草稿,我认为更不太可取。一来容易出错,二来边写边想思维不连贯,即使思维连贯也无法审词酌句,展现自己最好的一面,容易后悔。
草稿怎么打?
1.结构就是你打算分几段写,每段都写什么?哪段转哪段承哪段起合?心里都要是有谱的。
2.关键词:结构拟定后,迅速在草稿纸上写下自己这篇作文可能用到的一些关键词。包括一些漂亮的词和自己可能会忘记的词。主要是动词和名词。
譬如一省作文题: 假设你的名字是李华,亚洲冬季运动会将在你居住的地方举办,现招募志愿者。你希望成为志愿者。申请信的格式已经写好了,你直接写内容就可以。你的个人情况:年龄性别学历,个人条件。英语好,爱好体育,擅长交际,乐于助人。承诺提供最佳服务。
关键词就是学历、爱好、擅长、乐于、承诺,和你对这篇作文初步构思时想到的一些词。先把这些词(指词的英文表达)写在纸上。有一些词的拼写,譬如学历,可能你本身就记得不是特别清楚,这时一定要在开始写作文前先把它写下来,以免一会因干扰而遗忘。
可能看到聪明这个关键词时,你最初写下的往往是clever,再仔细想想,你是不是又想到了smart,deligient好多词,挑个漂亮和合适的用吧。再比如转折,你写了but,这会再想想,是不是又有一堆表示转折的词在你脑里打转呢?挑一个吧。千万别用but.
3.句式:词写下来了,其实你构建这篇作文的建筑材料就到位了,下步就是要把它们盖成漂亮的作文。先用最普通的陈述句把它们在头脑中过一遍,然后看看都能改成什么句式。能不能把一句陈述句改成问句?能不能用上一个双重否定句?能不能用一个主语从句套定语从句的长句?能不能用一个插入语?等等。把你高中三年的英语积累展示出来。在草稿纸上同样标注。
三.正式写。
这样的草稿打完后,就要快快写了。注意,英语作文的卷面简直太重要了,一定要把字写整齐,写大。没有把握的词和句子不用。别忘了遵守你最初用铅笔划下的题目的规定。
四.检查。
注意,最最重要的一步来了。尽管很小心,可是我们写英语作文还是会犯下很多错误。单词拼写的,大小写的,等等。这些错误会极大破坏我们在阅卷老师心目中的形象,一定要坚决誓死消灭。即使时间再紧,请务必留下1——2分钟检查作文的时间,消除隐性错误。
需要说明的是,英语的开头和结尾是最关键的,尤其是开头。基本上,不跑题,遵守题目要求,一个漂亮的开头,一个还过得去的结尾,2-3个高级词汇,1-2个漂亮的句子,加上整齐的字迹,作文的分就不会低了哦。所以,精心为你的作文想个漂亮的开头吧。
篇2:英语写作加分和扣分点介绍
全文共 956 字
+ 加入清单英语作文一般都是15-20分,你想指导你的分数被扣在哪些地方了吗?
中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点:1、内容要完整。 2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。能达到上述要求的作文,都会得到相应的高分。
一:先看一下扣分点:
1.内容方面:要点缺失,可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“I want to do something for my school”,若没有写一件具体的事情,是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻,没有实际内容,也会扣1-2分。
2.字数:少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。
中考英语作文要求60字以上,标点符号不算,少了就要扣分。但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看,16分以上的作文,没有少于75字的,甚至少于80字的也少之又少。当然,也极少有超过100字的,因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个,在格子下面大约还有2行的空间,可以加20字左右,再多阅卷人就很难看清了,也会影响卷面的美观。所以,同学们如果想让作文得到高分,最好是让字数在75-100字之间。
3. 语法和拼写错误:每个扣0.5,重复错误不计;
4. 标点错误:每4个扣0.5.
二:加分点
除了这些扣分点,还有一些得分点:比如说作文的组织结构分,就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。
只要文章中有1个亮点,基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点,是可以提前准备的。例如,有一些“万金油”式的复杂句型,例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等,只要同学们多操练几次,几乎是一定能用到作文当中,从而为自己争取到这1分。
其次就是卷面分
很多家长[微博]和同学,尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学,都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项,但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。
据阅卷老师的经验,在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的,而是在第一遍读完全文之后,心里已经形成了一个“印象分”,然后再细读第二、三遍,把印象分分配到各个打分部分。因此,这个“印象分”就非常重要,而同学们的书法,也正是在这个环节,影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生,如果书法不好,一定要注意。所谓的书法并不需要写的很漂亮,符合3个简单的标准即可:没有斜体、没有连笔、涂改较少。
篇3:英语四级写作要领与方法步骤有哪些
全文共 603 字
+ 加入清单考生无论遇到哪一类试题,都要仔细审题,根据题目的要求确定文章的类型和中心内容,并对你自己熟悉的、可写的内容进行筛选、整理、规划、列出提纲,这是很重要的一步。提纲列好后,要围绕提纲内容展开说明自己的观点和结论,不要在写作时抛开提纲。一篇好的作文应该具备以下5个方面:
(1)内容切题,主题鲜明。
(2)表达清楚准确,条理清晰。
(3)结构完整,衔接流畅自然。
(4)句法正确多样。
(5)用词恰当丰富。
1.提纲
提纲是写作一篇文章的详细计划、安排。提纲准备的目的是:
(1)计划要写什么。
(2)文章的思想的表达顺序。
(3)如何安排段落。
(4)使写作从头到尾围绕主题进行。内容一般用短语和词。主题、副题表达先后顺序,要用数字标明。提纲内容的安排是写作一篇好文章的关键。
2.依据提纲写作
(1)初稿
在完成提纲安排后,动笔写作的第一步是打初稿,在写初稿时要争取做到心中有数,胸有成竹,经过反复练习后,能够按照提纲安排落笔成文,一气呵成。如果突发奇想,也可修改提纲,顺理成章,但切忌偏离正题。在初稿写作时要有意识加大行距,为文章的修改留有余地。
(2)定稿及修改方法
在完成初稿后,修改是必不可少的过程。修改文章要注意以下几点:
①内容是否切题,论点是否鲜明,论证是否合理、严密。
②段落衔接时过渡使用是否合理,语句是否通顺、有没有语法错误,用词是否恰当。
③拼写是否正确,标点符号、大小写是否有错误,有无其他笔误。
篇4:英语读后感写作技巧
全文共 2507 字
+ 加入清单What can I say about Pixar? Amazing?? Perfect?? Got to see this at the Cannes Film Festival in France (went>【扩展阅读篇】
所谓“感”
可以是从书中领悟出来的道理或精湛的思想,可以是受书中的内容启发而引起的思考与联想,可以是因读书而激发的决心和理想,也可以是因读书而引起的对社会上某些丑恶现象的抨击、讽刺。读后感的表达方式灵活多样,基本属于议论范畴,但写法不同于一般议论文,因为它必须是在读后的基础上发感想。要写好有体验、有见解、有感情、有新意的读后感,必须注意以下几点:
首先,要读好原文
“读后感[1]”的“感”是因“读”而引起的。“读”是“感”的基础。走马观花地读,可能连原作讲的什么都没有了解,哪能有“感”?读得肤浅,当然也感得不深。只有读得认真,才能有所感,并感得深刻。如果要读的是议论文,要弄清它的论点(见解和主张),或者批判了什么错误观点,想一想你受到哪些启发,还要弄清论据和结论是什么。如果是记叙文,就要弄清它的主要情节,有几个人物,他们之间是什么关系,以及故事发生在哪年哪月。作品涉及的社会背景,还要弄清楚作品通过记人叙事,揭示了人物什么样的精神品质,反映了什么样的社会现象,表达了作者什么思想感情,作品的哪些章节使人受感动,为什么这样感动等等。
其次,排好感点
只要认真读好原作,一篇文章可以写成读后感的方面很多。如对原文中心感受得深可以写成读后感,对原作其他内容感受得深也可以写成读后感,对个别句子有感受也可以写成读后感。总之,只要是原作品的内容,只要你对它有感受,都可能写成读后感,你需要把你所知道的都表示出来,这样才能写好读后感。
第三、选准感点
一篇文章,可以排出许多感点,但在一篇读后感里只能论述一个中心,切不可面面俱到,所以紧接着便是对这些众多的感点进行筛选比较,找出自己感受最深、角度最新,现实针对性最强、自己写来又觉得顺畅的一个感点,作为读后感的中心,然后加以论证成文。
第四、叙述要简
既然读后感是由读产生感,那么在文章里就要叙述引起“感”的那些事实,有时还要叙述自己联想到的一些事例。一句话,读后感中少不了“叙”。但是它不同于记叙文中“叙”的要求。记叙文中的“叙”讲究具体、形象、生动,而读后感中的“叙”却讲究简单扼要,它不要求“感人”,只要求能引出事理。初学写读后感引述原文,一般毛病是叙述不简要,实际上变成复述了。这主要是因为作者还不能把握所要引述部分的精神、要点,所以才简明不了。简明,不是文字越少越好,简还要明。
第五,联想要注意形式
联想的形式有相同联想(联想的事物之间具有相同性)、相反联想(联想的事物之间具有相反性)、相关联想(联想的事物之间具有相关性)、相承联想(联想的事物之间具有相承性)、相似联想(联想的事物之间具有相似性)等多种。写读后感尤其要注意相同联想与相似联想这两种联想形式的运用。
编辑本段如何写读后感
格式
一、格式和写法
读后感通常有三种写法:一种是缩写内容提纲,一种是写阅读后的体会感想,一种是摘录好的句子和段落。题目可以用《读后感》;还可以用自己的感受(一两个词语)做题目,下一行是——《读有感》,第一行是主标题,第二行是副标题。
二、要选择自己感受最深的东西去写,这是写好读后感的关键。
三、要密切联系实际,这是读后感的重要内容。
四、要处理好“读”与“感”的关系,做到议论,叙述,抒情三结合。
五、叙原文不要过多,要体现出一个“简”字。
六、要审清题目。
在写作时,要分辨什么是主要的,什么是次要的,力求做到“读”能抓住重点,“感”能写出体会。
七、要选择材料。
读是写的基础,只有读得认真仔细,才能深入理解文章内容,从而抓住重点,把握文章的思想感情,才能有所感受,有所体会;只有认真读书才能找到读感之间的联系点来,这个点就是文章的中心思想,就是文中点明中心思想的句子。对一篇作品,写体会时不能面面俱到,应写自己读后在思想上、行动上的变化。
八、写读后感应以所读作品的内容简介开头,然后,再写体会。
原文内容往往用3~4句话概括为宜。结尾也大多再回到所读的作品上来。要把重点放在“感”字上,切记要联系自己的生活实际。
九、要符合情理、写出真情实感。
写读后感的注意事项
①写读后感绝不是对原文的抄录或简单地复述,不能脱离原文任意发挥,应以写“体会”为主。
②要写得有真情实感。应是发自内心深处的感受,绝非“检讨书”或“保证书”。
③要写出独特的新鲜感受,力求有新意的见解来吸引读者或感染读者。
④禁止写成流水账!
