小升初英语分类作文写作技巧（通用20篇）

谈及写作训练,学生认为就是勤练笔,其实不然。英语的听、说、读、写四种能力是密切相关、相互渗透的。听和读是领会理解别人表达的思想,说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高,而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。因此,写作训练应该贯穿于英语教学的全过程,才能真正提高学生的写作能力。

一、多读

“读是写的前提,写是读的升华”。一般而言,听和读的量必须数十倍地多于说和写的量,才能较自如地在口头上或书面上表达自己的思想。一方面,大量阅读可以提高阅读能力,扩大词汇量,另一方面,它还可以增强英语语感,对英语写作起着潜移默化的作用。只有当阅读量达到一定程度时,才能找到写好文章的语感。我们可以选择适合学生的读物,如英文报纸(《英语周报》、《21世纪报》)、杂志(《中学生英语园地》)、科普文章、书虫等(水平较高的学生可读小说原著)。大量阅读是学生接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增强记忆力的一种有效途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种有效方法,非常有利于写作。实践证明,学生平时课外阅读面越广,阅读量越大,运用英语表达的能力就越强。

二、多背

英语和汉语存在很大差异,语法规则和句子结构是不同的,很多学生在写作过程中难免会受到母语的影响,出现一些Chinglish(中式英语),而且有些语法规则也把握不准,谓语动词常出现“be+do”的错误形式或缺少谓语的现象。所以,背诵模仿是行之有效的手段之一。

(一)背课文

在多年的教学实践中,我坚持让学生背诵部分课文,较长的文章选背一两段,下节课抽查背诵,或进行默写。《新概念英语2》中很多英语短文通俗有趣,我给学生挑选其中一部分让他们背诵、默写,对培养学生的语感很有效。

(二)背范文

英语写作一般包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文及开放性作文写作。我经过筛选,找出每种文体各五篇文章,同时,我也注重搜集一些好的范文和习作要求学生背诵。通过熟背精彩段落,使学生逐步掌握英语基本的表达方法,有助于模仿。而且,通过这些范文,学生可熟练掌握各种体裁的写作技巧,这是学生写好作文的一条捷径。经过一段时间的训练,学生就会有内容可写、写得出来。

三、多写

除了以上对学生进行读、背训练,还要对学生进行动手训练。学生只有通过写才能知道自己的不足与缺陷,毕竟说和写是两回事。

(一)改写课文

教师可要求学生把Reading缩写成一篇一百字左右的短文,也可让学生把对话改写成记叙文(如项链),这也是进一步理解课文的手段。一般在学完一个单元,学生熟练掌握课文之后,再做这一步,让学生尽量使用本单元的短语句型,同时,也要学着套用背诵的句子。

(二)写英语周记

让学生写英语周记,这是很多老师训练学生写作的方法。有些英语写作不好的学生,往往不坚持写或应付了事。对这样的学生,教师要严格要求,督促检查。对学生的每篇周记,教师都要认真批改。周记不必拘泥于形式,学生可以自由发挥。开始可以写简单的几句话,要求学生多用学过的词组、句型,多套用和模仿。逐渐地,学生会写多些,也会越写越流利,错误也会越来越少。

(三)每周练习写一篇作文

教师挑选一至两篇习作打在投影仪上,师生共同修改,然后让学生将改写过的文章抄写在作文积累本上。这样日积月累,学生考前只要翻翻自己的“作文本”,即可胸有成竹,这个习惯一定要养成,对学生会有很大帮助。

(四)限时写作训练

近年高考试题包容量大,知识覆盖面广,这就要求学生在做题时必须注意速度和节奏,而高考书面表达从时间分配上看,最多也只能是30分钟左右的时间,学生必须在有限时间内完成作文,并且要意思连贯,无严重语法错误。为达到这一要求,每届学生从高一开始,就应定期做限时写作训练。

四、多积累

(一)积累词汇

词汇是说话写作的必需材料,掌握词汇量的多少,是衡量一个学生英语水平高低的“标尺”。《教学大纲》规定的词汇是最基本的词汇,必须熟记。我在多年的教学中,每堂课都坚持让学生默写或听写单词,要求学生根据中文意思,写出单词的拼写形式、词类和词形变化。这就使学生积累了大量的词汇,为高考书面表达打下坚实的拼写基础,避免了因单词拼写错误而丢分。

(二)积累句型

我在平时授课过程中,让学生把重点句型记录在作文积累本上,随时翻看和背诵。如写观点类文章常用的Some share the view that...,Others hold the opposite opinion that...,The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages,As far as I’m concerned,以及常用到的定语从句、倒装句、非限、非谓、同位语、强调句型等。

(三)积累文章

学生背过的篇章、写过的作文,尤其是各种体裁的范文习作,要分类整理粘贴在作文积累本上,经常拿出来朗读背诵。我教过的学生,都积累了大量的范文习作,考试时可做到有备无患。

通过长期的写作训练,我狠抓学生基本功,学生的写作水平明显提高。我所教班级在每次考试中书面表达平均分都在同类班级之上。总之,英语写作训练是综合能力训练之一,写作能力的提高需要通过循序渐进的训练才能达到。听、说、读、写几方面的训练是相辅相成的,它们互相促进、互相制约,在平时教学中教师要合理安排,有机穿插,这样才能让学生“下笔如有神”。

a long time ago, and has a small drop of water in the east china sea listening to the story of the east china sea grandpa stresses. it is aware of the east china sea using miles apart, can not be described in a vast sea, with 1000 960 high enough to describe the depth of the sea. it is very envious of the east china sea. therefore, it asked the east china sea grandfather : "grandpa east.

why then has the vast east china sea so deep? "east grandfather told it :" i also another little drop of water, i and many partners around the clock to muddy pool together a small partnership, it becomes a small stream. but we do not stop pace, the united states is continuing to pour forward, and then became rivers. finally many rivers come together, it becomes a sea, the formation of the east china sea. "small drop asked : "we really have so much power? can be turned into a stream, into a river into the sea? "east grandpa replied : "of course not! can not become small rivers flow, so you can become the sea. also, into the sea, do not forget the existence of small water droplets, not to overlook the power of small water droplets, but it is the source of our life! without it, we would not. "small drop in the east china sea remember his grandfather, finally became the famous south china sea.

[2017小升初优秀英语作文：水滴与大海

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

技巧一：中心突出，立意深远

首先，立意必须集中而突出。即使需要使用较多的素材也只能统一在一个中心之下，这样才不会散而无主，不至于喧宾夺主......

技巧二：详略得当，内容充实

选材要鲜活。即选构要真实、新颖、典型，从生活中捕捉精彩的典型素材，筛选出那些最高兴、最悲痛、最深刻、最难忘、最能打动人心......

技巧三：情感真挚，叙中含情

在刻画人物时，要将真情实感融入到细致、生动的人物描写和事件叙述中去，人物有了真情实感便获得了鲜活的生命......

技巧四：结构清爽，叙事生动

首先结构要完整，写人叙事要清晰。应善于运用前后照应、一线串珠等技法组织材料。其次叙事要生动，情节要曲折......

技巧五：个性人物，形象鲜明

写人记事的记叙文大多是通过塑造人物形象来揭示中心的。你可以通过个性分明的外貌、神态、服饰、语言、动作、心理等描写来展现人物的思想感情和性格特征......

小小说又名微型小说或极短篇小说，是英文Flash Fiction的直译，原为短篇小说的分支，小编收集了小小说的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

日本作家星新一指出：“很久以前就存在着类似超短篇小说的作品。……但是，超短篇小说这个名字的正式出现，是源于美国。”多数人推崇美国作家欧·亨利(1862-1910)是创始人。他的近三百篇作品，情节生动，笔调幽默。其中《麦琪的礼物》脍灸人口。

可以这么说，超短篇小说具有立意新颖、情节严谨、结局新奇三要素。即在1500字以内，要概括出普通小说应具有的一切。也可以说，微型小说是一种敏 感，从一个点、一个画面、一个对比、一声赞叹、一瞬间之中，捕捉住了小说——一种智慧、一种美、一个耐人寻味的场景，一种新鲜的思想。

微型小说在写作上追求的目标是四个字：微、密、奇、新。

1、微。指的是篇幅微小，不超过一千五百个字。因此，构思和行文时必须注意字句的凝炼，不允许作品中有赘词冗句。如马克·吐温的《丈夫支出帐本中的一页》。全文只有七行字，却具有长篇小说的全部情节。

再如《三封电报》(美·佚名)：

伊莉薇娜的弟弟佛莱特伴着她的丈夫巴布去非洲打猎。不久，她在家里接获弟弟的电报：“巴布猎狮身死。———佛莱特。”

伊莉薇娜悲不自胜，回电给弟弟：“运其尸回家。”三个星期后，从非洲运来了一个大包裹，里面是一个狮尸。她又赶发了一个电报：“狮收到。弟误，请寄回巴布尸。”

很快得到了非洲的回电：“无误，巴布在狮腹内。———佛莱特。”(选自《世界微型小说精选简评集》)

这篇小小说是一家美国杂志以3000美元的悬奖征求“文字最简短，情节最曲折”的故事的获得首奖的作品。单一的情节里，事件完整、有冲突、呈现因果联系，这样，事件所呈现的面貌就不是简单、重复而没有变化了。

2、密。指的是结构严密。微型小说的作者在结构上，应力求时间、场所、人物都尽可能地压缩、集中，使作品结构简练、精巧，如同微雕工艺品那样。因此，特别要在选材、剪裁和布局上下功夫。

3、奇。指的是结尾要新奇巧妙，出人意料。微型小说的特点多半在于一个“奇”字。中外作家的许多优秀作品就常在结尾处使人拍案叫绝。如邵宝健的《永远的门》的结尾就出人意料。

4、新。指的是立意新颖，风格清新。星新一写作一分钟小说，就极力追求“新”。他写道：“有些评论家把我的小说与美国的超短篇小说(Short- Short)混为一谈，这是不妥当的。我是受了美国超短篇小说的影响。但是没有完全依靠，而是发挥了自己独特的风格和技巧。我的小说强调一个‘新’字，给 读者以新题材、新知识，甚至让他们感到惊讶!”(星新一《一分钟小说选》)

为此，他常常借助于童话、寓言、科幻、推理等手法，通过非现实的题材或现实题材的非现实笔法，反映他在现实生活中的独特的感觉，表现清新的主题，如他 的《保修》。当然，微型小说的立意和其它形式的小说作品一样，有时并不是一眼能看出的，有时主题并非一个，是多元化的，这都是可以的。例如美国著名科幻作 家弗里蒂克·布朗写的一篇被称为世界上最短的科学幻想小说：“地球上最后一个人独自坐在房间里，虚这时忽然响起了敲门声……”就写得十分别致而耐人寻味。

中考作文是语文考试中的半壁江山，要想在这科成绩中独树一帜取得高分，那么作文就一定要认真对待。中考作文在语文成绩的比重是相对较高的，除了要在平时多积累多阅读优秀作文之外，也要学会一些应试的小技巧；也许可以化腐朽为神奇。下面，就和小编一起来看一看中考作文写作九大技巧，希望对大家有帮助！

技巧1：作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是草书书法，切忌字迹潦草。

技巧2：考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面；字体大小也关键，千万不要写出边框线

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。规定五到七断为宜。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影。

考试作文的卷子上，都是用黑颜色印刷的方格。同学们必须使用规定的考试黑色中性笔做文字题及写作文。选择题用2B铅笔，按要求涂上。此外，除书写规范外，写作文的时候，建议占方格下面的四分之三，这样，显得卷面美观。这样的作文写出来，在视觉上有眼前一亮的感觉，分数上可能就会占点便宜。另外，千万不要写出边框线。

技巧3：开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了忌八九行的行文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半，顶多不能超过三行半。视觉会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响到阅卷老师的判定。

技巧4：动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。拟题的办法（见后2、3页详解）根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能依葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

技巧5：作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出亮点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法、解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。

精写前几段，给评卷老师留下一个好印象。要精雕细刻，要出彩。比如，可开门见山，直奔主题;可制造悬念，引人入胜;可提出问题，引人注意;或巧用排比、比喻、拟人等修辞手法，或巧述故事，引人入胜，或巧用题记，揭示主旨，或巧用诗文显诗意。

写好结尾和过渡段。阅卷老师一般是S型的扫描全文。结尾可画龙点睛，发人深思;或总结全文，照应开头;或虚笔拓展，扩大容量;或精辟议论，深化主旨。结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好都要再次扣标题。怎么扣呢？如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

此外，文章要有二至三个亮点。我建议：如果是记叙文，应该用抓人的情节和生动的各种描写（环境、心理、外貌、动作、语言）表现你的真情，记叙文不能没有描写。假如是议论文，就一定要有1--2个典型的论据，就应该有纵横捭阖，很深刻的见解。如果是微型小说一定要有巧妙的构思。这个亮点还可以是一句富有哲理的警句，也可以是一个精彩的比喻，也可以是一个超常的搭配。总之，要能使评卷老师眼睛为之一亮。

技巧6：动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

在具体操作的时候，要给自己充足的构思时间5-8分钟，不要急于动笔，“宁停三分，不争一秒”，因为写作是“开弓没有回头箭”的，写到一半，突然发现，呀！把题目理解错了，或没领会好命题的要求，发现没什么可写的。最可怕的是文章写到一半，又想另起炉灶。时间没了，心情也坏了。干着急。建议打草稿，防止“三边工程”(边想题目，边思结构，边写作文)。考场作文不宜见异思迁，边写边改。要贯彻一种构思。一旦构思已定，就不要轻易改变。因此，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细些，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个聪明的学生，列提纲，大约8分钟到10分钟。时间要掌握好，提纲要简练些。

要力避前松后紧、虎头蛇尾。有些同学构思、提纲拟好后，开头反复推敲，精雕细琢，后来发现时间不够，于是草草收兵。此外，要谨慎对待修改。修改一般只着眼于字词方面的，可用笔划条斜线。结构方面不能修改。要保持卷面的整洁美观，要努力做到改动少而效果好。

此外，千万记住，写作文过程中要多次扣题，要一路扣题一路写。材料、引语和话题中的相关文字至少在文中出现四次以上。开头三句话内应点题一次，结尾应回扣标题，“回眸一笑百媚生”。中间至少扣题一次。几次扣题事实上也是在不断地提醒自己不要跑题。有球场上叫暂停的效果，可以调整思路和写法。

技巧7：想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意点题抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3断或4断，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳论点，记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了。建议除要求不写诗歌外也尽量不要选写议论文。

技巧8：适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

此外还可以把从书上、电视等其它媒介上看到的别人的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。但这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

技巧9：篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，中考高分作文要求都在600字。最好写到580—650字之间。如果实在难快收尾，那就顶多写到700字。实在没必要多写。

在作文中应用一些古诗词，可以让我们的文章更加有层次，下面是小编整理的古诗词常用典故，欢迎阅读。

1、冰雪以冰雪的晶莹比喻心志的忠贞、品格的高尚。

如“洛阳亲友如相问，一片冰心在玉壶。”(王昌龄《芙蓉楼送辛渐》)冰心：高洁的心性，古人用“清如玉壶冰”比喻一个人光明磊落的心性。再如“应念岭海经年，孤光自照，肝肺皆冰雪。”岭南一年的仕途生涯中，自己的人格品行像冰雪一样晶莹、高洁。

2、月亮对月思亲——引发离愁别绪，思乡之愁。

如“举头望明月，低头思故乡。”(李白《静夜思》)如“小楼昨夜又东风，故国不堪回首月明中。”(李煜《虞美人》)望月思故国，表明亡国之君特有的伤痛。如“碛里征人三十万，一时回首月中看。”碛，沙漠，茫茫大漠中几十万战士一时间都抬头望着东升的月亮，抑制不住悲苦的思乡之情。

3、柳树以折柳表惜别。

汉代以来，常以折柳相赠来寄托依依惜别之情，由此引发对远方亲人的思念之情以及行旅之人的思乡之情。如1987年曾考过的《送别》诗：杨柳青青着地垂，杨花漫漫搅天飞。柳条折尽花飞尽，借问行人归不归?