编辑本段要写关于学习的读后感应该读什么有感
(1)引——围绕感点 引述材料。简述原文有关内容。
(2)概——概括本文的主要内容 ,要简练,而且要把重点写出来。
(3)议——分析材料,提练感点。亮明基本观点。在引出“读”的内容后,要对“读”进行一番评析。既可就事论事对所“引”的内容作一番分析;也可以由现象到本质,由个别到一般的作一番挖掘;对寓意深的材料更要作一番分析,然后水到渠成地“亮”出自己的感点。要选择感受最深的一点,用一个简洁的句子明确表述出来。这样的句子可称为"观点句"。这个观点句表述的,就是这篇文章的中心论点。"观点句"在文中的位置是可以灵活的,可以在篇首,也可以在篇末或篇中。初学写作的同学,最好采用开门见山的方法,把观点写在篇首。
(4) 联——联系实际,纵横拓展。围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理。写读后感最忌的是就事论事和泛泛而谈。就事论事撒不开,感不能深入,文章就过于肤浅。泛泛而谈,往往使读后感缺乏针对性,不能给人以震撼。联,就是要紧密联系实际,既可以由此及彼地联系现实生活中相类似的现象,也可以由古及今联系现实生活中的相反的种种问题。既可以从大处着眼,也可以从小处入手。当然在联系实际分析论证时,还要注意时时回扣或呼应“引”部,使“联”与“引””藕”断而“丝”连这部分就是议论文的本论部分,是对基本观点(即中心论点)的阐述,通过摆事实讲道理证明观点的正确性,使论点更加突出,更有说服力。这个过程应注意的是,所摆事实,所讲道理都必须紧紧围绕基本观点,为基本观点服务。
篇5:会计专业毕业论文写作基础
全文共 15583 字
+ 加入清单什么是学术论文?中华人民共和国原国家标准局发布的《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式(GB7713-87)》中指出:“学术论文是指某一学术课题在实验性、理论性或观测性上具有新的科学研究成果或创新见解的知识和科学记录;或是某种已知原理应用于实际中取得新进展的科学总结,用以提供学术会议上宣读、交流或讨论;或在学术刊物上发表;或作其他用途的书面文件。”简而言之,学术论文就是用来进行科学研究和描述科研成果的文章,它既是探讨问题进行科学研究的一种手段,又是描述科研成果进行学术交流的一种工具。一般意义上的学术论文,应当具有四方面的特点:
1.学术性。它指研究与探讨的内容具有专门性和系统性,是以科学领域里某一专业性问题作为研究对象。从内容上看,学术论文的专业性较强;从语言表达上看,学术论文很多是采用专业术语、专业性图表和专门符号表达内容的,它的读者主要是专业上的同行。因此,为了把学术问题表达得简洁、准确和规范,文中即会涉及较多的专业用语。
2.科学性。它指研究与探讨的内容要准确、思维要严密、推理要合乎逻辑。要求作者在立论上必须从客观实际出发,不得带有个人好恶与偏见,不得主观臆造,在相关基础上得出符合实际的结论。因此,在论据上,应当尽可能多地占有资料,以最充分的、确凿有力的论据作为立论的依据;在论证时,必须经过周密的思考,并进行严谨地论证。
3.创新性。它要求作者有自己独到的见解,能提出新的观点和看法。创新性是科学研究的生命,学术论文的科学价值就表现在其具有创新性上。创新性表现是填补空白的新发现、新发明和新理论,是在继承基础上发展、完善和创新,是在众说纷纭中提出自己的独立见解,是推翻了前人的某种定论,是对已有资料作出创造性综合等。有时在论文中,所体现出的新思路、新方法、新体系和新因素等,也可视为一种创新。
4.理论性。它指论文中体现出作者思维的理论性、论文结论的理论性和论文表达的论证性。学术论文与一般议论文不同,它必须有自己的理论论证,不能只是材料与文献的简单罗列,应当是在对大量的事实、材料和文献进行分析、研究的基础之上,使感性认识上升到理性认识。
学术论文按内容的学科性质,可分为自然科学论文和社会科学论文。会计专业论文是社会科学研究论文的一种,它是系统地阐述、讨论或研究、探讨某个会计专业问题的文章。会计专业论文按撰写要求可分为学术论文和一般论文;按用途可分为会计科研成果论文、会计业绩考核论文和会计专业学位论文等。
(二)会计专业论文写作的基本要求
1. 会计专业论文写作的内容要求。所撰写的会计专业论文,在内容上应当力求做到:(1)准确性,即论文的内容从实际出发,正确地反映客观事物的性质、发展过程和规律。写作中要充分运用逻辑思维:要准确地运用各种概念,概念的定义(或内含定义)和外延要准确,不得模棱两可,似是而非;判断要明确,对客观事物的分析要揭示其性质和规律,明确肯定或否定、真或假、正确与错误、广度和深度,或不同程度等之间的界限;推理要科学,根据已知的判断(前提)引出新的判断(结论)是科学的,论证清楚,认识正确。(2)鲜明性,即论文能以简明的语言,表明作者明确的观点。(3)生动性,即论文的内容要采用生动的语言和具体的事实来反映事物的发展变化和趋势。(4)合规性,即论文既要在内容上符合国家的路线、方针、政策、法律和制度,也要在形式上符合国家有关部门论文学术的规范要求。(5)理论性,即论文的观点和论证要符合科学原理。(6)创新性,即论文要具有一定的新内容,如新建议、新措施、新方法、新公式、新模型、新资料、新证明、新概念、新设想、新理论和新体系等。(7)层次性,即论文的层次结构要合理,同一层次的篇幅基本均衡。(8)精细性,即论文中要避免出现常识性错误,如立论不当、资料不实、分析绝对化、概念不准确、判断不科学、推理不合理、结构不严、内容前后矛盾不协调、字句含糊和标点符号不准确等。(9)完整性,即论文的学术要素齐全与规范。
2. 会计专业论文写作的法律要求。应当做到:(1)要有尊重他人知识产权的意识。即对论文中引用和借鉴他人的研究成果时,应当严格遵守《中华人民共和国著作权法》的要求,按照国家有关规定中所确定的著录规范要求,列出注释与参考文献的详细信息。(2)要有保护自己知识产权的意识,对凡是属于自己独创性论文中所形成的观点、材料和数据等形式的成果,发现他人的论著借鉴运用,但未用规范方式加注与列作参考文献时,应当保留根据《中华人民共和国著作权法》所赋予的权利追究使用者相应法律责任的权利。(3)应当透彻理解《中华人民共和国著作权法》中有关侵权行为的界限,如根据该法第五条规定的精神,在论文中使用法律、法规,国家机关的决议、决定、命令和其他具有立法、行政、司法性质的文件及官方正式译文、时事新闻、历法、通用数表、通用表格和公式等,不属于剽窃和抄袭他人作品的行为。
二、会计专业论文的基本撰写程序
(一)选定论题
1. 正确选定论题意义重大,它关系到能否完成研究任务。如果论题过大,到时可能会因多种因素影响而难以完成;如果论题过小,不能达到研究的水平。选定论题的前提是选择研究主题,它是确定研究对象,选择所要解决的问题。狭义地说,是指选定写文章或者著作的题目。广义地说,是选择科研领域,确定科研方向。
2. 需要注意与选定论题有关概念内涵上的区别。(1)课题。它是指某一学科重大的科研项目,它的研究范围比论题大得多,如“面对经济全球化环境的中国会计规范体系建设问题”。(2)论题。它指在研究过程中所确定的论述范围或研究方向,也就是解决前面说的“写什么”的问题,属于内容要素,如“关于会计委派制的问题”。(3)标题(题目),它是准确概括文章内容的一句话或一个词组,它是根据内容来确定的,属于形式要素,它可以在文章写成后加上去,也可据内容改换,具有较大的弹性。有的文章标题可以明显地揭示出论题,如“会计委派制利大于弊”。有些文章从标题上是看不出论题的内容,如“浅谈会计委派制”、“会计委派制的若干分析”。在选定论题时有一个思路问题,就是把小题做大?还把大题做小?20世纪80年代初期,著名语言学家王力教授在中国社会科学院的一个演讲中曾经强调,研究生论文写作时尽量把小题做大。他曾经举例说,汉语中的一个字都可以做成一篇论文。
3. 选定论题时需要思考以下六个因素。(1)我应该研究什么问题?这要与个人的专业方向相结合,有大问题、中问题与小问题之分。各个专业领域里的问题非常多,只要处处留心就有值得研究的问题。(2)我喜欢研究什么问题?这要与个人兴趣结合起来,既有长期性跟踪的专业性问题,也有临时性需要研究的热点问题,还有完成任务性的命题式问题,如课题研究。(3)我能够研究什么问题?这要与自身的研究能力结合起来,在确定目标时要量力而行,把长期研究、中期研究和短期研究进行组合。(4)了解别人已经研究了什么问题?这就要提倡广泛搜集资料并追究根底,兼听则明,偏听则暗。(5)了解别人从什么角度研究此问题?它的研究视角是什么。因为从同一个研究问题的不同研究视角出发,会有不同的研究结论,这里要注重切入点选择与学科交叉性的研究。(6)了解别人是怎样研究这个问题的?同样问题的研究,由于研究方法不同,就会有不同的研究结论,因此要注重研究方法与研究技术的掌握。
4. 选定论题阶段应当注意的主要问题。(1)要掌握选题原则,即要有创新精神,又要从实际出发;(2)要明确选题范围,可包括会计实务工作、会计管理体制、会计基础理论研究和会计教育等方面的内容;(3)要优化选题方法,既可在命题中选(如根据相关的《论文选题指南》选定),也可自行选定。在选定论文题目时,要避免一般化、表面化、雷同化、陈旧化、宽泛化和琐细化。
(二)搜集资料
按照确定的选题和内容,通过各种方法搜集大量的资料,能为科学研究打下坚实的基础。有了丰富的资料,才能研究客观事物的历史发展和现实状况,揭示其影响因素、发展趋势和规律,并预测未来可能出现的变化。通过各种方法搜集大量的资料,能为科学研究提供可靠的依据。科学研究需要占有的大量资料,不仅是数量要求,而且要有质量的标准。只有搜集的资料是真实的,才能为研究成果也具有真实性提供可靠的依据。
搜集资料的要求:1.搜集的资料要全面,要有针对性;2.搜集的资料要真实,要有客观性;3.搜集资料的方法要广泛,可采用资料法、观察法、调查法和实验法等。
(三)拟定提纲
1. 拟定提纲的作用很关键。现实中,有不少会计专业研究人员都有这样的感受:当某种思想在头脑中奔涌,感觉已经酝酿成熟,满怀激情地拿起笔想写出来,但是一旦动笔,思想却在笔头上凝固起来,写不出来或写不下去;或者是在一项科研任务行将结束时,脑子里装着许多材料,观点已经形成且有价值,想写但就是无从下手。凡此种种,并非由于“懒”,而是由于感到“难”。由于遇到了难题,多少影响了写作论文的信心。拟定论文写作提纲就是解决“开头难”的一个重要步骤。拟定提纲就是确定论文的总体布局,先设计后施工,开始对客观事物进行研究。有了论文提纲,才能对搜集的资料进行加工,形成规律性的认识;才能安排论文的结构,形成全面的观点;才能排列问题的顺序,使观点鲜明。撰写论文如果没有提纲,下笔千言,实际上可能离题万里,是为大忌。
2. 拟定提纲可分为两个步骤。首先,是拟定粗纲(一层结构),即以中心论点(主题或主题思想)为纲展开的各种论点(观点),作为大的部分,并按顺序确定大的标题。这种提纲只有大标题这一个层次,是体现论文题目的中心论点的各种论点。它是在对搜集的资料进行深入研究的基础上形成的,往往要经过多次思考才能确定。其次,才是拟定细纲(多层结构),在粗提纲的基础上,在每个大的部分、大论点之下,形成相互依存的多层的小论点;也就是在大标题之下有小标题,小标题之下有论点或论据或资料来源。细提纲是粗提纲的细化,大论点中有小论点,层次分明,便于写作。根据研究任务和论文题目的内容来看,提纲可以是两层结构,或三层结构、四层结构、五层结构(如上例格式)等。
3. 拟定提纲的构思逻辑。(1)构思论文主题,即拟传递的主要信息;(2)构思论文形式,即拟以什么方式传递信息,是论文、调查报告还是实证分析报告等,是写纯理论性、普及性还是应用性论文;(3)构思(确定)研究方法,即采用规范法还是实证法;(4)构思论文范畴,即怎样写,写多宽,大致涉及哪几个方面的问题;(5)构思论文布局,即其论述与表达的逻辑关系;(6)构思论文的写作技巧,即文章如何切入与如何切题;(7)分析读者对象,即考虑论文读者的不同的需求与供给均衡关系;(8)分析不同论文要求上的特点,以提高创造性劳动的效率。
4. 拟定提纲的基本要求。拟定提纲时,应当做到:要以中心论点(主题或主题思想)为纲;要注意结构完整,以全面论证中心论点;要注意内容前后的顺序,以反映论文结构的层次关系;要注意内容的逻辑性以反映事物的必然联系;要注意文章的体裁,以反映不同特点;要注意逐步形成提纲,并经过多次修改确定。
(四)撰写初稿
论文的初稿要按照论文的组成部分和拟定的提纲分层次(部分)编写,原则上要按照论文的先后逻辑顺序完成论文引论、本论和结论(或结尾)的拟稿工作以及主要参考文献的列示工作。撰写初稿时要求做到:尽量提高撰写初稿的质量,切实做到以论为纲、观点与材料统一、逻辑思维严谨、论文层次清晰、文字表达精炼。初稿的写作方式有手写与机写两种,目前一般均采用机写方式,但不同的方式各有其优势与不足。
因此,在论文初稿写作时,需要做到:集中主要精力,抓住灵感不放;围绕主要线索,细节不须纠缠;行笔信马由缰,篇幅不受约束;随记相关联想,争取一气呵成;及时补充遗漏,格式稍加整理。而且需要注意的是,为了集中精力完成初稿,标题可以暂不考虑,内容可以信马由缰,拦路虎可暂时搁置,数据可以暂不测算,篇幅可以暂不限制,出处可以暂不查实,要尽快搭起论文框架。
(五)修改初稿
修改初稿是提高认识和提高论文质量,以便更好地完成科研任务的一个重要程序。修改初稿的步骤为:1.通读初稿,以找出存在的问题和缺点;2.修改与调整结构;3.进行内容上的修改、补充与调整;4.进行语言修饰,逐一审读和修饰论文内容的段落、句子、字、词和数码等,以使其符合相应论文规范的要求。
(六)论文定稿
编写的初稿在按照拟定提纲的要求反复修改、补充与校核对后方可定稿。作者判断定稿的标准,是论文的观点(中心论点、基本观点和具体论点)正确,论据(理论和实践依据)合理,结构(文章体系)严谨,文字通顺,资料真实。论文定稿后,还要认真做好誊正、校对和署名等技术性工作。
三、会计专业论文的主体学术要素
根据国家标准委员会发布的《中华人民共和国国家标准——科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》(GB 7713—87)的要求,一般的会计专业论文应当具有如下十项基本的学术要素。
(一)标题与署名
论文标题是论文内容的高度概括,它的一般要求是概括全文、吸引读者、便于检索、意明简短(20个字以内)、避免空洞、少用问题型标题。在特殊情况下,可以用以下两种方式:一是分段标题的方式,如“会计诚信:永恒理念下的沉重话题”、“会计信息·会计意识·会计环境”和“无形资产保护:类型·层次·目标”等。二是主副标题的方式,如“论我国会计科学研究学术规范的建设与运用问题——基于100篇会计学研究生学位论文学术规范遵循情况调查结果的分析与思考”。论文作者的中文署名置于中文标题下一行。作者姓名的译名署名置于外(英)文标题下一行,中文译名一般用汉语拼音:姓前名后,中间为半角逗号并空格(即“, ”);姓氏的第一个字母大写,复姓连写;名字的首字母大写,双名中间空一格;名字不缩写;斜体。如:Zhang, Ying(张颖);Wang, Xi lian(王锡联);Zhuge, Hua(诸葛华)。