由于“柳”、“留”谐音，古人在送别之时，往往折柳相送，以表达依依惜别的深情。这一习俗始于汉而盛于唐，汉代就有《折杨柳》的曲子，以吹奏的形式表达惜别之情。唐代西安的灞陵桥，是当时人们到全国各地去时离别长安的必经之地，而灞陵桥两边又是杨柳掩映，这儿就成了古人折柳送别的着名的地方，如“年年柳色，灞陵伤别”的诗。后世就把“灞桥折柳”作为送别典故的出处。故温庭筠有“绿杨陌上多别离”的诗句。柳永在《雨霖铃》中以“今宵酒醒何处，杨柳岸，晓风残月”来表达别离的伤感之情。

“笛中闻折柳，春色未曾看”，说的是笛声中《折杨柳》的曲子倒是传播得很远，而杨柳青青的春色却从来不曾看见，以此来表达伤春叹别的感情。

“此夜曲中闻折柳，何人不起故园情?”说的是今夜听到《折杨柳》的曲子，又有何人不引起思念故乡的感情呢?

4、蝉以蝉品行高洁。

古人以为蝉餐风饮露，是高洁的象征，所以古人常以蝉的高洁表现自己品行的高洁。《唐诗别裁》说：“咏蝉者每咏其声，此独尊其品格。”

由于蝉栖于高枝，餐风露宿，不食人间烟火，则其所喻之人品，自属于清高一型。骆宾王《在狱咏蝉》：“无人信高洁。”李商隐《蝉》：“本以高难饱”，“我亦举家清”。王沂孙《齐天乐》：“甚独抱清高，顿成凄楚。”虞世南《蝉》：“居高声自远，非是藉秋风。”他们都是用蝉喻指高洁的人品。

5、草木以草木繁盛反衬荒凉，以抒发盛衰兴亡的感慨。

如“过春风十里，尽荠麦青青。”(姜夔《扬州慢》)春风十里，十分繁华的扬州路，如今长满了青青荠麦，一片荒凉了。“旧苑荒台杨柳新，菱歌清唱不胜春。”吴国的旧苑荒台上的杨柳又长出新枝(荒凉一片)，遥想当年这里笙歌曼舞，那盛景比春光还美(不胜春：春光也不胜它)。这里是以杨柳的繁茂衬托荒凉。

“阶前碧草自春色，隔叶黄鹂空好音。”(杜甫《蜀相》)一代贤相及其业绩都已消失，如今只有映绿石阶的青草，年年自生春色(春光枉自明媚)，黄鹂白白发出这婉转美妙的叫声，诗人慨叹往事空茫，深表惋惜。

“朱雀桥边野草花，乌衣巷口夕阳斜。”(刘禹锡《乌衣巷》)朱雀桥边昔日的繁华已荡然无存，桥边已长满杂草野花，乌衣巷已失去昔日的富丽堂皇，夕阳映照着破败凄凉的巷口。

6、南浦在中国古代诗歌中，南浦是水边的送边之所。

屈原《九哥·河伯》：“与子交手兮东行，送美人兮南浦。”江淹《别赋》：“春草碧色，春水渌波，送君南浦，伤如之何!”范成大《横塘》：“南浦春来绿一川，石桥朱塔两依然。”古人水边送别并非只在南浦，但由于长期的民族文化浸染，南浦已成为水边送别之地的一个专名了。

7、长亭是陆上的送别之所。

李白《菩萨蛮》：“何处是归程?长亭更短亭。”柳永《雨霖铃》：“寒蝉凄切，对长亭晚。”李叔同《送别》：“长亭外，古道边，芳草碧连天。”很显然，在中国古典诗歌里长亭已成为陆上的送别之所。

8、琴瑟(1)比喻夫妇感情和谐，亦作“瑟琴”。

《诗·周南·关雎》：“窈窕淑女，琴瑟友之。”又《小雅·常棣》：“妻子好合，如鼓琴瑟。”

(2)比喻兄弟朋友的情谊。

陈子昂《春夜别友人诗》：“离堂思琴瑟，别路绕出川。”

9、螟蛉《诗·小雅·小宛》：“螟蛉有子，蜾赢负之。”蜾赢(一种蜂)捕螟蛉为食，并以产卵管刺入螟蛉体内，注射蜂毒使其麻痹，然后负之置于蜂巢内，作蜾赢幼虫的食料。古人错以为蜾赢养螟蛉为子，因把作为螟蛉养子的代称。

10、鸿雁

《汉书·苏轼传》载，匈奴单于欺骗汉使，称苏武已死，而汉使者故意说天子打猎时射下一只北方飞来的鸿燕，脚上拴着帛书，是苏武写的。单于只好放了苏武。后来就用“鸿燕”、“雁书”、“雁足”、“鱼雁”等指书信、单讯。如晏殊《清平乐》：“生笺小字，说尽平生意。鸿雁在云鱼在不，惆怅此情难寄。”李清照词云：“雁字回时，月满西楼。”李清照另一首词云：“好把音书凭过雁，东莱不似蓬莱远。”大雁在这里是传书的信使。

11、神器指帝位、政权。

《老子》：“将欲取天下而为之，吾见其不得己。天下神器，不可为也。”

12、月老

传说唐朝韦固月夜里经过宋城，遇见一个老人坐着翻检书本。韦固前往窥视，一个字也不认得，向老人询问后，才知道老人是专官人间婚姻的神仙，翻检的书是婚姻簿子(见《续幽怪录·定婚店》)。后来因此称煤人为月下老人，或月老。

13、陶朱春秋时越国大夫范蠡的别号。

相传他帮助勾践灭吴后，离开越国到陶，善于经营生计，积累了很多财富，后世因此以“陶朱”或“陶朱公”来称富商。

14、祝融

传说中楚国君主的祖先，为高辛氏帝喾的火正(掌火之官)，以光明四海而称为祝融，后世祀为火神;由此，火灾称为祝融之灾。

15、秋水秋水，喻指眼睛，形容盼望的迫切。《西厢记》第三本第二折“望穿他盈盈秋水，蹙损他淡淡春山。”春山，指眉。

毕业论文注重对客观事物作理性分桥，指出其本质，提出个人的学术见解和解决某一问题的方法和意见。小编收集了工程经济类毕业论文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

毕业论文注重对客观事物作理性分桥，指出其本质，提出个人的学术见解和解决某一问题的方法和意见。毕业论文就其形式来讲，具有议论文所共有的一般属性特征，即论点、论据、论证是文章构成的三大要素。文章主要以逻辑思维的方式为展开的依据，强调在事实的基础上，展示严谨的推理过程，得出令人信服的科学结论。

撰写毕业论文是大学生学习生活的重要环节，也是最后的一个环节。对于经济管理学科学生来说，这是对其所学知识、社会调查研究的能力、写作能力和表达能力的综合考察。论文合格与否，水平高低表明一个大学毕业生的实际水平，同时也是对学校教学质量的综合考查。因此这个环节对学生和指导教师都是至关重要的。根据本人的切身体会，我认为指导经济管理毕业论文应该注意以下几个问题:

1 经济管理毕业论文选题

经济管理毕业论文题目的选择是否恰当，既关系到毕业论文写作能否成功，又关系到毕业论文的质量高低。论文题目选得恰当不仅有利于集中精力于经济管理领域中自己感兴趣的问题，以收到事半功倍的效果;而且也有利于提高研究能力，对所研究的问题加深认识，揭示其规律和实质。如何让学生选择恰当的经济管理毕业论文题目?指导教师应抓住两个环节:

1.1 要选择有较强的理论联系实际的经济管理毕业论文题目

指导教师要引导学生关心经济发展现状，了解国民经济的宏观形势和微观问题，进行观察，思考，从中找出经济实践中确实存在的问题，选取那些对社会经济有指导作用，真正为社会所需要的论文题目进行研究。比如目前我国正在深化国企改革，出现了一些引起社会广泛关注的问题，如下岗工人再就业问题，职工社会保障问题，企业人力资源管理问题等等，若能使学生运用所学理论在这些方面提出自己独到的见解，写出的经济管理毕业论文就会有很强的实用性。经济管理毕业论文的写作目的也正在于研究探讨我国的经济问题并且服务于我国的经济实践。因此我们要注重经济发展的社会需要。以此作为选定经济管理毕业论文题目的方向。

1.2 经济管理毕业论文题目选择要扬长避短，充分发挥学生的特长

指导教师要告诫学生选择经济管理毕业论文题目应量力而行，要清楚自已的知识结构在哪些方面有优势和劣势。因而选取自己有优势的方向展开研究，以努力发挥自己的长处，由浅入深，由易到难，循序渐进，写出有独到见解的、有价值的经济管理论文。切忌让学生对自己并不熟悉的问题随意加以议论。只有扬长避短，才能最大限度的发挥学生的才能。

2 经济管理毕业论文资料搜集和筛选

经济管理毕业论文题目确定之后，就要开始搜集和筛选资料。在这个阶段学生容易出现不重视搜集资料和不知如何筛选资料的问题。对此指导教师应该做到:

2.1 占有与经济管理毕业论文题目有关的正反两方面的资料

学生在搜集资料过程中，往往只注意寻找当前发表的一些报刊杂志上的相关论文，对一些历史发展过程及反面的资料重视不够，一定程度影响了对其所阐述问题的理解，导致经济管理毕业论文质量不高。针对这种情况，指导教师要为学生制定材料目录，介绍与论文题目有关的历史的、现实的以及反面的尽可能全面的资料，使学生学会如何在事物发展过程中分析其正反两方面的经验教训，从而正确认识客观事物内在规律的研究方法。

2.2 围绕经济管理毕业论文的中心筛选资料，思路清晰、逻辑严谨

有的学生资料一多就感到无从入手，不善于取舍资料。指导教师要教会学生边搜集、边思考、边筛选资料的方法，让学生准备一个笔记本，随时把有用的资料、数据、观点、自己的心得体会记下来，使搜集材料过程变成研究过程，从中抓住最重要的、与论点关系最密切的资料，反复看，反复琢磨;对那些离论点稍远些的资料要简明看，在筛选资料的过程中逐渐形成自己的观点，经过这样的努力形成的论文就能达到思路清晰、逻辑严谨。

3 积极组织学生进行社会调研，增强其社会责任感

经济管理学科的学生撰写经济管理毕业论文不同于工科学生，他们不可能依靠实验室的实验获得精确的数据，也不可能仅凭一些二手资料就能得出解决现实经济问题的灵丹妙药，必须通过大量艰苦的社会调研活动才能取得第一手资料，这是写出高质量经济管理论文的必备条件。指导教师在这个环节上要注意做到:

3.1 让学生认识到社会调研的重要性

有些大学生对社会调研的重要性认识不清，认为撰写毕业论文就是“天下文章一大抄”，不进行社会调研也同样能写出经济管理毕业论文来。这是一种极端错误的思想，必须及时纠正。指导教师要教育学生树立正确的学风，使学生明白进行社会调研不仅是一个形式问题，更为重要的是通过社会调研活动，使他们进一步了解社会，积极参与社会的变革，增强为社会服务的本领。这也是现代高校的一项重要职能，即高等院校的师生应该服务于社会。由于高等学校师生属于社会的高知阶层，拥有先进的、高深

的科学文化知识，有先进的现代意识，特别是年轻大学生满腔热情，思想活跃，眼光敏锐，最少保守思想，一旦投入到社会实践中，无疑会给社会注进了一股新鲜血液。许多高校经济管理学科的学生毕业实践证明，通过社会调研后写出的经济管理毕业论文，能够做到理论联系实际，不同程度解决了社会经济生活中存在的一些问题，产生了较好的经济效益;同时对大学生自身也是一个重新认识和评价自己的过程:一方面在成功的经验中发现自己的价值，自己的特长，另一方面在失败的教训中自我反省，发现自己的缺点，进行自我调整，这样促使大学生端正自我认识，把自我的发展纳入到社会发展之中，从而使大学生具有高度的社会责任感和集体感。因此，社会调研活动绝不是可有可无的，而是必须参加的一项毕业环节。

3.2 让学生学会如何进行社会调研活动

有些学生愿意进行社会调研活动，但由于种种原因不知从何入手，感到有些茫然，由此产生了一些畏难情绪，影响了社会调研的效果。针对这种情况，指导教师要积极帮助学生联系社会调研单位，有条件的情况下指导教师在开始阶段最好亲自带领学生进行社会调研活动。在进行社会调研之前先拟定一个提纲，将需要调研的内容列出，再根据调研单位的实际情况考虑好采取何种调研方式。在实际调研过程中可以灵活调整调研方式，以便取得最佳效果。经过这样的实践后，学生就有了一个感性认识，知道如何进行社会调研，待学生逐渐积累了一些经验之后，就可以放手让他们按照自己的设想去进行社会调研活动，同时要告诫他们注意多听、多看、多问、多想，要尊重那些有实践经验的人，虚心向他们请教，只有这样才能真正掌握第一手资料，为撰写好经济管理毕业论文打下一个良好的基础。

4 把握好经济管理毕业论文的四个阶段

经济管理毕业论文的创作是一个复杂的过程，一般可分为四个阶段:准备阶段、写作提纲阶段、撰写初稿阶段和修改阶段。指导教师要抓住这几个环节，认真检查和督促学生完成各个环节的任务，论文的质量就会得到保证。

4.1 准备阶段要充分查找经济管理毕业论文资料

4.2 写作经济管理毕业论文提纲阶段就是整理资料、进行论文构思的过程

当材料准备较充足以后，要对其进行分析比较、提炼加工，进行整体构思，并将这种构思的大致思路写下来，此即写提纲。毕业论文提纲是一篇论文的基本轮廓，是全文的骨架，起着疏通思路、安排材料、形成结构的作用。指导教师要针对这一阶段的特点，让学生先明确自己的论点，然后围绕这个论点再下设几个分论点。毕业论文提纲应简洁为好，只须列出每一部分，每一层次，每一段落的要点。

4.3 撰写初稿阶段要掌握经济管理毕业论文固定的结构

经济管理毕业论文写作有其较固定的结构，大致分为绪论、本论、结论三部分。

第一，经济管理毕业论文的绪论部分:指导教师要让学生阐述写作这篇毕业论文的动机与意义，也可把论文中的主要观点先提出来让读者对论文有一个概况了解，从而调动读者阅读本文的兴趣。

第二，经济管理毕业论文的本论部分:这是毕业论文的核心部分，论文的写作质量高低主要表现在这里。指导教师要让学生把握住中心论点，不可议论太分散，分论点必须围绕中心论点进行论述，同时注意论证的严密逻辑性，使整篇文章结构紧凑，重点突出。