(二)摘要
摘要是论文内容的简要陈述,它要尽量反映论文的主要信息,应当包括研究意义、目的、方法、成果和重要结论,以及论文内容中最重要的部分,以供读者了解论文全貌并吸引其通读全文。摘要具有相对的独立性和完整性,其间不应含图表和注释。若论文摘要中需分层次表述内容时,一般应采用文字表达的方式,而不宜使用数字表达的方式。论文的中文摘要字数一般控制为按照论文总字数的5%,即200~800字。摘要放在论文之前,但其撰写应当是在论文完成之后。注意在摘要中要适当地运用一些过渡性和串连性语言,以避免句子的结构过于呆板。外文摘要项的英文标示词用“Abstract”,其摘要内容应当与中文基本一致。
(三)关键词
关键词是反映论文主题内容的名词,是供文献检索使用的重要信息。关键词的词条应为通用词汇,一般要求使用《世界汉语主题词表》中所罗列的专有名词,不得自造关键词。关键词一般为3~5个,每个关键词为2~6个字,按其外延层次(学科目录分类)由高至低顺序排列。中文“关键词”应当排在“摘要”正文下一自然段,每个关键词间用分号“;”分隔。外文关键词排在外文摘要正文下一自然段,且与中文关键词严格一致。英文关键词用“Key words”,后接英文状态下的冒号“:”,其间用英文状态下的分号“;”分隔。第一个关键词的第一个字母可大写。
(四)目录
目录是论文内容的主要线索,它的功能是为了帮助阅读者极快地了解论文的主体结构。一般论文不需要目录,但是较长的论文在必要时可以考虑加一个目录。按照现在学士以上学位论文的篇幅要求,需要增加一个目录。目录内容应当层次清晰,并与正文题序层次、标题内容与所处论文的页序完全一致。主要包括引论(或导论、绪论)、正文主体(一般只到二级标题,即条次与款次)、结语(或结论)、主要参考文献、附录和后记等项。若论文中专设目录时,目录应单设一页。目录下各项内容应标明与论文正文中相应内容相互对应的页序,标题与页序之间的空格应当用中圆点填充。
(五)正文
论文正文部分包括引论(或导论、绪论)、论文主体及结语(或结论)三个主要部分,各部分的基本要求如下:
1. 引论(引言)。论文的引论部分主要说明论文选题的目的和意义、国内外相关文献的简要评述,以及论文所拟研究的主要内容。“引论”可作为一个单独条(如“一、”)次排列,但在标题前不加题序。一般情况下,论文应当有“引论”项,但其内容不宜分设款(如“(一)”)和目(如“1.”)来表达作者观点,但可用文字表达必须的层次。如果引论内容不长,也可不列“引论”字样作为标题,只用一个自然段综合表达即可。引论的内容一般包括:研究目的和背景;前人已取得的成果,尚未解决的问题,目前研究态势;研究的理论意义、政策意义与现实意义。引言要开门见山,言简意赅并揭示主题;不要云遮雾障,不见天日,难见主题;避免自我吹嘘,贬低别人。
2. 本论。它亦称正文,是论文的主体与主干,是论文的主要组成部分,要求紧扣主题,层次清楚,逻辑性强,文字简练,表达通顺,标点符号使用得当,文法规范,图表规范、整洁、美观,引注准确,重点突出。在本论写作中,要依据拟定的提纲和搜集的资料,围绕主题和论点安排材料,按照提出问题——分析问题——解决问题的思维方式,进行充分的论证,表明所取得的研究成果。本论一般有三种结构:一是并列式,即各个大层次(大标题)之间,在论述问题的若干方面为并列、平行关系;二是递进式,即各个大层次(大标题)之间,在对所论述的问题呈层层递进、步步深入的递进关系;三是总分结合式,即各个大层次(大标题)之间,对所论述的问题,先总体论述、后作分别论述的总——分结合式,或先作分别论述、后作综合论述的分——总结合式。由于本论内容丰富,若篇幅较长时,可以采用多层结构,内部划分若干部分,再列明几级标题(大标题、小标题)或用层次级别顺序号来表示;内容简单,篇幅较小时,也可以采用一层结构,只划分大的部分,仅列明大标题,或用一级顺序号来表示即可。
3. 结语。对于内容丰富、篇幅较长的学术论文,可以在本论之后写结语。它是整个论文的总结,应以简练的文字说明论文所做的工作以及所得到的主要结论,也可涉及论文存在的研究局限和需要进一步研究的问题等。结论是论文创造性研究的结晶与精华,要以严肃的态度,准确的文字和适当的词语来如实表达。结语一般不宜过长。它可以作为一个单独条次排列,但在标题前不加题序。如果结语内容不长,也可不加“结语”字样,而只是在正文后另起自然段写出结语类的文字即可(如:综上所述……),但宜在段前空一行。对于一般性篇幅不长的学术论文,可以不写结论,仅视与前言和本论的需要相衔接而写相应的结尾。
(六)注释
在学术论文写作中,注释项目作为一种文化现象的历史源远流长,它体现了对他人研究成果的一种尊重与知识产权保护意识。早在我国古代,对典籍的注释就曾采用了注、解、传、笺、疏、章、句等多种形式,在现代学术论著中的注释项虽然已经相对简化,却仍然是论著文本的一个重要附属部分。论文中在运用注释方式时,要注意如下问题:
1. 注释范围。论文中的注释主要用于以下三个方面:一是直接引文注释,即文中引用他人原话和相关资料所载数据时对出处的交待;二是间接引用注释,即文中吸收他人观点时对出处的交待;三是内容说明注释,即对文中需要补充说明而在正文中又不便详细阐述的其他问题所做出的解释。一般情况下,不能采用转引方式。
2. 注释形式。注释的形式有三种:一是脚注(置于每页页脚,可每页重新编序号或者全文总编序号);二是尾注(置于全文末尾,全文总编序号);三是旁注(用括号说明前面的某一内容)。但现代论文中的注释一般采用随文加注,并多以脚注形式标注。
3. 注释序号。注释序号一般以带圈的数字用上标编号,如“XXXXX①,……”(提倡用word软件的“插入”——“脚注”中的自动编码功能)。注释的序号每页从“①”起重新编号,且不宜直接置于单列一行的条、款、项、目上,也不宜直接置于相关表格名、插图名以及公式之后,而应当置于相应的导入性文字中。除直接引注外,注释序号一般宜插于文尾的标点符号内。
4. 注释格式。注释的内容用小五号宋体(即通用word软件的默认标准)。注释中凡是涉及引用相关文献时,其标示内容及格式规范与后述参考文献的要求相同。
(七)主要参考文献
在论文篇后附参考文献,表明作者在研究过程中参阅其他资料情况,表明学术界对该论文题目的研究情况,为他人继续研究提供线索。论文中的参考文献项,需要注意以下问题:
1. 涉及范围。主要参考文献是指与论文内容有密切关系,且在写作中部分参考或者借鉴了他人文献的观点和材料时,为了对其成果表示尊重,同时也为了指明主要资料出处并便于检索而列出的一项论文要素。其范围不仅包括注释中已涉及的文献,还可包括论文写作过程所涉及的其它文献。但不能列示阅读或者是与其没有多大关系的文献,因此,要避免出现列示参考文献时的充门面等不正常现象。
2. 列示数量。主要参考文献应当列于文末,可另起页。一般情况下,论文后附主要参考文献的列示数量应当没有规定限额。但有时有些学位论文的学术规范要求有一定的数量。如,有的学校现行本科学士学位论文的参考文献就要求不少于15项(其中至少应包括3部以上的著作,还应当至少包括2项以上的外文文献)。
3. 列示顺序。主要参考文献列示顺序一般为中文在前,外文在后。中文文献按第一作者姓氏的拼音增序排列,外文文献按第一作者名的字母增序排列,第一作者相同的文献则按发表时间增序排列。
4. 列示格式。主要参考文献的字号一般小于正文半号字体。各条参考文献首行缩进两个字符后列序号(如果没有特殊要求,也不必列示序号),序号一般在方括号(即“[ X ]”)内列示,括号后空一格,再接相应的文献信息。一项文献的信息列示超过一行时,宜采用“悬挂缩进”格式。中文文献各要素之间的小圆点宜用全角状态下的圆点符号(即“.”),外文文献中的论题宜用斜体标示。著作类文献凡属第1版时则不必标明版次信息。
5. 著者列示。主要参考文献的主要责任者列示方法为:中文著者先姓后名,外(英)文著者先名后姓。列示时不须标明编著形式(如:“张光明著”只标“张光明”,但译者需要注明,并用逗号“,”分隔,如:“李有明,译”)。一项文献涉及多个责任者时,应分别处理:外文著者只需标注第一个著者的姓名,空一格后附“etc.”;中国著者应标注至第一、二、三著者的姓名,三位以后的著者则以“等”字省略,各作者姓名之间以及所列示的最后一位作者姓名与“等”字之间均用逗号“,”分隔。
6. 列示格式。主要参考文献一般可分论著图书类、译著图书类、学术刊物类、学术会议类、学位论文类、报纸、在线文献和其他文献等不同类型,不同类型的文献主要项目均包括作者、文献名、文献类型及载体类型标识(如期刊类为“[J]”)、版(期)次(第1 版不必标注)、出版地、出版者、出版年和引用部分起止页等基本信息,但据文献特点在列示方式上有所差异。除此之外,在论文写作中,若还涉及到科技报告和专利等其他类型的文献时,可以根据需要自行参考国家标准管理委员会2005年10月1日发布的中华人民共和国国家标准——《文后参考文献著录规则》(GB/T7714-2005)的要求作相应处理。
(八)附录
附录为论文的非必选项,它的主要内容可包括放在正文内显得过于冗长的公式推导、复杂的数据图表、论文使用的专门符号内涵释义、计量单位缩写表、专有名词缩写表和检索表,以及软件程序的有关说明等。若无需要,也可不单列此项。附录应另起一页。附录编序前应当冠以“附录”两字(如:“附录一”、“附录X”)。
(九)后记
后记为非必选项,它的主要内容可以是作者对论文过程的记录与写作感悟,也可以是对给予指导或协助完成论文工作的组织与个人表示感谢。后记文字要简洁、得体、实事求是,切忌浮夸和庸俗之词。后记应另起页。后记内容的版面要求与正文相同,文内顺序宜用文字表达。
(十)鸣谢
论文中的鸣谢部分主要体现三层意思:一是对论文写作过程支持者和指导者的感谢,如国家自然科学基金课题立项资助的感谢等;二是对论文写作中所引用或者参考文献作者的感谢;三是对论文编辑与发表过程匿名审稿者和编辑的感谢。在表达方式上,有文题“鸣谢”方式和文末 “鸣谢”方式。文题“鸣谢”一般用“*”脚注方式;文末“鸣谢”有的单列,也有与“后记”结合在一起。论文中是否有该项,由作者自行决定。若从学术礼节的角度,一般宜有此项内容。
四、会计专业论文的主要表达规范
(一)行文
1. 用字规范。论文中所用汉字必须使用国家语言文字工作委员会公布的规范汉字,在文本状态下,所有文字必须字面清晰,若必须更改,要使用国家新闻出版总署规定的标准校对符号,不能随意涂抹。
2. 段首规范。论文的每一自然段、每一层次单行列示的题序和标题前均按汉字书写习惯缩进(即首行缩进两个字符,专门规定“居中”的除外),而不宜按英文格式悬挂缩进。一般情况下,英文文字的首段左边应顶格,但从第二自然段开始左边需空两个半角字符。
3. 字符规范。论文中所有中文表述内的标点符号应当统一用全角状态下的字符;论文中所有英文大、小写与标点符号一般宜用“新罗马体(Times New Roman)”半角字符。而所有英文间的标点符号则统一用半角字符,但均应在标点符号后加一空格。论文中凡是涉及阿拉伯数字的宜用半角字符(如12345),而不宜用全角字符(如12345)。
4. 避免背题。论文中凡是单列一行的各级标题均不得背题(即标题出现在某页的最后一行,内容在次页),必要时应强制使用相关软件中另起一页的排版功能。
(二)正文文本
论文中除“引论(或导论、绪论)”部分和“结语(或结论)”部分不需列出题序外,其他表明论文层级的内容应当统一由题序数字和标题表明相应的层次。正文的标题序号一般可用中文(一级标题与二级标题)和阿拉伯数字(三级标题与四级标题)混合标示(或者仅用阿拉伯数字)。在格式上有文科格式和理科格式两种,不论采用哪种格式,均需要注重全文的规范性与统一性。论文中的级次,一般宜以四级为宜。若无特别需要,文中不宜用特殊符号来标示论文的各级层次(如:“●”和“■”等)。除章节之外的论文层级的具体要求如下:
1. 条次格式。条次是正文的第一层次,在标题前以“一、”、“二、”等表示题序。如第一条则标示为:“一、XXXXXXX”。题序和标题占一行,一般居中,题序和标题之间用顿号间隔(而非下圆点“.”),结尾处无标点符号。
2. 款次格式。款次是正文的第二层次,在标题前以“(一)”、“(二)”等表示题序。如第一条第一款则标示为 :“(一)XXXXXXX”。题序和标题占一行,行首空两格,题序和标题之间不加标点,结尾处无标点符号。特殊情况下,可接着“(一)XXXXXXX”后空一格,要接着叙述内容亦可。
3. 项次格式。项次是正文的第三层次,在标题前以“1.”、“2.”等表示题序。如第一条第一款第一项则标示为:“1.XXXXXXX”。题序和标题占一行,题序和标题之间用下圆点(用英文全角“.”)间隔(而非顿号“、”),结尾处无标点符号。
4. 目次格式。目次是正文的第四层次,在标题前以“(1)”、“(2)”等表示题序。如第一条第一款第一项第一目则标示为:“(1)XXXXXXX”。题序和标题占一行,行首空两格,题序和标题之间不加标点,结尾处无标点符号。若题序和标题不单独占一行时,则在标题后加句号,后面接着叙述内容即可。
5. 其他格式。当条、款和项次下不单设层次时,也可在正文的同一段落中用“(1)…………;(2)…………;(3)…………。”等的行文方式列举事项,显示层次。但若在条(或款、项)次下不设单列的层级(或者在目次下还要分层次)时,可在正文的同一段落(或者分段)中采用文字顺序词,如 “一是…………;二是…………;三是…………。”等类似的行文方式。若在文中使用“首先”、“其次”或“第一”、“第二”或“其一”、“其二”等顺序词时,其后不能使用顿号:“、”,而必须使用逗号:“,”,且其编序一般以五号为宜。
(三)表格
表格是会计专业论文写作中必须运用的一种专门技术。在论文中凡涉及表格运用时,应当满足六方面的基本要求:
1. 表格编序。论文中的表格应当统一编序(如:表1;若论文分章的情况下,则分章编序,即“表章序——表序”,下同),采用方式应与插图和公式的编序方式统一。表序用阿拉伯数字,且必须连续,不得重复或跳跃。每个表格应拟表名,如“XXXXXX表”。
2. 表格导入。论文中凡导入表格时,均应使用类似“见表X所示”的导入语,不宜用“见下表所示”。表格导入语不宜直接用于论文各层级的标题中,如:“1.XXXXXX(详见表1)”。
3. 表序表题。表序和表题间空两格,置于表格上方,居中,标为“表XXXXXXXX表”。
4. 表格设计。表格形式全文应当统一,可选用上下有线而左右无线的开口式表格、四边有线的封闭式表格或三线式表格等,设计上应当尽量简洁且排列整齐美观(如表内出现换行时,即可考虑取消页面设置定义的“间距”限制)。表格中各栏都应标注相应的计量单位,或者在表头靠右边注明相应的主要计量单位(如“计量单位:元”),右缩进两格。
5. 表内内容。表内文字或数字须上下对齐,相邻栏内的数值相同时,不能用“同上”、“同左”或其他类似用词,应一一重新填注。表格内各项目栏内容(或数据)的字号可根据需要适当调小(宜用小于正文半个字号),但全表的字号应当统一。一般情况下,表内数据来源的交待用注释形式提供即可,若有特别需要时,也可于表底另设一段专列“资料来源:”项(首行缩进,小于正文半号楷体,内容转行时则悬挂缩进两个空格)。一般情况下,表序、表题、表格与表底所附必须的“资料来源”项最好同页,若表格实在需要分页时,表格标题行应当重复。
6. 表格运用。论文中凡运用表格数据时,均应使用“见表X所示”的使用语,不宜用“见上表所示”。
(四)插图
图示是表达论文观点的一种重要形式,它在会计专业论文写作中必不可少。论文中凡涉及图的运用时,应当满足四个基本要求:
1. 插图编序。论文中的插图要精选。图序方式应与表格和公式的编序方式统一。图序统一用阿拉伯数字(如:图1;若论文分章的情况下,则分章编序,即“图章序——图序”,下同)且必须连续,不得重复或跳跃。若全文仅有一个插图时,亦可在图题前加“附图”字样。论文中的插图以及图中文字符号要绘制清晰。
2. 插图导入。论文中凡导入插图时,均应使用类似“见图X所示”的导入语,不宜用“见下图所示”。插图导入语不宜直接用于论文各层级标题中,如:“3.XXXXXX(详见图1)”。
3. 图序图名。插图的结构设计上应简洁且排列美观,线条之间的关系清楚(选用箭头)并尽量减少交叉。图序和图题置于插图下方,标为“图XXXXXXXX图”,居中。若某插图由若干个分图所组成,则各分图用“图Xa”、“图Xb”、“图Xc”……标出。插图内有关文字的字号可据需要适当调整。一般情况下,插图来源的交待用注释形式提供即可,若有特别需要时,也可于图序和图题下另设一段专列“资料来源:”项以及“图标说明项”(首行缩进,小半号楷体)。插图、图序、图名及必须的“资料来源”和“图标说明项”必须排于同一页内。
4. 插图运用。凡在论文中运用插图资料时,均应使用“见图X所示”的使用语,不宜用“见上图所示”。
(五)公式
公式也是会计专业论文写作中经常遇到的问题之一。在论文中凡涉及公式运用时,应当满足五个方面的基本要求:
1. 公式编序。论文中的公式应标注序号并加圆括号,序号一律用阿拉伯数字连续编序,编序方式与表格和插图统一,如:“(式1;若论文分章的情况下,则分章编序,即“式章序——式序”,下同)”。公式的序号“(式X)”排在公式版面内容居中并靠右侧,且全文所有公式的右边页距应当相等(可统一右缩进两个字符处理)。
2. 公式导入。论文中凡导入公式时,均应使用类似“见式X所示”的导入语,不宜用“见下式所示”。公式导入语不宜直接用于论文各层级标题中,如:“3.XXXXXX(详见式1)”。
3. 公式格式。公式格式编排时,凡是数学类公式均应使用word软件或其它软件中附带的“公式编辑器”进行编辑,文本类公式亦可采用其它方法编辑。公式主体应当单列一行,居中,具体公式与表示序号的“(式X)”之间不需要加虚线连接。
4. 公式运用。论文中凡是运用公式时,或者是对公式的某值内涵进行解释时,均应采用“式X中”的使用语,而不宜用“见上式”、 “上式中”、“(式X)中”和“式(X)中”。
(六)数字
1. 年代标示。公历世纪、年代、年、月、日和时间均应采用阿拉伯数字,如“2000年”、“2007-03-18”和“20世纪50年代”等,但模糊的年代数可用汉字表示,如“二十世纪五六十年代”等。避免使用“本世纪”和“上世纪”,可用“下世纪”。公历年份不能简写,如“2000年”不能写成“00年”。
2. 数值标示。各种计数、计量以及确切的数字均采用阿拉伯数字,如“10位专家”和“30个项目”等,但模糊的数字须使用汉字,如“十多位专家”和“三四十个项目”等。数值的有效数字应全部写出,如“5%~8%”不能写成“5~8%”等。
3. 数码标示。数码千分位使用空格(国际标准),不宜使用逗号(美国标准),如“123456元”应写为“123 456元”,不宜写成“123,456元”。负数一律写成“-123”(负号用宋体)。两组以上的阿拉伯数字组之间如果没有计量单位,就不宜直接使用顿号,必须用逗号连接,如“三种产品的产量分别为200,250和300件”,但如果有计量单位时,则可使用顿号,如“三种产品的产量分别为200台、250套和300件”。
4. 数区标示。数字和时间的区间不得使用连字符“-”或一字线“—”,而应使用“标点符号”中的波浪线“~”。如:“x的取值范围为0~30”不能写成“x的取值范围为0—30”,“论文写作时间为2001年11月28日~2002年5月28日”不能写成“论文写作时间为2001年11月28日—2002年5月28日”。但若仅表示年份区间可用连字符“-”(如:“2005-2006”)。参考文献页码的区间范围用英文状态下的连字符“-”表示,而不用中文中的一字线“—”与波浪线“~”。
5. 其他标示。其他特殊要素的标示方法按原国家技术监督局1995年12月13日发布的中华人民共和国国家标准——《出版物数字用法的规定》(GB/T 15835-1995)的要求执行。
(七)软件
软件设计中的流程图和源程序清单,一般应当按软件文档格式作为“附件”在论文后列出,不列入论文内。特殊情况下不便列出时,可另外展示。
(八)其他
1. 规范用词。行文时要注意:区分“必须”与“必需”等类似的近似词组;区别“帐”与“账”等类似相形字使用时的微妙差别;统一使用“其他”、“人才”和“惟一”等词组,不得使用“其它”、“人材”和“唯一”)。具体用法可参照中华人民共和国国家语言文字工作委员会2001年12月19日发布的《第一批异形词整理表》(2002年3月31日起试行)的要求。
2. 标点符号。标点符号的使用方法按原国家技术监督局1995年12月13日发布的中华人民共和国国家标准——《标点符号用法》(GB/T15834-1995)执行。
3. 计量单位。计量单位的定义和使用方法按中华人民共和国国务院1984年2月27日发布的《中华人民共和国法定计量单位》及国家计量局的有关具体规定执行。
4. 英文简称。论文中有关国际性组织的专有名词英文缩写首次出现时,要用中文写出全称,并在括号内注明英文全称及简写的英文大写字母符号组合,后文才能用英文简称。例如:“2001年,中国加入世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization,简称WTO)后……。根据WTO规则要求……”。
5. 英文人名。注意区别外国人名中的分隔符(如马克·吐温)与英语中的缩写符(如A. C. Littleton)使用上的区别。如:卢卡·帕乔利(Luca Pacioli)、罗伯特·S. 卡普兰(Robert S. Kaplan)。
6. 其他事项。其他未涉及的论文写作中的有关事项,可参照原国家技术监督局1987年发布的GB/7713-1987——《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》执行。●
【主要参考文献】
[1] 教育部社会科学委员会. 高等学校哲学社会科学研究学术规范(试行). 2004.
[2] 王力,等. 怎样写学术论文. 北京大学出版社,1981. P1-10.
[3] 许家林.毕业论文的基本要素与规范. 中南财经政法大学学报, 2004. 第154-157期.
[4] 许家林.会计学专业研究生学位论文学术规范遵循情况研究.学位与研究生教育,2005,5:4-11.
[5] 许家林. 中国大陆17所高校100篇学位论文调查结果的分析与思考. 载:中南财经政法大学会计学院编.会计·审计·财务管理前沿问题研究——第八届海峡两岸会计与管理学术研讨会论文集.北京:中国财政经济出版社,2005.526-563.
[6] 许家林. 论本科生论文写作训练的几个基本问题. 财经政法资讯, 2005,2:3-14.
[7] 于玉林. 现代会计方法学. 上海:立信会计出版社,1997.P87-254.
[8] 于玉林. 新编会计操作方法全书. 沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1994. 1307-1320.
[9] 赵德馨,周秀鸾.社会科学研究工作程序. 北京:中国财政经济出版社,1987. P4.
[10] 中华人民共和国国家标准局. GB7713-87:科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式. 1987.
[11] 中华人民共和国国家技术监督局. GB/T 15835-1995:出版物数字用法的规定. 1995.
[12] 中华人民共和国国家技术监督局. GB/T15834-1995:标点符号用法. 1995.
[13] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会. 国家标准GB7714-2005:文后参考文献著录规则. 2005.
[14] 中华人民共和国国务院. 中华人民共和国法定计量单位使用方法. 1984.
[15] 中华人民共和国著作权法.2008-01-29.
[16] 中南财经政法大学教务处. 中南财经政法大学本科生毕业论文(设计)撰写规范(试行),2008-01-29.
篇6:2024年高三英语基础写作训练
全文共 892 字
+ 加入清单1.利用课文的词、句复习,训练学生的组句能力。从词和句入手,将每个单元课文的词和句与基础写作结合起来,是培养和提高学生的英语能力的有效途径。这不仅能帮助提高学生记忆和灵活应用词汇的能力,而且还有助于训练学生语句表达的正确性。
(1)归纳词汇和句型,帮助学生建立对词、句使用的感性认识。写作是一种语言的输出形式,只有大量的语言输入,语言输出才有可能;只有积累了一定的感受和大量的语言素材,写作才有可能进行。为了帮助学生记忆课文中的单词和短语,达到积累语言素材,掌握基本语法知识与语句结构的目的,教师可以从训练学生归纳每个单元课文中出现的重要词汇、短语和常用句型入手,使学生对句型结构的认识更加清楚,并对词、句的使用语境形成感性的认识。
(2)操练词汇和句型,训练学生的记忆和使用词、句的能力。为了使学生掌握和应用课文中所学词汇和句型,教师应为学生创设多层次的练习活动,拓宽写作的训练途径。教师可采用将学生从课文中归纳的词汇、句型进行词类转换、习惯用法、句型转换、完型填空、写短文等形式的训练,帮助提高学生的记忆和使用词、句的能力。
二、借鉴课文词、句进行仿写。
通过提供情景让学生模仿造句,不仅可以降低写作难度,而且可以增加学生写作的兴趣、自信和成就感,使学生的遣词造句的能力在实践中得到提升。
三、借鉴课文句型,训练写作多种表达与技巧,拓展学生思维。
教师在教学实践中会发现,学生在基础写作中往往出现句式雷同、语句呆板、行文单一等现象,缺乏用5个句子有效表达和传输信息的能力。因此,教师就有必要继续进一步加强句子多样化表达、句子转换替代、句子合并等训练,教会学生使用不同的短语、句型结构表达同一的意义;同时,还让学生明白写作的逻辑原则:一个句子表达的信息量越多,而且使用的句子越精练、清楚,那么句意表达和传输信息就越有效。
四、利用课文体裁,训练学生谋篇布局的能力。
教师会发现高三学生在写作中存在的另一个问题是层次不清、结构散乱以及逻辑性不强,这是因为学生缺乏谋篇布局的能力。针对这方面问题,教师可以在教学中利用课文的体裁进行文章结构方面的训练以及进行句子、段落间的连接训练。
篇7:医学论文基础写作
全文共 4662 字
+ 加入清单一篇完备的医学论文应该具有科学性、首创性、逻辑性和有效性。 小编收集了医学论文基础写作,欢迎阅读。
1.医学论文的基本特性
一篇完备的医学论文应该具有科学性、首创性、逻辑性和有效性。
1.1 科学性: 这是科技论文必须具有的首要条件,是它与其他文学、艺术、神学等文章的根本区别。科学性就依靠实验方法,得出可靠的数据和结果并加以论证,提出新的立论或观点。如果论文的实验方法无可复性,实验数据存在拼凑嫌疑,也就是说他人重复实验后不能得出相同的结果或结论,这就不具备科学性。
1.2 首创性:这是科技论文的灵魂和被录用的最具说说服力的依据。首创性是前人尚未发现的事物或尚未完成的实验。科技论文的关键是求异而非求同,重复与模仿前人的实验,就会使科技论文丧失生命力和发表价值。诚然,在某些特殊情况下,重复也是必要的。
1.3 逻辑性:这是科技论文写作水平的具体体现。一篇逻辑性强的医学论文应该是脉络清晰、结构严谨、推论合理、前后呼应。如果论文写作杂乱无章、偏离主题,对实验结果没有科学的推理分析,只有一堆的原始数据,即使该项研究是科学的、前人没有发现的,它也不能是一篇好的科技论文。
1.4 有效性:这是科技论文的发表方式。科技论文只有通过同行专家审评或在学术会上答辩通过或在科技刊物上发表,才具有有效性和被认可。
2.医学论文的构成
论证型医学论文应该由文题(篇名)、著者、摘要、关键词、正文(前言、材料方法、结果、讨论)、图说明、参考文献等几部分组成。
2.1 文题:应尽可能简明扼要、突出主体并包括主要的关键词。我国的科技期刊论文题名用字一般不超过20个汉字,外文题名一般不超过10个实词。如因题名用字受限而表达之意未尽时可以用副题名,但应尽量避免使用副题名,题名还应避免使用化学结构式、英文缩写、简称等。
2.2 著者:应该是该项研究或实验的主要参与者,能对发表内容的科学性负有责任,并能对读者的讯问作出适当的回答。为了要名誉或凑论文篇数而没有参加实际工作只是挂名,这种行为不可取。科技论文著者署名应用真实姓名,不用笔名[1],人数以不超过6人为宜。如果著者不是同一单位,应在著者姓名的右上角加注不同的阿拉伯数字序号,并在其工作单位名称前加注与作者姓名序号相同的数字。中国著者姓名的汉语拼音采用姓前名后,中间空格,姓氏的全部字母均大写,复姓应连写;名字的首字母大写,双名中间加连字符[2]。在实验过程中给予帮助或参加常规工作的人员不应按著者身份署名,可以在文末以致谢的方式对他们的工作给予感谢。通讯作者是指该项研究或实验的负责人。
2.3 摘要:应简明、准确地提供论文梗概,不加评论和补充解释,使读者一看即对全文有所了解。医学论文摘要应以报道性摘要形式、单数第三人称陈述,不要使用“本人”、“作者”等。采用结构式四要素书写,即在行文中标出:目的(objective)、方法(methods) ,结果(results),结论(conclusion)。中文摘要不宜超过400字,英文摘要不宜超过250个实词。英文摘要尽可能与中文摘要一致亦或较之略详。注意英文书写中不要用“~”号和“、”号,因为英文中没有这两个符号。摘要中不要使用图、表等,避免使用不常用的缩写。
2.4 关键词:是反映论文主题及特征的专业术语。可以给出4~6个,不超过8个,应尽量采用《医学主题词表》和《MeSH》中的规范性词,也可以用未被收录的新产生的专业术语。中、英文关键词应一致。
2.5 分类号:是为了便于论文进行统计、分类、检索而新立的项目。应根据论文的主要关键词,依照《中国图书馆分类法》(第4版)进行分类,可选1~2个分类号。