第三，经济管理毕业论文的结论部分:这是毕业论文的科学概括，全面总结作者的思想观点，指导教师可以让学生根据论文的具体情况选择三种结尾形式，即总结型、科学预见型和提出问题型。

4.4 修改定稿阶段要反复推敲经济管理毕业论文的字、词、句，力求精益求精

经济管理毕业论文初稿写成后，回过头来再看，就会发现许多疏漏与不严谨的地方，因此指导教师要让学生认真反复修改，修改主要有这样几个方面:第一，修正观点。力求观点论述充分，观点鲜明。没有容易产生歧义的地方。第二，增删材料。实际上就是检查材料与观点是否一致，除去重复或与论文观点联系不够紧密的材料，增加更有说服力的材料。第三，调

整结构。实际上就是调整思路，包括层次和段落，检查其连贯性与紧凑性。第四，润色语言。主要看用词是否准确，句子是否通顺。

写作能力的提高，不是短期内所能凑效的，而要经过长期的勤写苦练。下面是小编为你带来的高考语文议论文作文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、小处着手。

现在话题作文一统江湖，本身范围比较大。一些学生在拟题时不切实际，所拟之题十分空泛，如“论人生”“论教育”，结果文章内容空洞，毫无真情实感，与近两年来高考作文强调自我、学做真人、张扬个性的主题格格不入。近年来的话题作文无不要求学生写真情实感。要为人而文，以人为本，不要矫情做作。考生应从自己身边的生活，与社会密切相关的事件入手，才能做到情真意切，切忌说大话，空话和废话。我想明年的高考作文，应给考生留下更为广泛的想象空间，应更注意以人为本、强调张扬个性，这有可能借鉴外国的高考作文。

二、善于联想。

写作离不开联想与想象，但却讲究想象得法，不要凭空想象。作文题目总有一定的限制条件，所以想象不是天马行空、不着边际，而是在作文命题范围内进行想象。联想在写作中也有着重要的作用。联想可托物运思，由此及彼，思接千载，视通万里，开拓意境。写作时通过联想，才能打开思路，行笔千言，通过类比，比喻、形似等各种联想使平时积累的材料，源源不断地涌现出来。生活中有无穷无尽的新鲜材料可供积累，无论是街谈巷议，还是小说、新闻、歌曲都可成为积累的素材和联想的对象。课堂中的学习材料就更可被用于唤起你的联想了。如学习杜甫的《闻官军收河南河北》可联想陆游“死去原知万事空，但悲不见九州同”的悲怆，岳飞“踏破贺兰山缺”的豪迈，文天祥“人生知古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青”的壮怀，屈原“吾将上下而求索”的品格，平时在学习过程中多进行这样的联想，对作文材料的积累是大有裨益的。

三、行文点面结合。

议论文的写作不仅要注意面，更重要的是要突出“我”的看法，即“点”。把“我”摆进去，说自己的思想，不要人云亦云，丧失自己的观点。在倡导张扬个性的今天，写出属于“我”自己的文章才是好的文章，如果安于一种模式，那是很可悲的。

四、勤写苦练，知已知彼

写作能力的提高，不是短期内所能凑效的，而要经过长期的勤写苦练。但高三时间有限，又如何在短期内提高写作能力呢?除了前文所述的强化训练外，我想还应对自己的文章加以比较分析，寻找自己满意的地方和欠缺之处，了解自己的作文毛病在哪里、弱在何处。你可以以自己的一篇作文为例，分析审题、选材、结构、语言等方面尚存在的问题与不足。如在短期内无法克服一些固疾，那便应学会扬长避短。

五、研究性学习

如了解自己对各知识点掌握的程度、确定自己感觉较难的专题(如诗歌鉴赏、文言翻译、语言的综合运用等)并进行强化训练

下面是由语文迷网整理的三类英语作文开头句型，希望对你有帮助。

一、常规开头句型

1.As far as …is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that… 不言而喻，…

3.It can be said with certainty that… 可以肯定地说……

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that… 它必须注意到，…

6.Its generally recognized that… 它普遍认为…

7.Its likely that … 这可能是因为…

8.Its hardly that… 这是很难的……

9.Its hardly too much to say that… 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that…需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that…毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that… 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that… 更重要的是…

二、四级引出开头

1：It is well-known to us that……(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …( 就我所知…)

2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(最近……问题引起了关注)

3：Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)

4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)

5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……(随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……)

6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……(人们一般认为……)

7：A lot of people seem to think that……(很多人似乎认为……)

8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子(全世界都知道...)

三、高考英语引出开头

Recently, the problem of … has aroused peoples concern. 最近,……问题已引起人们的关注.

The Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色.它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题.

Nowadays, (overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face.

如今,(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了.

It is commonly believed that … / It is a common belief that … 人们一般认为……

Many people insist that … 很多人坚持认为……

With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…

随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为……

A lot of people seem to think that … 很多人似乎认为……

一、展开联想法

【特点】

我们看到一棵植物，往往联想到其它事物，这些事物往往与这棵植物有共同之处。例如我们看到棉桃，联想到洁白的雪花，这是因为雪花和棉花的颜色相同;我们看到大西瓜，联想到篮球，这是因为西瓜和篮球的形状相似;我们看到冰在雪地中郁郁葱葱的松树，想起那些在敌人面前不怕严刑拷打，决不屈膝的英雄，那是松树与英雄的品质上有相似之处。采用联想的方法描写植物，要注意抓住植物的主要特点，展开丰富的想象。要提高自己的联想能力，首先要认真读书，了解生活，使自己的头脑储备丰富的知识。其次是勤思勤想，经常训练，使自己有丰富的想象能力。

二、突出重点法

【特点】

植物总是由根、茎、枝、叶、花、果组成。我们在描写植物的时候，可以对植物的根、茎、枝、叶、花、果的各个部分进行描述，也可以只对植物的某一部分进行描述。采用重点突出法描写植物时，首先要找出这棵植物与众不同的地方。其次要对最能体现这棵植物特点的部分从颜色、形状、气味等多方面进行具体描写。此外还可以恰当地运用拟人、比喻等方法。

三、对照比较法

【特点】

俗话说：“不见高山，不知平地。”事物的特点往往在比较中得到显现。我们描写植物时，往往通过对照比较的方法来突出植物的特点。对照比较的方法有两种。一种是把这种植物与另一种植物进行比较;一种是把植物本身两种截然不同的特点放在一起比较。采用对照比较法要注意抓住所要描写的植物最显著的特点与其他植物作比较。这样才能给读者以深刻的印象和启示。采用对照比较法还要注意表达作者自己的思想感情和倾向性。这样才能使文章感人。抓住同一植物不同部位进行比较时，要注意找出矛盾点，这样才能引起读者的注意。

四、移步换形法

【特点】

采用移步换形的方法描写建筑物，可以不断地变换立足点和观察点，对建筑物进行多方面的观察描写。同一个建筑物，从不同的角度去看，得到的印象是不一样的。因此采用移步换形法描写建筑物首先要把观察点和立足点交代清楚，使读者明白你所描述的建筑物形象是从哪一个角度看到的。否则，容易把读者搞糊涂了。其次，采用移步换形法描写建筑物时，一定要抓住建筑物的最主要的特征来写。如果采用面面俱到的方法来描写，文章容易变成一本流水账。

五、说明介绍法

【特点】

采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时，首先要注意紧扣文章确定的中心进行必要的说明介绍，切忌不着边际的东拉西扯。在说明介绍的过程中要简明扼要，切忌拖泥带水。采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时，还要注意整体的连贯性，也就是说在说明介绍完毕以后，文章要返回到描写建筑物上来，并与前文衔接。文章从描写建筑物转到介绍说明，或从介绍说明回到描写建筑物要有过渡词或过渡句。

六、环境衬托法

【特点】

周围都是绿色，中间的一点红色就特别鲜艳夺目，所以说“万绿丛中一点红”。对建筑物周围的景色进行适当描写，建筑物就显得突出。描写建筑物周围景色的目的是为了突出建筑物，因此描写景色时要能衬托建筑物的特点，切忌离开建筑物而大写特写景色。造成喧宾夺主。在描写建筑物周围的景色时，要把观察点和立足点交代清楚，便于读者了解建筑物的位置。

七、彩笔描绘法

【特点】

植物总是由根、茎、叶、花、果组成的。运用彩笔描绘法时，要把根、茎、叶、花、果各个部位的最主要特点写出来，要写出它们的形状，写出它们的颜色。采用这种方法描写植物，要仔细观察。要分辨出植物各个部位的颜色，同样是红色，要分出是火红的，还是粉红的;同样是黄色，要分出是桔黄的，还是金黄的;同样是绿色，要分出是碧绿的，还是嫩绿的……要仔细区分各个部位的形状特点，同样是花，花骨朵与盛开的花就不一样。观察得仔细，描写得具体，读者就好像看到一张植物的彩色照片。采用这种方法描写植物，还要运用恰当的比喻，要写出自己的情感。

八、远近结合法

【特点】

同一棵植物，远看和近看是不一样的。这同照相一样，放在照相机的前面和远离照相机，摄下来的照片是大小不相同的。采用远近结合法描写植物，可以从不同的角度反映出植物的形状和颜色的特点，给读者以完美的印象。采用这种方法描写植物要把观察点交代清楚，也就是要说清楚是远看的还是近看的。其次要注意叙述的顺序，或由远及近，或由近及远，这样文章才能条理分明。

九、时序变换法

【特点】

植物各个部位的形态和颜色是随着季节的变化而变化。如果我们把植物在不同季节的特点写出来，同时把前后有关的情况交代清楚，就等于在不同的时间给植物拍了彩色照片。看了这一组彩色照片，读者对它就有了一个较为全面的了解。采用时序变换法描写植物，首先要注意在平时积累资料。要有计划地在不同季节对同一植物进行仔细观察，并记下观察日记，这样，写作时才能对积累的材料进行取舍，写出一篇好文章。其次要注意观察的连续性。

十、生长变化法

【特点】

植物总是要生长的，一般要经过发芽、生枝、长叶、开花、结果等阶段。如果把植物生长的不同阶段的形状、颜色的特点和生长的情况与下来，就好像给这棵植物拍了一部小电影。读者可以在很短的时间内，通过阅读，了解植物生长的全过程。采用生长变化法描写植物，首先要注意把植物生长过程中最突出的变化写下来;其次要交代植物发生变化的原因、前后情况和过程;此外要注意按时间的先后顺序有条不紊地写下来。

小升初作文是同学们比较头痛的问题，语文成绩的提高是日积月累的过程，作文的写作同样注重积累。但是了解一些考成作文技巧，拿到作文的高分也是有机会的。

考场作文要创新，要出彩，切忌重复过去，切忌重复别人。只有创新才能出奇制胜，只有出彩才能感染和吸引阅卷者拿高分。那么，怎样才能写出耳目一新的考场作文呢?

第一剑式：眉目传神

文题是文章的眉目，“文好题一半”，一个好的题目，可以概括全文的内容，可以体现全文的思路，可以蕴涵全文的主旨，可以表明全文的特色，能给人清新脱俗，耳目一新的感觉，能一下子抓住读者的注意力、激发起仔细阅读的兴趣，能使文章起到眉目传神的妙用。如《扬长避短，成功之道》、《“英雄”偏到“无用武之地》，这些文题巧用成语，新颖别致。又如《“钦差大臣”请下岗》、《“李鬼”打假》，这些文题巧用名人名字，耐人寻味。再如《千里马变成推磨驴》、《岂可回族街头卖猪肉》等活用修辞给人赏心悦目的感觉。

考场作文的文题，首先必须准确，要扣准话题，不能偏题离题;其次要醒目，要紧扣文章内容，让人一看一目了然，给人耳目一新的感觉;再其次要简洁，要短小简单，能给人留下深刻的印象，能给人广阔的想象空间。常见的文题有三种类型①老实型。老老实实的采用原话题的原词句，并不多加改造。如《心灵的选择》《小议诚信》。②深化型。对原话题理解的基础上，所拟文题或明确主旨，或概括内容，或体现思路，或表明特色，如《失败是种难言的美丽》《人在旅途》。③艺术型。采用一定的修辞方法，常见的如比喻式《人生也是一张答卷》《成功之花只对挑战者绽放》，夸张式《世界很小是个家》，引用式《你不该悄悄地走开》(歌曲)《横看成岭侧成峰》(诗句)，反问式《21世纪你美吗》《岂可回族街头卖猪肉》，情景式《滑铁卢上空的雄鹰》《带着三句话上路》，符号式《出发+拼搏=到达》，呼告式《妈妈，我想对你说》，对比式《英雄无用武之地与英雄有用武之地》。这三种情况以后两种为好。

第二剑式：凤头引蝶

古人写文章很讲究开头，称之“凤头”，西方的谚语也这样说：好的开头是成功的一半。

开头的方法有很多，如比喻开头法(山如眉黛，小屋恰似眉梢的痣一点。——《我的空中楼阁》)、引言开头法(鲁迅先生有两句诗：“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛。”这是他自己的写照，也是他作为伟大作家的全部人格的体现)、议论开头法(生命是一个选择的过程。在这过程中，有人“利”字为先，好处抢尽;有人“荣”字当前，虚实兼收;亦有人“德”字为重，铁肩道义。)、入物开头法(很久很久以前，也许在我的生命之树发芽的时候，我的生命之神就告诉我，我是一只火凤凰。那时幼稚的心灵无法参透凤凰的含义，长大了也是。)、写人开头法(夏日炎炎。鲁林从省城公安大学放假回家，来到A城地面，此地距离其老家梁山泊尚有一段路程，须乘班车，方可上路。)、叙事开头法(一年夏天，我和妻坐着海轮到了一个有名的岛上。——鲁彦《听潮》)、描景开头法(陌生的山花已有无数的开了。冷月下，却只见一犁春水，蓦然回首，总是充盈着泪水的双眼遥望寂灭的星空，总是随风飘动的思绪感叹树叶的凋零。——一考生《美丽一次》)、绘境开头法(十五那天，天热得发了狂。太阳刚一出来，地上已经像下了火。一些似云非云，似雾非雾的灰气低低地浮在空中，使人觉得憋气。——老舍《在烈日和暴雨下》)、定情开头法(我与父亲不相见已二年有余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。——朱自清《背影》)。

但究竟如何开头需要因文而定，因人而定，“文有定法，文无定法”就是这个问题。只要能够使阅卷者更好地理解和把握文章，且富有感染力和吸引力，就是成功的文章开头。

纵览全国历年优秀作文，不难发现，语言的出彩和深刻的文化思考就是大多数文章成功的主要原因。如何才能在作文中做到这两点呢?其中一个有效的方法就是巧妙地使用诗词，用诗词打扮自己作文的语言，用诗词为文章增加文化的厚度。

在作文中用好诗词的途径很多，或是利用诗词巧拟标题，或是妙用为题记，或是化用诗词故事、结构构思自己的作文。在这里我们重点来讲讲如何在文章语段中使用诗词增添文采。

一是直接引用诗词。

一般可以围绕话题，发散思维，搜寻相关的诗词，排比成文。比如下面关于“生命”主题的一段文字，就是引用了四位诗人的诗句对“生命”作了解释：

生命就是龚自珍“落红不是无情物，化作春泥更护花”的献身精神;生命就是文天祥“人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青”的浩然正气;生命就是苏东坡“一蓑风雨任平生”的超脱与豁达;生命就是杜甫“感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心”的无奈与感伤。