2.6 前言:是论文的开场白,应简明扼要地说明研究或实验的目的和意义,可简明介绍论文的背景和理论依据,也可适当引用过去的重要文献,作为研究设计的依据。但不要轻易用“文献未见报道”、“国内外首创”等写法,以留有余地,以200~400字为宜。
2.7 材料和方法:这是别人能够重复实验的重要依据。应对实验选择的对象、所用的材料和采取的方法进行必要的说明。例如:动物的性别、重量、数量,试剂的化学名称(不要用商品名称)和计量单位(涉及到浓度时统一用升表示基准单位的分母,如μg/ml应换算成mg/L,ng/ml换算成μg/L,pg/ml换算成ng/L)[3]。时间天、时、分、秒应分别用英文字母d、h、min、s表示,而年、月、周用汉字而不用英文字母表示。材料和方法的叙述应以他人可以重复实验为度,常规方法可简述或引用文献,新方法或特殊方法应详细叙述。
医学论文应重视研究中的对比、随机和重复,进行前瞻性的研究,以保证研究结果的客观性。动物实验应严格分组,在种系、性别、年龄、体重、健康等方面应力求一致,并应进行随机分组和设置对照。每组动物应达到一定的数量。各组实验方法之间应力求只有一项规定的变动因素,并且有明确的观察指标
2.8 结果:这是论文的关键部分。研究或实验的新进展、新发现,应在结果中体现出来。结果应对实验得到的各种数据进行归纳分析,并进行统计学处理得出结论,然后用文字及图、表等表示出来,但不要用图或表重复反映同一组数据。结果应真实、准确,不能虚假或模凌两可,结果中不应进行讨论。
统计学字符均应用斜体,如P值,t检验等、均值标准差应用x±s,均值标准误应用x±sx。
2.9 讨论:是对研究和实验进行的评价和总结。讨论一定要紧紧围绕着研究和实验结果进行,突出新发现和新观点,不应满足于与他人的报道“相一致、”“相符合”,讨论还应前后呼应、客观、实事求是并留有余地,对他人相关的研究结果可以用引文献的方式交代,但不应进行讨论,以免偏离主题。
2.10图版和图版说明:图版的好坏是反映医学形态学期刊质量的重要方面。
2.10.1线条图绘制一定要清晰、准确,可用计算机绘制也可用硫酸纸墨绘,横纵坐标上的刻度应在坐标的内侧,坐标的文字说明应在外侧,绘制曲线时,不同浓度、剂量或时间的坐标点可相同而曲线可分别用虚线、实线、点线等表示。图中的文字和图说明应中英文对照。表格均应制成三线表,表题及表中文字也应中英文对照。
2.10.2图版:形态学的照片应清晰、反差适度,图版制作应整齐美观,大16开本的图版要求:宽≤17cm,高≤22cm,图与图间距约1mm,图中的结构应用箭头或字符标示,图的左下角应附有标尺,右下角应用4号宋体字标出图的序号。
2.10.3图版说明:是对图的解释。应简明扼要、重点突出,主要描述新的发现或与他人发现的不同之处,众所周知的或教科书中已有的不必赘述。图版说明应中英文对照并尽可能保持一致。
2.11参考文献:是反映论文的科学依据和尊重他人研究成果而向读者提供文中引用有关资料的出处。引用的文献应是作者直接阅读过的,不要用转引文献,尽可能不引用文摘。内部刊物、资料汇编、私人通信和未发表的著作均不能作为参考文献引用。文献引用条目不应过多,论文一般不超过15条,综述一般不超过40条,短篇报道不超过5条。
著录格式采用1979年在蒙特利尔会议上修改通过的温哥华格式,即:
期刊参考文献著录内容及标点符号依次为:作者(列出前3位姓名,无论中、西文姓名均姓在前、名在后,西文姓用全称,首字母大写,名用缩写字母大写,每名之间用豆号隔开,3人以上用“等”或“et al”表示。文题(如有副题,中、日文文献两题之间符号同原文,无符号者副题加圆括号;西文的主副题之间用冒号隔开,主题首字母大写,副题首字母小写)。刊名(西文缩写应参照《Cumulated Index Medicus》 的缩写法 ),年份,卷[如为增刊,则在卷后加圆括号标注“(增刊)”或“(suppl)”字样,并在括号内标出增刊号码],期,起页~止页。
参考文献类型标识:专著为M,期刊文章为J,论文集为C,报纸文章为N,学位论文为D,报告为R,标准为S,专利为P。标识应放在文题之后。例如:
[1]Hamilton RB,Ellenberger H,Liskowsky K,et al.Parabrachial area as mediator of bradycardia in rabbits[J].J Auton Nerv Syst,1981,4(2):261-281.
[2]赵钧铭,褚建新,丁顺利,等.bcl-2基因转染小鼠造血干细胞重建造血的生物学特性[J].中华医学杂志,1999,79(1)50~53.
书籍索引格式分两种,其著录内容及标点符号依次为:(1)编者(列名同期刊,但姓名后应用逗号加写“主编”或“ed”,“eds”),书名,卷次(西文用“vol),版次(西文用“ed”,第1版不写),出版地:出版商,年份,起页~止页。(2)作者,文题,见(西文用“in”):编者,书名,卷次,版次,出版地:出版商,年份,起页~止页。例如:
[1]贲长恩,李叔庚,主编.实用酶组织化学[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1996:195~198.
[2]Paget GE,Barnes JM.Surface area ration of some common laboratory animal species and man.In: Laurence DR,Bacharat AL,eds.Evaluation of Drug Actions:pharmacometrics,[M].vol.1.New York:Academy Press,1964:161-163.
综述所引参考文献的形式基本同上述,但参考文献可不列文题。例如:
[1]Medvinsky A,Dzierzak E.[J].Cell,1996,86(6):897-899.
[2]裘奇,刘志红.[J].肾脏病与透析肾移植杂志,1997,6(3):246~248.
参考文献的正确书写是一项细致、繁杂的工作,应该认真对待。
3.其他文章的书写
3.1 短篇报道:短篇报道的格式基本同论文,但要求全文在3 000字以内,结果和讨论合并书写,参考文献引用不超过5条。
3.2 研究通讯:它是将最新的研究结果以通讯报道的形式快速发表。它的书写不需要“摘要”、“前言”、“材料和方法”、“结果”和“讨论”的段式,可将以上内容简明扼要、一气呵成书写成文。全文不超过600字,不附图、不引参考文献。
4.应注意的问题
4.1 阿拉伯数字的使用:(1)凡是可以使用阿拉伯数字而且不会造成歧义的地方均应使用阿拉伯数字; (2)世纪、年代、年、月、日、时刻要用阿拉伯数字(年份必须用全称);(3)科学计量和具体统计意义的数字要用阿拉伯数字(凡在计量单位和计数单位前面的数字,包括9以下的个位数字,除个别特例外均应使用阿拉伯数字,包括整数、小数、分数、百分数、约数);(4)序数词和编号中的数字应用阿拉伯数字;(5)千位数以上的数字,废除千位撇(,),改用3位分节法,即每3位空1/4格。
4.2标题层次的书写:标题层次一律用阿拉伯数字连续编号(材料和方法、结果、讨论的编号不连续。)层次一般不超过4层,不同层次数字间加下圆点相隔,如:1.、1.1、1.1.1、(1)。
一项有价值的科研成果,如果最后完成于一篇富有科学性、逻辑性,结构严谨,书写通顺的科技论文,那它将迅速被科技期刊发表。反之,则将延误刊出时间,甚至会失去研究成果的首创性,而被他人先期发表,使自己的劳动成果功亏一篑。所以不仅要重视科学研究,而且也要重视科技论文的书写,做一个能文能武的科研工作者。
篇8:初中英语写作常用谚语
全文共 3032 字
+ 加入清单Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.船到桥头自然直。下面是小编为你带来的初中英语写作常用谚语,欢迎阅读。
1. All roads lead to Rome.
条条大路通罗马。
2. Well begun is half done.
好的开端是成功的一半。
3. East, west, home is best.
金窝、银窝,不如自己的草窝。
4. First think, then act.
三思而后行。
5. It is never too late to mend.
亡羊补牢,犹为未晚。
6. Time is money.
时间就是金钱。
7. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真交。
8. Great hopes make great man.
远大的希望,造就伟大的人物。
9. Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者,事竟成。
10. Stick to it, and you‘ll succeed.
只要人有恒,万事都能成。
11. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.
早睡早起,富裕、聪明、身体好。
12. A good medicine tastes bitter.
良药苦口。
13. It is good to learn at another man‘s cost.
前车之鉴。
14. Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.
船到桥头自然直。
15. No pains, no gains.
不劳则无获。
16. Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.
世上无难事,只要肯登攀。
17. Where there is life, there is hope.
生命不息,希望常在。
18. An idle youth, a needy age.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
19. A plant may produce new flowers; man is young but once.
花有重开日,人无再少年。
20. God helps those who help themselves.
自助者,天助之。
21. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
只工作,不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻。
22. Diligence is the mother of success.
勤奋是成功之母。
23. Truth is the daughter of time.
时间见真理。
24. No man is wise at all times.
智者千虑,必有一失。
25. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
今天能做的事绝不要拖到明天。
26. Kill two birds with one stone.
一石双鸟。
27. Easier said than done.
说起来容易做起来难。
28. Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.
天才一分来自灵感,九十九分来自勤奋。
29. He who laughs last laughs best.
谁笑在最后,谁笑得最好。
30. He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything.
身体健壮就有希望,有了希望就有了一切。
31. No man is born wise or learned.
人非生而知之。
32. Action speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
33. Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.
勇敢和坚决是美德的灵魂。
34. There is no smoke without fire.
无风不起浪。
35. Many hands make light work.
人多好办事。
36. Reading makes a full man.
读书长见识。
37. Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.
胸中有知识,胜于手中有金钱。
38. Seeing is believing.
百闻不如一见。
39. Money is a good servant but a bad master.
要做金钱的主人,莫作金钱的奴隶。
40. It‘s hard sailing when there is no wind.
无风难驶船。
41. The path to glory is always rugged.
通向光荣的道路常常是崎岖的。
42. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。
43. Quality matters more than quantity.
质重于量。
44. The on-looker sees most of the game.
旁观者清。
45. Joys shared with others are more enjoyed.
与众同乐,其乐更乐。
46. Happiness takes no account of time.
欢乐不觉日子长。
47. Time and tide waits for no man.
岁月不等人。
48. If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.
若要求知,必须刻苦。
49. Learn to walk before you run.
循序渐进。
50. From words to deeds is a great space.
言行之间,大有距离。
51. Skill and confidence are an unconquered army.
技能和信心是无敌的军队。
52. Habit is a second nature.
习惯成自然。
53. Two heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。
54. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.
世上无难事,只怕有心人。
55. You can‘t make something out of nothing.
巧妇难为无米之炊。
56. Nothing for nothing.
不费力气,一无所得。
57. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.