直接引用诗词让我们亲切地感受到了这四位诗人的形象，而排比成文更显示了作者对语言的把握能力，使文章的文采“跃然纸上”。再比如作文《望月》中的一个片段：

“惟江上之清风，与山间之明月，耳得之而为声，目遇之而成色，取之不尽，用之不竭，是造物者之无尽藏也，而吾与子之所共适也。”月是我们应该珍惜的人人共享的天赐之福。“花间一壶酒，独酌无相亲。举杯邀明月，对影成三人。”月是我们招之即来，尽可倾诉的知己。“床前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月，低头思故乡。”月是游子思乡念亲的一杯苦茶。“人生代代无穷己，江月年年望相似。不知江月待何人，但见长江送流水。”月又是我们参透历史，顿悟人生的一剂良药。

对诗句的引用和评价淋漓尽致地将作者对诗词的分析鉴赏和感悟能力展现在了我们面前，让那轮万古的明月高悬在我们的上空，使我们遥想百年、千年之前古人的梦想，使文章有了深刻的文化思考。

一是化用诗词。

所谓化用，就是截取诗词的某一部分直接变成我们作文语言或者是用自己的语言去演绎诗词的意境。比如下面这些语段：

乐观就是那直上青天里的一行白鹭;乐观就是那沉舟侧畔的万点白帆;乐观就是那鹦鹉洲头随风拂动的萋萋芳草;乐观就是那化作春泥更护花的点点落红。——话题“乐观”片段

在众人皆醉的麻木空气中，你选择了清醒;在众人皆浊的恶浊世道上，你选择了清白。褪去了华服，你选择了荷叶制的衣裳;逐出了京城，你选择了汨罗江的波涛。——《面对选择》片段

出自内心真诚的心灵选择，才能勾画鹦鹉洲上的萋萋芳草，才能点化二十四桥的清风明月，才能渲染香炉峰间的日照紫烟。——《美丽一次》片段

是的，摒除了浮华，去掉了雕饰，我们就像一枝出自清水的芙蓉，透着迷人的清香。——《简单》片段

天空中一丝云儿飘过，淡淡的、自由自在，你觉得真好，这就是语文;初升的朝阳光芒万丈，你觉得生机勃发，这就是语文;如血的残阳映红半边天，让人无限留恋，别忘了这也是语文。语文是那巍巍昆仑，是那草叶上久久不肯滴落的露珠，是古城旧都中国色天香的牡丹;语文是那无声的冷月，是那静谧的荷塘，是秦皇岛外滔天白浪里的打渔船，是那青天里的一行白鹭，是那沉舟侧畔的万点白帆，是那山重水复后的柳暗花明。——《冷香飞上语文》

这些文字没有直接引用杜甫、刘禹锡、龚自珍等的诗句，而是将他们诗句中的意象搬用过来作为自己作文语言中的一个成分或是作者用自己的语言对诗句的意境进行大胆的描写。这样的语段让我们联想起诗句的意境，带领我们进入似曾相似的诗歌意境，但是又能感受到作文创作者的心声。同样它也能增加文章的文采。

当然写作这样的语段，最重要的是作者对诗词的分析、感悟和概括能力。如果不明白诗的意境，随便套用，那便是“画虎不成反类犬”了。

导语：你的生日一般都是怎么度过的呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Today is my nine-year-old birthday. I am very happy, because my father buys a big cake for me and my sister just comes to Guangzhou . After dinner,My family watch Tv together.

I make a wish and blow out the candles . Do you want to know my wish ? Let me tell you , I wish I can study harder and harder ,then get the NO.1 in our class. Then I cut the cake and my family share the cake with me .

How nice today ! ! !

【参考译文】

今天是我九岁的生日。我很高兴，因为我的爸爸给我买了一个很大的蛋糕，并且我的姐姐刚刚从广州回来。晚饭后，我们全家一起看电视。

我许愿然后吹灭蜡烛。你想知道我的愿望吗?让我告诉你，我希望我学习越来越努力，在我们班拿到第一名。然后我切蛋糕，全家人和我一起分享蛋糕。

多么美好的一天!!!

房子是由人们居住而产生演变的,不同的地方,房子的性能结构都不同。你的房子是什么样子的呢?下面请看语文迷整理的我的房子英语作文，希望对你有帮助。

我的房子英语作文1：

Open the door,oh,the room is very beautiful!Whose room is this?It’s my room.

The bed is near the window.a quilt and a doll is on the bed.What color is my bed?It’s my favourite color—purple.It’s very dreamily color.the dresser is next to the bed.There are some books and a pen on the dresser.

I like watching TV.The TV is before the bed.I an lie to watch TV on the bed.I have a piano.The piano is near the TV set.Sometimes,I play the piano.And the computer is near the window.I often play the piano.

This is my room.Do you like my room?What about your room?

我的房子英语作文2：

We have a new flat. It’s on the third floor. There are there bedrooms, a kitchen, a bathroom and a big living room. I have my own room now. It’s big and nice. There is a big curtains and an air---conditioner. It’s nice. I love my new room very much.

我的房子英语作文3：

Look,this is my room.It is nice.my bed is on the floor .My basketball is under the bed.My backpack is on the table.My books are in the backpack. And my computer game is on the bed.Ilikeplayit.I love my room!

1. 不用说……

It goes without saying that …

= (It is) needless to say (that) ….

= It is obvious that ….

例：It goes without saying that it pays off to keep early hours.

不用说早睡早起是值得的。

2. 在各种……之中，……

Among various kinds of …, … /= Of all the …, …

例︰Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, ….

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that ….

例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

在我看来，玩电脑游戏既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwan’s economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do/that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

=It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：We shouldn’t spend too much time on something we aren’t interested in.

我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：At least it will prove how honest you are.

那至少可以证明你很诚实。

8. 状语从句

⑴ 如果你不…，你就会… If you don’t ..., you’ll ...

例︰If you don’t keep working hard, you’ll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

⑵ 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

⑶ 每当我听到……我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.

每当我做……我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.

每当我想到……我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.

每当我遭遇……我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.

每当我看到……我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.

例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.

= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.

每当我想到我家附近那一.��清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不...... I think / I don’t think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesn’t think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式, S + 现在完成式.

例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。

1、充分发挥自己的优势。认识水平高、擅长理性思维的同学可选择议论文，擅长形象思维、会刻画人物的同学可选择微型小说，擅长抒情的同学可选择散文。

2、临场写作时可以根据题意和你的表达需要想像一个或一类读者就在你的面前。如以“沟通”为话题作文，写与家长的沟通，可想像父母就在身边;写“沟通”之艰难和必要，就好像误解过你的人正在听你倾诉;写国际间通过沟通走向合作，就设想自己参与了国与国的谈判。即使所写文章没有明确的阅读对象，你也可以想像此文是写给你的语文老师的。你要知道，你的文章的惟一读者是那位跟你的语文老师非常相似的人。写记叙文，且最好将主人公设定为自己。想想阅卷老师的喜好，说他们想听的话。尽可能赢得评卷老师的同情。

3、写法上可以求新。要考虑，怎样表现更智慧，更艺术，更有可读性;但更要求稳。我的意见是大家一定要在一种比较稳的情况下，确有把握时才可写小小说或者是写戏剧，或者是写别的，确有把握之后才写这种文体，如果没有把握的话，就选择比较稳妥的老的文体，老的写法。

4、不可按上年或前几年的高考作文思路行文。求新、求变是人们所追求的，高考作文也不例外。但若按上年或前几年的高考作文思路行文，甚至拿来套用，机械模仿，不懂灵活应变，就会吃力不讨好，这也是失分的点。因为阅卷者大都是相对固定的，对以前的高考作文非常熟悉。不主张写诗歌、文言文。