不犯错误者一事无成。
58. Nothing seek, nothing find.
无所求则无所获。
59. A little of every thing is nothing in the main.
每事浅尝辄止,事事都告无成。
60. A great ship asks deep waters.
大船要走深水。
篇9:2024年高中作文写作基础知识大全
全文共 3207 字
+ 加入清单高考作文是高考的半壁江山,但高考作文的备考工作确实让人犯难。学生在经过高中三年的写作训练之后,对各种文体的写作都有了整体的感知。但在具体写作时,常常内容单薄,空洞无物,或者是不知如何选材表达怎样的主题。
其主要原因还是在于平时缺少甚至没有积累相关的素材,能够有力地表现和说明中心的材料太少,或是所选的材料不够典型、新颖,素材贫乏,缺乏积累与运用。高考作文的实质,关键是立足在考场作文上实现“两个转化”:
第一,由“物”到“意”的转化;第二,由“意”到“文”的转化。由“物”到“意”的转化,就是怎样从积累的生活素材、知识素材中提炼出作者的思想,作为文章的立意;由“意”到“文”的转化,就是把自己的思考、思想和文章的立意用文字表达出来。所以说,考场作文的写作过程,就是用最好的文字把最好的思想表达出来的过程。
最好的思想表达,来自对知识素材的积累,来自对生活素材的内化。因此,我们在高考作文备考之中,一方面要指导学生如何积累作文素材;另一方面就要训练学生在作文写作当中灵活运用素材的能力,其基本策略是:积累——内化——运用(表达)——反思比照。
一、积累归纳
首先要指导学生重读在必修、选修教材中的经典文段,着重在于指点学生从以下几个方面进行积累,并思考这些素材可以应用到作文的哪些方面。
下面以教材中王安石的《游褒禅山记》为例,谈谈重读文本,积累作文素材有哪几方面:
(一)积累作者文章的观点或文章的中心(以文章中的第3段为例)
如:“古人之观於天地、山川、草木、虫鱼、鸟兽,往往有得,以其求思之深,而无不在也。”
——知微见著,很多大道理往往存在于细微的事物之中,要善于发现和思考。
“而世之奇伟、瑰怪、非常之观,常在於险远,而人之所罕至焉,故非有志者不能至也。”
——世间美好的风景常在路途险远、人迹罕至之处,只有不畏惧艰辛的人才能看到最美丽的景色。
(二)积累课文中出现过的哲理故事或文章表述的事例
如在《游褒禅山记》一文中的主题是什么?可以进行归纳整理并复习:本文记叙了王安石和几位同伴游褒祥山的经过,并借此生发议论,提出了做人和做学问的道理。
(三)积累作者生平的轶事
根据课文提供的作者生平经历或写作背景作为线索,查找相关的资料,积累作者的1—2个小故事,在作文中可以充当有效的事实论据。
(四)积累文章中优美的语句段落、旬式或古诗文中的经典名句
王安石的名句积累:不畏浮云遮望眼,只缘身在最高层。(《登飞来峰》)
(五)积累文章结构的写法
【积累写法】本文在记游的基础上说理,记叙和议论相结合,前后照应。
二、理解内化
在积累的基础上,第二步要做的就是,引导学生进一步加深对课文素材的理解,尝试将一些显浅的话题勾连起来,发散思维,看看从课内积累的素材实际上可以怎样用。
这个阶段,我们可以创设一些情景,让学生将类似的人物,或者类似的经历,进行梳理,给出一些拓展学生思维的练习,让学生对素材的使用有个总体概念。
如以下的“思维热身”活动:
根据课前预习完成的作文素材积累表格中的课文事迹、作者事例和名言警句,试从以下十个素材中任选三个连成一段有明确中心论点的话:
司马迁;袁隆平与“野稗”;贝多芬《命运交响曲》;谢坤山《在画布里搏斗的人生》;杜甫“安得广厦千万问,大庇寒士俱欢颜!风雨不动安如山,呜呼!吾庐独破受冻死亦足”;鲁迅;文天祥“留取丹心照汗青”;“布衣总统”孙中山;曹操“山不厌高,水不厌深”;比尔盖茨。
学生刚开始运用并不是太熟练,只能勉强地运用三个素材,在表述方面可能还不够准确,这个阶段教师要注重看学生用得对不对,三个类似的素材得出的观点是不是一致,是不是一个明确的中心论点。
这个活动,可以放在每一节课的前五分钟,如同是一个热身游戏,启发学生思维,激发学生兴趣。开始时可先由教师进行点评,训练一段时间之后,就可以换成由学生互相评点。这样则更有利于训练学生在考场作文上正确选材,富有针对性,从而使论据更丰富二
三、运用表达
在运用的过程中,如写议论文要引用到课内素材作为论据材料说明中心论点,那么具体还要注意以下几个原则:第一,议论文中事实材料运用的基本要求是准确到位、简洁流畅。第二,材科运用要紧扣话题提炼出来的中心论点,最好能够点出话题的关键词。第三,对
话题的思考辨析不能只是简单的观点加例子,还应有个性的思辩和分析。
在备考之中,这个环节是成败的关键。有效备考能够落实就看最岳这一步怎样引导学生从积累到内化之后的运用。
我们可以分为三个时期来强化训练:第一阶段着重在议论文的框架式练习;第二阶段着重在全文的架构,即准确审题立意后,选材写提纲;第三阶段着重是全文写作,高考作文的实战训练,提升语言和提高发展得分。
(一)第一阶段的操作
这个阶段主要是任意给出1个话题,让学生写出文中论据部分,要求引用课文事例、作者事迹或名言名句:(10分钟)
如:阅读下面材料,按要求作文一:
每一个人都不可能孤立地生活在这个世界上,作为国家、民族的一员,你必须承担责任;作为学校、家庭的一员,你也必须承担责任;对你自己,你更是 责无旁贷。
请以“承担责任”为话题,自定立意,自选文体,自拟标题,写一篇不少于800字的文章。所写内容必须在话题范围之内。(参考“四步十三句”格式)
————————————。立论点)
————————————。(摆论据)
————————————。(议道理)
这个阶段,主要训练学生运用课内素材的能力。启发学生从看到一个话题,经过审题和思考后,能够准确地选出一个阐明中心论点的素材进行论述。
训练时以片段练习为主,在片段写作中强化议论文的写作技巧,运用“四步十三句”的快速成文方法,夹叙夹议,有理有据,规范行文,防止一些学生无的放矢,乱写一通。
(二)第二阶段的操作
这个阶段可以给出1个高考话题作文,让学生在课堂上以即场研讨为基础,运用课本积累的相关素材进行写作。列写出提纲。请同学展示,并点评。(15分钟)
如:2006年高考作文江苏卷:
有人说,世上本无路,走的人多了,也便有了路。有人说,世上本有路,走的人多了,也便没了路。还有人说……请以“人与路”为题写一篇文章。
题目——
第一步——定题【用句:(1)】
第二步——开篇【用句:(2)一(3)】(点材料引入,确立全文论点)
第三步——论证[用句(4)—(11)]
列事例l.第一层(或正或反)【用句(4)—(7)】(立论点——摆论据——议道理)
2.第二层(或反或正)[用句(8)—11)](立论点——摆论据——议道理)
3.可填加事例或多角度排比论证
第四步——收篇[用句:(12)一(13)】(收拢全篇,总结议论)
这个阶段主要是训练学生对议论文整体结构的把握,通过审题、立意后精选素材活用到写作当中,给予他们一个写作的架构,可以帮助大部分畏惧写议论文或者不会写议论文的学生,让他们有据可依,抓住扶手慢慢一步步学写。
(三)第三阶段的操作
这个阶段主要是给予各种作文题目让学生强化练习。从选材构思到下笔实战,这个阶段着重是整体批改学生的作文,给予点拨指导建议。另一方面就是让一些已经熟练掌握这一技巧的学生尝试抛弃第二阶段的格式,让他们多从几个角度来思考,多元选材,锤炼语言,使作文的思路更开阔,行文更流畅,文采更优美。
四、反思比照
以积累课内素材活用为作文论据的复习方法,能够有效备考高考作文:一方面,主要是让学生通过重新阅读学过的课文梳理出有效的资讯;另一方面,能够让学生在短时间里复习高一高二学过的必修、选修课文。
通过复习、整理归纳出教材中的素材,可以打开写作思路,将课文所学内容灵活运用到平时和考场写作中,就能让作文更加丰满,论据更加充实,再不用畏惧字数不够,没话可写等等。
经过一段时间的训练,按照我设计的思路一步步地分专题给予学生定时定量的作文训练,学生提高的效果是比较明显的。主要体现在几次的段考以及全市的一模、二模,学生的作文成绩稳步提高,能够保持好成绩,发挥一直比较稳定,也为语文总分奠定了坚实的基础。
篇10:读后感必备的写作基础
全文共 722 字
+ 加入清单读后感就是把自己的一些见解通过文章的形式描述出来,小编收集了读后感必备的写作基础,欢迎阅读。
一、要选择自己感受最深的东西去写,这是写好读后感的关键。
看完一本书或一篇文章,你的感受可能很多,如果面面俱到像开杂货铺一样,把自己所有的感受都一股脑地写上去,什么都有一点,什么也不深不透,重点部分也像蜻蜓点水一样一擦而过,必然使文章平淡,不深刻。所以写感受前要认真思考、分析,对自己的感想加以提炼,选择自己感受最深的去写。你可以抓住原作的中心思想写,也可以抓住文中自己感受最深的一个情节、一个人物、一句闪光的语言来写,最好是突出一点,深入挖掘,写出自己的真情实感,总之,感受越深,表达才能越真切,文章才能越感人。
二、要密切联系实际,这是读后感的重要内容。
写读后感的重点应是联系实际发表感想。我们所说的联系实际范围很广泛,可以联系个人实际,也可以联系社会实际,可以是历史教训,也可以是当前形势,可以是童年生活,也可以是班级或家庭状况,但最主要的是无论怎样联系都要突出时代精神,要有较强的时代感。
三、要处理好“读”与“感”的关系,做到议论,叙述,抒情三结合。
读后感是议论性较强的读书笔记,要用切身体会,实践经验和生动的事例来阐明从“读”中悟出的道理。因此,读后感中既要写“读”,又要写“感”,既要叙述,又必须说理。叙述是议论的基础,议论又是叙述的深化,二者必须结合。
读后感以“感”为主。要适当地引用原文,当然引用不能太多,应以自己的语言为主。在表现方法上,可用夹叙夹议的写法,议论时应重于分析说理,事例不宜多,引用原文要简洁。在结构上,一般在开头概括式提示“读”,从中引出“感”,在着重抒写感受后,结尾又回扣“读”。
叙原文不要过多,要体现出一个‘‘简’’字
篇11:关于英语作文的写作方法指导
全文共 4566 字
+ 加入清单导语:写作方法就是写作中进行表现时运用的方法,是作者为表情达意而采取的有效艺术手段。
学生写作时,如果语句平平,只选用一些普通的、直截了当的词,那么,这样写出来的文章根本没有可阅读行,就像是一碗没有油盐酱醋面条一样,让人提不起一点精神和看下去的欲望,呆板、单调,没有可读性。如果一篇文章要让读者有可读性、有深度,同学们更应该掌握一些高级点词和语句来装饰你的文章,突出这篇文章的彩头,使文章增添文采,给读者以不一样的感受。具体方法可以参照下面的语句:
1. 画龙点睛,一篇文章的开头很重要。
在通常情况下,英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”,即主语一般都会在谓语前面。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式,比如在文章的开始的时候写一些倒状语句或以状语为起始语句的开头,这样子的文章更具表现力和感染力。如:
(1) There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.
→ At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.
在小山顶上有一座古庙。
(2) You can do it well only in this way.
→ Only in this way can you do it well.
只有这样你才能把它做好。
(3) A young woman sat by the window.
→ By the window sat a young woman.
窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。
2. 避免重复使用同一词语
为了使表达更生动,更富表现力,同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思,尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字,就会立刻想起like,事实上,英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多,如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。如:
I like reading while my brother likes watching television.
→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.
我喜欢看书,而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。
3. 合理使用省略句
合理恰当地使用省略句,不仅可以使文章精练、简洁,而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。如:
(1) He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?
→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?
他可能很忙,要是这样,我以后再来拜访。要是不忙,我现在可以见他吗?
(2) If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.
→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.
如果天气好,我们就去;如果天气不好,我们就不去了。
(3) She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.
→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.
她本可申请这份工作的,但她没有。
4. 适当运用非谓语结构
非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构,适当运用非谓语结构,会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。如:
(1) When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.
→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.
听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。
(2) As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.
→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.
由于不知道她的地址,我没法和她联系。
(3) As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.
→ Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.
他出生农民家庭,只上过两年学。
5. 结合使用长句与短句
在英语写作中,过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是,根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语,使文章显得错落有致,这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感,而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。如:
At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.
→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.
中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后,我们唱的唱歌,跳的跳舞,还有的讲笑话、下棋,大家玩得很开心。
6. 适当使用短语代替单词
(1) He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.
→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.
他已决定长大了当老师。
(2) He doesnt like music.
→ He doesnt care much for music.
他不大喜欢音乐。
(3) He told me that the question was now under discussion.
→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.
他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。
7. 恰当套用某些固定表达
(1) He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.
→ He was too tired to walk any farther.
他太累了,不能再往前走了。
(2) The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.
→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.
这电影很有趣,学生和老师都很喜欢。
(3) Your son is old. He can look after himself now.
→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.
你的儿子已经长大,可以自己照顾自己了。
8. 尽量使句子带点“洋味”
(1) Dont worry. Be bold and try it, and youll learn it soon.
→Dont worry. Just go for it, and youll get it soon.
别担心,大胆试一试,你很快就会学会的。
(2) Thank you for playing with us.
→Thank you for sharing the time with us.
谢谢你陪我玩。
9. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构
(1) Now everyone knows the news. I think Jim must have let it out.
→ Now everyone knows the news. I think it must have been Jim who has let it out.
现在人人都知道这消息了,我想一定是吉姆把它泄露出去的。
(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.
→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.
我们所能做的只是站在那儿,设法抓住违章者。
(3) If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.
→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.
如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话,至少也不会比她老师的差。
10. 适当使用名言警句点缀
在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章,不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧,而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。如:
(1) As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.
(2) There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.
(3) In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”
[关于英语作文的写作方法指导
篇12:写作基础的五步走
全文共 2956 字
+ 加入清单想要把作文写好,那么我们应该要具备哪一些条件呢?而当我们在学习在写作的时候,要学习一些什么呢?下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于写作基础的五步走,希望可以帮助到大家!
(一)素质训练,也叫基础训练
任何一种技能技巧的形成,并使之达到熟练程度,都必须经过干锤百炼,所谓熟能生巧、巧能生华就是这个意思。竞走、赛跑运动员的速度是练出来的,游泳、自行车运动员的速度也是练出来的。快速作文也一样,要提高写作成文速度,主要靠练。快速作文没有秘诀,没有魔图,只要通过严格训练,就能出成果,问题是要有科学的训练方法和步骤。
快速作文训练的中心是“快”,这种训练是在学生具有一定的写作基础和掌握了一定的写作技巧的基础上求“快”、求“好”的训练,如果写作素质太差,就没法进行快速训练。达到下列目的:
1、提高写作兴趣,培养写作情感
心理学告诉我们,兴趣是获得知识、形成技能技巧、开发智力的动力。因此,任何形式的教学都必须严格遵循兴趣性原则。只有当学生对写作文产生了浓厚的兴趣时,快速作司文训练才会有成效。心理学同时告诉我们,兴趣与当前的需要有关,因此提高学生写作兴趣的办法虽然是多种多样的,但是其中重要的一条便是向学生进行快速写作目的教育,如果学生认识了快速作文的必要性,他就会对作文产生浓厚的兴习趣。另外,出作文题要紧跟形势,与时代同步,要切合学生的生活实际,命题要尽量新,能激发学生的写作兴趣,使学学生有话可写。
2.积累写作材料
这一点要贯穿到整个快速作文训练的始终,但在基础训练阶段要重点抓。“巧妇难为无米之炊”,没有写作材料,再好的写作高手也难以完篇。因此,一定要求学生分专题记住;一些典型材料,譬如有关爱国主义,党的领导,尊重知识,改革开放,廉政建设,学雷锋等等,每个方面都要记住一两个典型材料。材料的积累,教师只能做指导,要让学生自己去找,不要全班统一,全班统一了,写作的论据就会雷同。所积累的材料要注意三点:一要典型,二要准确,三要记牢。要强调用脑记,要背,不能光靠笔记本。材料越充足,写作速度就越快。
3.丰富写作语言
如果学生语言贫乏,写作时搜索枯肠也找不到一句恰当的话来表达自己的意思,往往写了涂,涂了又写,就无法提高写作速度。如果词汇不丰富,写到中途某个字不会写或者没有一个恰当的词来表达自己的意思,这样写作就会“卡壳”,当然也就达不到快速作文的目的。因此,写作语言的训练和词汇的积累是十分重要的。丰富写作语言的方法之一是,背书和加强课外阅读,书读得越多,背得越熟,作文就会越通顺,语言就会有文采,不会老说口水话。再就是指导学生学习群众生动活泼的语言,克服学生腔。另外,要指导学生积累词汇,词汇丰富,写起作文来就能得心应手,速度也就快了。
4.训练书写能力
书写能力的高低直接影响写作速度。因此进行快速作文教学,必须强化书写能力训练。作文不是书法竞赛,并不要求铁画银钩,但也不能龙飞凤舞,我们要求学生养成良好的书写习惯,把字写得清楚、规范、工整。具体做法主要是临摩字帖,每个学生应备有两本字帖,一本正楷,一本行书,先练正楷,后学行书,逐日临摩,坚持不懈,定能收到良好的效果。总之,通过素质训练,要使学生想写作文,爱写作文,并且有东西可写,话写得通顺。
(二)思维训练
快速作文的关键是快速思维训练。思维是人脑对客观事物本质特征和规律性的认识。快速思维则要求学生在分析、综合,比较、抽象、概括和具体化的整个思维过程中,思维活动应具有广泛性、独立性、敏捷性和创造性。一见到作文题能立即做出反应,要求审题、立意、谋篇、布局的全过程不超过五分钟。抓好快速作文思维训练主要从三个方面入手:
1、树立正确的世界观
思维是人脑对客观事物的概括的、间接的反映。要正确反映客观世界,首先必须具有正确的世界观。因此,要和政治课相配合,组织学生学习马列主义、毛泽 东思想,掌握辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的基本原理,要了解当前党的各项方针政策。正确的政治观点、思维观点是快速思维的定向器和指示灯。因此,必须教育学生关心国家大事,树立远大理想,加强政治修养,提高政治觉悟。
2.加强抽象思维训练
议论文的构思过程,实际上就是抽象思维的过程,因此,必须教给学生分析、概括、综合、判断等基本逻辑方法和纵向思维、逆向思维、反向思维、辐射思维等思维方法。训练抽象思维的方法是多种多样的,我认为最有效的方法是组织学生进行讨论和辩论。课堂讨论应允许学生和老师唱“对台戏”,要鼓励学生在课外争论问题,学生争得面红耳赤的时侯,也就是思维最活跃、最敏捷的时候。
3.进行形象思维训练
写记叙文离不开想象、联想、幻想等形象思维活动。要求学生在很短的时间内写好一篇记叙文,没有扎实的形象思维训练是不行的。训练形象思维的方法之一是有目的地指导学生观察事物的基本形象,牢记心头,并组织学生参观、访问。要重视写回忆录,回忆录的写作过程实际就是训练形象思维的过程。
总之,通过这一步训练,要达到开拓学生思维的目的,使学生变得思维敏捷,对作文题反应迅速,想象力丰富,要改变学生中普遍存在的思维迟钝、思想涣散的不良习惯。
(三)写作速度训练
第一步素质训练是基础,第二步思维训练是关键,这第三步的速度训练则是目的。整个快速作文训练的最终目的就是要求学生能够快速写作。如果第一、二步训练都抓得扎实,速度训练就会见效。基本做法是严格要求,限时作文。为了提高速度,每次作文都只能安排一个课时,一定要严格要求,当堂完卷。要求学生做到快速审题,快速立意,快速布局谋篇,快速写作,快速修改。总之,一切都要立足于一个“快"字。40分钟的时间分配大致是这样的:审题、立意(确定中心思想)和谋篇布局(编写作提纲)不超过5分钟,写作30分钟,修改5分钟。通过训练,这个要求一般学生都能做到。另外,在班内开展快速作文竞赛也是个提高写作速度的好办法,一搞竞赛,学生的兴趣就来了。刚开始进行速度训练时,有些学生是跟不上的,40分钟怎么也写不完。怎么办呢?二是多加鼓励,切忌指责;二是暂时迁就,但绝不放松要求。时间一到,一律收卷,没写完也要收卷。这样,学生下次写作文就有一种紧迫感和时间观念。有些学生,一讲快速作文,字就乱涂乱画。碰到这样的学生怎么办呢?不能操之过急,分两步走,先要求写完800字,再要求字迹清楚。作文不是书法竞赛,不要求铁画银钩,只要字体工整,文字规范就行。个别字迹潦草的学生,要加强教育和书写指导。
(四)技巧训练
第三步训练要求解决写作速度问题,这一步训练便是"快”中求巧,同时,也是对速度训练成果的巩固和提高。基本方法是专题指导,讲练结合。如果前三步抓得扎实,这一步训练往往水到渠成。通过这一阶段的训练,不但要使学生熟练地掌握各种文体的写法和技巧,更重要的是要掌握快速写作的技巧。比如快速审题、快速立意、快速谋篇布局、快速写作、快速修改等技巧,都要分专题进行归纳,总结和指导,还要能快速应付写作中随时出现的“卡壳”现象,诸如走题、空洞、松散、结构混乱、词不达意、字不会写等毛病的纠正和意外情况的应付办法。至于这些快速写作的具体技巧和方法,我在下面将作专门介绍,在这里就不一一赘述。
(五)综合训练
通过以上四步训练,学生基本掌握了快速写作的方式与技巧,具备了快速写作的基础。为了全面提高快速作文的能力,必须进行综合训练。
篇13:高中话题作文写作基础介绍
全文共 562 字
+ 加入清单一、文章形式的革命夹叙夹议
尽快脱离初中只重记叙,笼统归结的写法。高中的作文记叙只向最高水平开一条缝,你得复杂记叙,融情思与哲理于一炉,有最动人的细节和最精美的表达,巧妙蕴含深刻的思辨和无穷的回味,这不是一般人能做到的,更不是学不会议论抒情的同学的避难所。所以,比自己多练议论,远比固守初中记叙的窠臼要有前途。高中的记叙必须简约,只提炼能说明自己观点的内核,而尽量舍弃叙述的完整过程与细节。叙,惜墨如金;而起始学写议,应力求具体多点分析阐述。
二、文章立意的升华深入浅出
叙完笼统归结是初中模式作文的又一通病,常常文章的结尾具有宽泛的普适性,而缺乏对文章应有之义作具体针对性的挖掘阐发,常常文章的穿鞋戴帽大到可以套在无数篇文章上,却没什么真正的思考。高中作文倘使还用夹叙夹议,也要对叙的材料反复推敲,找出几例可以统一在一个观点里的材料,就材料的不同侧面来评析议论,最后上升归结出恰当切题、言之有物的中心。
三、文章表达的提高点睛生花
好的文笔追求更高效率、更多意蕴。描述中就渗透情思与评析,这是较高水平的表达。一般的叙议分段,也应注意所叙材料紧贴自己的议论,议论应采取逐层推进,前后分界,避免相互缠绕。但又必须前后连贯,形成一个整体。在文章中一定写好精心组织的关键议论,努力使文章多处呈现运用一定修辞的文采。
篇14:本科毕业论文的写作基础
全文共 2416 字
+ 加入清单每到毕业,同学们都要写毕业论文。那么本科毕业论文该怎么写呢。下面是小编收集了本科毕业论文的写作基础,欢迎阅读。
一、如何选题
确立论文题目,就是确定研究的目标,研究的主攻方向。考生在选题时应该注意以下三点:
1、论题要大小适中。题目不要太大,尽量"小题大做"。
2、注意研究角度要有新意。进行科学研究,就是找问题,没有新问题就谈不上研究,更谈不到创新,论文也就没有写作的价值,因此,确定研究方向只有从新的角度去研究、研究以前没有人研究过的问题,或者是研究过探讨过但说法不一的问题去分析论证,才会得出与众不同的结论,才会见出新意。
3、要知己知彼。在选题中,要了解本专业本领域中已有的科研成果,了解别人已经解决了什么问题,还存在什么问题;是否有争论,争论的焦点是什么;那些方面的研究较薄弱,那些方面的研究尚待开拓等等。只有知己知彼才能避免重复和雷同。
二、根据论题,拟定论文提纲
根据论文题目,充分、大量的搜集查找资料。可以通过图书馆各类藏书和情报机构电脑文件检索,国际互联网络的远程登陆、查询、浏览或阅读大量文献资料来获取论文素材。还可以进行实地调查,可通过开会、访谈、观察、统计、论证、实验学习等方法来获取资料。
收集资料主要注意三种:1、与论题直接相关的原始材料;2、他人对该论题或相关论题的研究成果材料;3、与论题有关的社会、文化、语言、历史背景等方面的材料。
收集资料既要有历史材料,也要有现实的材料;既要有正面材料,也要有反面的材料;既要有面上的材料,也要有点上的材料;只有全面地拥有材料,才有可能产生正确而富有创见的观点,展开深刻而周密的论述。
有了充分的材料,还要进行整理分析比较,"去粗取精,去伪存真"对资料进行推敲、筛选,留下最能反映本质、最有说服力的材料,同时提炼和形成自己的观点也就是论点,明确拟定论文提纲。
形成论点时应注意:1、论点要鲜明,不能含糊其词,同时论点又要辩证,不能走极端;2、论点要科学正确,不与常理和事实相背离;3、论点要准确,不要夸大其词,防止偏颇。
拟定论文提纲可以是简单提纲,也可以是详细提纲。简单提纲只是概括地提示论文的要点;详细提纲则是把论文的主要论点和展开部分较详细的列出来,这样写作时就能更顺利完成。
提纲可以采用标题式、提要式和图表式三种,一般标题式较为常用,用简洁的标题形式把论文各部分的内容要点概括出来,同时这些标题可直接作为论文中各部分的小标题。
三、撰写正文
正文是论文的核心部分,占据论文的主要篇幅,是提出问题和解决问题的过程。是作者理论水平和创造能力的集中体现,它决定着论文水平的高低和质量。
论文的正文一般包括三大部分:绪论、本论和结论。
绪论是论文的开头部分。主要讲清研究的动机、写作的理由、目的和意义、提出问题、概述内容、明确中心论点等。一般要求语言简洁扼要,开门见山,引人注目。也可以简要交代确定选题的过程和有关背景材料,目的是为了使读者更好地了解全文的旨要。
本论是论文的主体,要求以充分有力的材料阐述观点,条理要清晰,逻辑要严密,要求内容扎实、丰厚。
本论主要是展开论题,对论点进行分析论证,是表达作者的见解和研究成果的中心部分。考生在这一部分,必须根据论题的性质正面论证,或反面批驳不同的看法,或解决别人未解决的问题,或论述新思想新发现等。在该部分中论证是极其重要的,它决定着论文的成败。
要写好这一部分应注意以下几点:1、论点是明确新颖、深刻、严肃的。论点不管是否需要论证,都必须是可以论证的。2、论点必须有材料的支撑,必须有可用来证明使其成立的材料。3、论证必须根据论题的需要选择不同的论文结构形式,不同的论证结构形式,决定了本论部分的结构。4、论证逻辑要严密。合乎逻辑的论证,别人是无法驳倒的。
结论是论文全文的总结,总体的结论,是全篇论文中分析、论证的问题综合性概括,是论文的精华所在。内容主要讲研究结果说明了什么问题、得出了什么规律,有何创新,解决了什么理论和实际问题,还存在那些不足及质疑。还可以对自己和他人在这一领域的研究进一步提出展望,以及对有关人士致谢等内容。要求结论要完整、明确,不能含糊其词、模棱两可;不能与本论相矛盾,应与绪论呼应;对成果的评价要恰如其分,不能自鸣得意或借故贬低他人;语言应简洁、干净利落。
四、论文修改、定稿
正文初稿写好以后,考生应该多修改几遍,对整篇论文逐行逐句逐段反复推敲,检查每一个具体论点、论据、论证是否恰当有力,表达是否合乎逻辑,务求不留疑点,直到确实有说服力为止。
检查并修改初稿时应注意以下几点:1、论点与论题的一贯性;2、观点与材料的统一性;3、论文的结构层次与逻辑思维的密切性;4、论文的语言表达意思的准确性;5、文章中标点符号使用的正确性;6、采用的数据、年代、人物名及地名是否准确;引用的注释、文献参考资料的列举是否真实恰当;封面署名、装订是否工整等等。
经反复多次修改的论文,应再次送达指导老师审阅认可后,以指导老师签署同意定稿字样为止,该篇论文才算是完成了.
五、毕业论文的基本格式
一篇定稿的毕业论文的基本格式是:
(一)论文标题。
(二)作者姓名。
(三)内容摘要。一般为中文摘要,如有英文要求则要附上英文摘要。摘要应该以研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和结论,围绕主题展开,明确介绍重点。一般用200-300字高度概括全篇论文的精华。
(四)关键词。又称主题词,从论文中选出用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。一般以3-8个词以显著的字体另起一行,排在摘要的左下方。
(五)正文。1、绪论;2、本论;3、结论。
(六)参考文献。在论文主体的后面列出参考文献,目的在于表明作者的科学态度和对前人劳动成果的尊重,并方便读者去查阅参考文献之前专门列出一项"致谢"。
论文的有关各部分全部誊清后还应加上封面,如指导老师有特别要求列出论文提纲的也应一并附上后并装订成册。封面按规定格式写上论文题目、主考学校、专业全称、指导老师、作者姓名、论文完成时间等。
篇15:英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分
全文共 45713 字
+ 加入清单下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言,考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章,然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。
对于素材中用黑体字的部分,特别建议你熟读,背诵,因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白,表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累,潜移默化。从某种意义上说,提高英语写作能力无捷径可走,你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关,没有任何人能代替你过。
因此,建议你下点苦功夫,把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况,并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心:你可以这个星期背,下个星期忘。这没有关系,相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后,你会惊讶的发现:I can think in English now!
1.?????? Proverbs
1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.
2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.
3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.
4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.
5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.
6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.
7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.
8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.
9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.
10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.
11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.
12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.
2. Damaging Research
A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.
3. Education and Citizenship
An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.
Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.
Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.
Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.
4. The Teacher’s Role
Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.
Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.
5. Education Philosophy
For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.
Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.
In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.
This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.
6. Student Life
To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.
Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.
Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)
What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.
Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.
7. Adult Education
After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”
So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.
8. Moral Relativism in American
Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.
Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.
In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”
Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.
In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”
The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.
The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.
At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.
The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.
But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.
There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.
9. Schools Should Teach Values
People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”
There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.
As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”
This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.
We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.
What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.
These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.
After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.
10. College Pressures
Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.
What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.
My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.
I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.
“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”
Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.
It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.
The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.
Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.
Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.
Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.
I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.
“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.
“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”
“Then why are you going?”
“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”
Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”
But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.
I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.
Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.
“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”
The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”
Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.
Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.
“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”
Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.
To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.
If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.
Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.
“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”
“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”
I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.
Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.
This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.
They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.
If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.
I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.
I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.
11. To Err Is Wrong
In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?
Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.
Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:
Right over 90% of the time = “A”
Right over 80% of the time = “B~”
Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.
From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.
Playing It Safe
With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.
I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.
Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.
Different Logic
From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.
Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.
Errors as Stepping Stones
Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.
The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.
Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.
Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.
[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分
篇16:2024成人高考英语作文写作素材精选
全文共 1366 字
+ 加入清单Grasp all, lose all. 贪多必失.
Whats lost is lost. 失者不可复得。
Waste not, want not. 不浪费,不会穷.
Tomorrow never comes. 切莫依赖明天. / 我生待明日,万事成蹉跎.
No man is infallible. 没有人不犯错误。
Alms never make poor. 施舍穷不了人.
Love will find a way. 爱心所至,金石为开.
Manners make the man. 举止见人品。
Patience is a virtue. 忍耐是一种美德.
Pity is akin to love. 怜悯生爱.
Call a spade a spade. 是啥说啥,难听不怕。
Delays are dangerous. 因循出危险.
Diamond cuts diamond. 强中自有强中手.
Counsel is no command. 劝告不是命令.
Poverty tries friends. 贫穷考验朋友.
Once bitten,twice shy. 吃一次亏,学一次乖.
Pain past is pleasure. 痛苦过去即欢乐.
Leal heart lied never. 心诚无谎言。
Hot love is soon cold. 过热的爱情冷得快.
As good lost as found. 有得必有失. /得失同喜.
Every dog has his day. 瓦块也有翻身日,人人都有运来时。
Wise fear begets care. 懂得担心,就会小心.
"Never”is a long word. 不要轻易说“决不”。
After wind comes rain. 风是雨的头。
Nurture passes nature. 教养胜过天性.
Time tries all things. 时间检验一切.
Boys will be boys. 男孩子总是男孩子.
No song, no supper. 不出力,不得食.
The truth will out. 真相总会大白.
Time works wonders. 时间能创造奇迹.
To think is to see. 思考就是明白.
Truth will prevail. 真理必胜
A lie begets a lie. 谎言生谎言。
Years bring wisdom. 年岁带来智慧.
In love is no lack. 爱情不会感到缺乏.
Easy come, easy go. 来得容易去得 . /悖入悖出.
Every little helps. 点滴都有用.
Forgive and forget. 恢弘大度,勿念旧恶。
Manners maketh man. 举止造人品.
Laugh and grow fat. 心宽体胖 。
Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量.
Let the world slide. 人世沧桑,听其自然.
Love me,love my dog. 爱屋及乌.
Life means struggle. 生活就是斗争.
Fair plays a jewel. 比赛风格好,胜过珠宝.
Early sow,early mow. 种得早,收得早.
篇17:语文写作基础知识
全文共 1135 字
+ 加入清单写作是很重要的一道题目,那么我们要掌握写作的哪些基础知识呢?下面小编为大家整理了语文写作基础知识,希望能帮到大家!
(一)作文基础知识
1、审清题意:“五审”
(1)审清体裁(记叙文、应用文、说明文)
(2)审清题材(人、物、事、景)
(3)审清范围(时间、地点、人称、事件、对象具体限制)
(4)审清主题(中心思想)
(5)审清其他要求(附加要求)
2、确定主题:“四要”
(1)主题要正确(反应生活实际)
(2)主题要集中(一个文章不能多个主题)
(3)主题要鲜明(明确表达自己对事物的态度和立场)
(4)主题要深刻(深挖内涵思想)
3、选择材料:“四要”
(1)围绕主题选择材料(多写与主题相关的内容)
(2)选择真实的材料(真实可信,具有代表性和典型性)
(3)选择新颖的材料(新人新事)
(4)选择独有的材料(具有创新性)
4、编写提纲“五点”:
(1)拟好题目
(2)确定主题
(3)段落安排
(4)每段的主要意思
(5)重点段落的层次安排和内容
5、修改文章“五看”:
(1)是否切题
(2)主题、思想是否明确、突出
(3)看材料是否符合主题、内容是否具体、完整
(4)看语言是否通顺、用词是否准确,有无错别字
(5)看标点是否正确。
(二)看图作文 “一看二写,四要两注意”
“一看二写”:先看图,再写作文
“四要”:仔细观察图画;展开合理想象;突出主题、抓住重点;分清主次,具体描写。
“两注意”:看清全画面内容;分清图上内容主次和表达的中心。
(三)记叙文·记事
(1)写清楚事件发生的时间、地点以及事情的发生、发展和结果。
(2)事件经过写具体
(3)按事件的发展顺序来写
(4)注意表达真情实感
(四)记叙文·写人
(1)确定写作对象
(2)确定人物的思想品质
(3)选择典型的具体事例
(4)抓住最能表现人物思想品质的外貌、语言、动作、心理、环境进行描写。
(5)注意表达自己的真实感情
(五)记叙文·状物——“五要三注意”
“五要”:
(1)抓住物的特征
(2)按一定顺序写
(3)既写静态又写动态
(4)展开想象,运用拟人等手法把内容写具体
(5)托物言志,借物抒情
“三注意”:
(1)仔细观察、抓住特征
(2)明确中心,展开想象
(3)根据内容,安排顺序。
(六)记叙文·写景
注意六点:
(1)抓住景物特征
(2)注意时间、地点、气候等因素的影响
(3)景物特点安排恰当的顺序
(4)采用多种手法表现景物特点及变化
(5)写出自己的感受
(6)借景抒情
(七)应用文
1、应用文大多以记叙文为基础,但是还要特别注意的是各种应用文的格式
2、常见应用文类型:书信、读后感、通知、留言条、表扬信、建议书和日记。
3、具体格式:
(1)标题居中。(除了书信、留言条和日记没有标题,其他皆有)
(2)正文:另起一行空两格。
(3)署名和日期:先写署名,另起一行写清“*年*月*日”。
篇18:导语:以下是关于小学英语写作指导
全文共 1551 字
+ 加入清单小学阶段不同年级的作文有不同要求和写作技巧小学英语写作指导小学英语写作指导。
对于小学3年级的学生,在他们已经掌握好了如颜色(colour)、衣服(clothes)、数字(number)、星期(day of the week)、月份(month)、宠物(pet)、情感(feeling)、身体部位(body)、文具(school things)的基础上进行文章的填空,如果学生能够按照文章的要求写进相关的信息,那就已经很不错了。下面是一个自我介绍的简单例子:
Myself
Hello,my name is_____. I am_____years old.My favourite colour is_____,_____, and_____.My favourite pet is______,_____ and______. My favourite food is_____,______and______.My favourite day is______. My favourite school thing is______and______.My favourite number is and______.I am______today.
上面的这个例子,如果学生能够依次能吧自己的姓名、年龄、喜欢的颜色、喜欢的宠物、喜欢的食物、喜欢的日子、喜欢的文具、喜欢的数字和今天的心情准确无误地写出来,那么就已经能够完成了3年级阶段的作文要求。
对于4年级的学生,可以写一篇介绍自己课室或者自己卧室的文章。下面是一篇4年级学生的介绍课室范文。
My classroom
I am studying at Tongji primary school.I am in Class Two, Grade Four. (介绍自己所在的学校和所在的年级) There is a blackboard in front of the classroom. There are twenty-five desks in our classroom, they are brown. There are many books on the desk. There are fifty students, thirty boys and twenty girls. There is a picture on the wall. There are two fans on the wall. (用there+be句型把班里和摆设和班上的人数都表达出来了) It is tidy and clean.I like my classroom very much.(最后是作者的总结)
对于5年级的学生,作文的要求也提高了很多,很多学生在介绍别人或者是写自己喜欢的小动物的时候很容易忘了第三人称单数动词要加ses,如:He get up at 7 o’clock(get忘了加s),在用到现在进行的时候动词很容易忘了加ing(如I am play the piano,play就忘记了加ing),介词和介词短语也占了很重要的位置如介词in,on,at,of。介词短语如dream of(区分dream that)和be afraid of都是很重要的介词短语,很多学生忘记了介词后面要加动词小学英语写作指导少儿基础英语。
对于6年级的学生,作文考查的是英语的综合应用能力,而且出的题目大部分都是看图作文,这就在一定程度上增加了写作的难度,它也是综合了3年级的分类词汇,4年级的句型,方位介词,5年级的重点介词短语和时态,不过我相信只要平时多点积累单词和句型、多点动笔、多注意语法上的问题、多看作文书,那么就能写出流畅、有深度的文章。
篇19:2024中考英语作文写作高分秘诀
全文共 1570 字
+ 加入清单中考英语考试中“书面表达”往往是最后一项,怎么样在那么短的时间内尽可能的拿到高分呢?
一、中考英语写作的概述
你对于在中考英语写作中拿高分有把握吗?实际考试中,许多学生却常常有“无话可说”的感觉。那要如何我们才能克服这种无话的状态,取得高分呢?
归根到底这是一个英语基本功——单词、短语和句型的问题。
英语作文的前提条件是掌握了一定量的词汇、语法及体裁、题材等方面的知识。学生如果想要在写作方面有本质上的提升,必须进行多次的写作练习。因此,必须合理地设置训练步骤,遵循从初级到高级,从简单到复杂的原则去练习,经过一段写作实践之后,写作水平一定会有大幅度的提高。
中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点:1、内容要完整。2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。
二、中考英语写作的评分标准
1、老师拿到的标准
写作水平的高低和文章的好坏,分数是最直接的评分标准,也是考生们最关心的。但是多少考生真正透彻知道中考英语写作的评分标准?什么样的文章才是阅卷老师眼中的好文章?
评分标准:
(1)整篇作文满分20分,其中内容8分,语言8分,结构4分。
(2)内容贴切,句子流畅,用语准确,加整体印象分1分。
(3)不满60个词,少1——5个词扣0.5分,6——10个词扣1分。
(4)所有给出问题涉及的三项内容,每少一项扣3分。
(5)每个拼写,大小写,标点符号等错误扣0.5分;同一的拼写错误不重复扣分,扣分总和不超过2分。
(6)语法错误每项扣1分,同一错误不重复扣分,扣分总和不超过2分。
2、老师想看到的标准
语言(8分):
词——固定搭配、高频重点词汇;
句——复杂句(各种从句)、特殊句型、正确的句子!
内容(8分):(总、分)论点、论据支持句;简洁、切合主题的记叙内容。
结构(4分):
语言结构——句子重点突出、内容清晰;
内容结构——论点、论据以及记叙之间的逻辑关系;
句数控制——对于相对内容的句数掌握;
亮点、出彩点——排比、拟人、谚语、成语、押韵等。
三、扣分
内容方面:要点缺失,可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“Iwanttodosomethingformyschool”,若没有写一件具体的事情,是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻,没有实际内容,也会扣1-2分。
字数:少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。
中考英语作文要求60字以上,标点符号不算,少了就要扣分。
但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看,16分以上的作文,没有少于75字的,甚至少于80字的也少之又少。
当然,也极少有超过100字的,因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个,在格子下面大约还有2行的空间,可以加20字左右,再多阅卷人就很难看清了,也会影响卷面的美观。
所以,同学们如果想让作文得到高分,最好是让字数在75-100字之间。
语法和拼写错误:每个扣0.5,重复错误不计;
标点错误:每4个扣0.5。
四、加分
作文的组织结构分。就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。只要文章中有1个亮点,基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点,是可以提前准备的。
“万金油”式的复杂句型,例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等,只要同学们多操练几次,几乎是一定能用到作文当中,从而为自己争取到这1分。
其次就是卷面分。很多家长(微博)和同学,尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学,都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项,但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。
据阅卷老师的经验,在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的,而是在第一遍读完全文之后,心里已经形成了一个“印象分”,然后再细读第二、三遍,把印象分分配到各个打分部分。
因此,这个“印象分”就非常重要,而同学们的书法,也正是在这个环节,影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生,如果书法不好,一定要注意。
篇20:高中期末考试英语写作技巧
全文共 1667 字
+ 加入清单书面表达历来是英语教学中一个难点,要想在限定的时间内写出一篇质量上乘的文章,非一日之功。纵观几年来的高考书面表达,我们可以看出,高考英语写作越来越重视情景的设置,要求考生总结自己的感受和见解,给出自己的观点。书面表达又是全面衡量学生英语综合水平的一种测试形式,因此,我们不得不重视。
第一步,写作的内容,要求做到两点— 内容完整、相关。这两点只要考生不粗心,基本都能做到。比如陕西考区的题目,要求写暑假的安排,是一篇正反观点类的议论文。必须注意题目的要求,第一要提出讨论话题,Recently there has been a heated discussion about what the students should do during the summer vacation.(这是一个经典的模版开篇句型)。第二要写出一方面的观点,然后是另一方面的观点,最后提出自己的看法,根据要求缺一不可,否则就会被扣掉相应的分数,这就是完整。再比如,2005年广东考区的成语寓言故事,不仅要描写整个守株待兔的过程,还应该根据要求点名寓意,否则也是不完整,这点只要在课堂上强调,学生是很容易做到的。所谓相关,也就是不要过多出现文中没有的信息,不能过分发挥,一般学生犯此类错误的较少。
第二步,写作中的语法。在阅卷中,一般三个小的语法错误会被扣掉一分,一个大的语法错误(关于谓语的错误)会被扣掉一分。所以,学生应该尽量避免犯语法错误。我在课堂中会强调,对于语法基础薄弱的同学,除了加强自己的语法功底外,就是去背诵我给出的50个最高频用到的句法结构。这些结构不仅正确,而且一定是高考中的有效得分点,即使语法偏弱,记住这些句子然后在考试中使用也能避免学生自己造句中的语法错误,一举两得。比如,倒装句在考试中就很少有同学主动启用,但是一旦正确启用就会收到意想不到的效果,所以我会给出四组倒装句,然后让学生加强运用和练习。这些句子包括:
1、Only when we realize the importance of environmental protection, can we solve the problem of pollution.
2、So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.
3、Diligent as he was, he failed in passing the exam.
4、By no means should teenagers get into the habit of smocking.
第三步,连接词的运用,使文章连贯、流畅。我把这些词分为8类,叫做“畅词”,往往学生由于中西方语言的差异,会忽视这一点,所以在授课中会通过大量的练习巩固和加强学生的印象。而且不仅要写,还写出高水平的畅词,因为高考是选拔性考试,要做到“人无我有,人有我优”。比如,“首先”这个表示次序的畅词,一般同学一定想到的是firstly 或者first of all。可是我建议学生启用to begin with, 或者initially (这个是建议水平较好的启用)。“然而”,绝大部分启用but, however,我建议学生采用on the contrary 或者oppositely。
第四步,也是整个课程的核心部分,要强化“复杂、高级”两个概念。为什么是核心呢?因为学生在这一部分没有正确的认识,在平时的学习中老师也没有有意识灌输和训练总结。大部分学生以为只要写出来、写正确就可以拿到高分,其实80-120个单词包括大概10个句子,如果全部是简单的词汇和句型没有办法达到最高档作文的要求。因此,我们强调高级的词汇和高级复杂的句型,不是说全部必须高级,而是必须出现一些才能符合高考作文大纲的要求。在这一步中,我总结的“高分词汇选择原则”、“简单句到复杂句的瞬间转换”、“高分句子写作策略”以及“钻石得分50句”,通过这些理论和实践结合的讲解,学生会感觉成绩的快速提升,效果明显。