5、苦于材料缺乏则可以突出自己的爱好。你如果喜欢体育，那你就像体育记者一样，叙体育、议体育，只要切合题意就好。你如果喜欢听××的歌、看××的书、爱好上网……你就可以将自己这一方面的经历和感受与命题联系起来。那样就不愁内容贫乏、文思枯竭。不要瞎编乱造。靠编故事骗取老师的眼泪从而获得高分的时代已经一去不复返了。

6、要美化自己，而不是丑化自己。要显现自己的高境界、大抱负、多知识、同情心，要显现自己以天下为己任的豪情。不要出于反衬别人等考虑而故意丑化自己，如果让评卷老师以为你真就是那样，那就麻烦了，因为高考是选拔性考试。从某个角度讲，评卷老师评卷的过程就是一个选择淘汰对象的过程。

7、字数以900字左右为宜。不能给人凑字数的感觉，但也不能拖得太长，不允许加纸条。许欢写长文的同学，开篇要注意不要放得太开，开口不要太大，能跳过去的就跳过去，要相信读者的理解能力。要注意节省篇幅，要防止高潮来了没地方写了。切忌三段文。要突出的句子(扣题的、表现主旨的、文眼、点睛之笔、抒情议论、议论文的分论点等)最好单独成段。

8、文章要有一至两个亮点。如果是记叙文，应该用抓人的情节和生动的描写表现你的真情，记叙文不能没有描写。如果是议论文，就一定要有1--2个典型的论据，就应该有纵横捭阖，很深刻的见解。如果是微型小说一定要有巧妙的构思。这个亮点还可以是一句富有哲理的警句，也可以是一个精彩的比喻，也可以是一个超常的搭配(酽酽的歌喉)。总之，要能使评卷老师精神为之一震。

9、行文中要多次扣题，要一路扣题一路歌。材料、引语和话题中的相关文字至少在文中出现三次以上。开头三句话内应点题一次，结尾应回扣标题，“回眸一笑百媚生”。中间至少扣题一次。几次扣题事实上也是在不断地提醒自己不要跑题。有球场上叫暂停的效果，可以调整思路和写法。

10、思想要健康。“思想健康”不是说要你只说冠冕堂皇的话，不是要你刻意拔高，“健康”是针对“病态”、“庸俗”而言的，它的底线是不能欣赏违背法律法规和偏离社会道德的事。恋爱题材是考场作文的禁区，无论考生写得如何缠绵悱恻，真挚动人，因其行为是中学生日常行为规范所不允许的，这类作文自然得不了高分。

11、观点不可太绝对，要留有余地。“义正”未必要“辞严”，“理直”未必就要“气壮”。联系现实生活时，涉及社会黑暗面时，要有分寸，不要一味指责。“质问京山大冤案”。批评家长、老师和社会要与人为善，抱着协商与治病救人的态度，要提建设性意见。不可尖刻、讽刺、挖苦，甚至恶意地进行人身攻击。

12、看到题目后，可先搜索一下自己以往所写的优秀作文，看有没有可以再利用的。需要注意的是一定要不牵强。

13、精写前几段，给评卷老师留下一个好印象。要精雕细刻，要出彩。比如，可开门见山，直奔主题;可制造悬念，引人入胜;可提出问题，引人注意;或巧用排比、比喻、拟人等修辞手法，或巧述故事，引人入胜，或巧用题记，揭示主旨，或巧用诗文显诗意。写好结尾和过渡段。阅卷老师一般是S型的扫描全文。结尾可画龙点睛，发人深思;或总结全文，照应开头;或虚笔拓展，扩大容量;或精辟议论，深化主旨。

14、要给自己充足的构思时间，不要急于动笔。“宁停三分，不争一秒”，因为写作是“开弓没有回头箭”的，写到一半，突然发现，呀，把题目理解错了，或没领会好命题的要求。最可怕的是文章写到一半，又想另起炉灶。时间没了，心情也坏了，干着急。建议打草稿，防止“三边工程”(边立项，边设计，边施工)。考场作文不宜见异思迁，边写边改。要贯彻一种构思。一旦构思已定，就不要轻易改变。

15、要力避前松后紧、虎头蛇尾。有些同学构思、提纲拟好后，开头反复推敲，精雕细琢，后来发现时间不够，于是草草收兵。此外，要谨慎对待修改。今年实行网上评卷，更应慎重。修改一般只着眼于字词方面的，可用米尺比好之后划两横。结构方面不能修改。要保持卷面的整洁美观，要努力做到改动少而效果好。

16、如果偏题或者离题，作文的主要分数就失去了。为防止跑题，可从如下几点做出努力：一是将材料、引语和话题联系起来思考，不可单看话题;二是看自己确立的观点能否用话题所给材料来证明;三是想一想这则材料当初发在媒体上登载是要达到一个什么效果的。万一跑题了，要考虑逆挽，使文章形成一种欲扬先抑的结构形态。

17、一定要完篇。熟话说，好文章是风头、猪肚、豹尾。没有豹尾，老鼠尾巴也要有一个，绝不能写半头文。用半篇文章给你评分，怎么会得高分?

18、要重视拟题，特别要注意不能缺题。不是万不得已，不要以话题做标题。张伟民讲那是一种浪费。拟题是显示你才气的一个好的平台，不能轻易放弃。缺题影响远不止2分。正好给了评卷老师扣分的理由。

散文是指以文字为创作、审美对象的文学艺术体裁，是文学中的一种体裁形式。小编收集了散文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、时间跨度大

散文不受时间限制，前可以远涉古代，后可跨及未来，又可覆盖今天。如秦牧的散文《土地》从今的土地一片生机，追溯到秋战时晋公子重耳狼狈出逃时手捧泥土感谢土地是苍的恩赐。再如杨朔散文《荔枝蜜》，从小时候树掐海棠花被蜜蜇了一，写到现在的参观蜜蜂场。时间跨度很大，但却紧紧围绕作者要表现的主题没有让感到丝毫的散。联想极丰富，文笔挥洒自如，极有感染力。

写散文时可以根据散文的这一特点，扩大时间跨度，多充实一些有关事件，*入多组镜，来增加散文的内容和彩，使文章多姿多彩，知识强。

二、空间转换广

散文既不受时间限制，也不受空间限制，天南海北，空间宇宙，无不可以包容其中。如鲁迅的回忆散文《藤先生》，空间跨度从中到本，再从东京到仙台，又从仙台回到北京，接着又写走到厦门，空间跨度大，空间转换之多让目不暇接，但写得层次分明，详略得当。把复杂的和事放在每个空间里，有的随意点染，有的泼墨描绘，错落有致，彩斑斓。如果我们在写散文时注意到这个特点，就不大会犯单薄、贫乏的毛病。Nfj中国散文网

比如：穿越彼岸的时空，静静的守护一个梦中的梦，风风雨雨中锦缎绒棉般滑落的花瓣，牵绕盘缠的根根视线，为何，为何扯不断，理还乱

三、事件牵涉多

写散文，多数离不开事件，尤其是叙事散文，事件是散文的“硬件”。许多好的散文有一个中心事件，以及烘托连带的一些与之有关的其它事件。如袁鹰的散文《井冈翠竹》，写井冈山的竹子做过武器杀伤敌，做过竹筒盛粥，做过红军的扁担挑着中革命从井冈山走到延安，走到北京。新中立后，竹子又被派了建设社会主义的新用场……事件多得让应接不暇。

四、表达方式活

散文常用记叙、说明、抒、议论、描写等表达方式。茅盾名篇《白杨赞》，就综合地运用了多种表达方式，如文章开就记叙和描写了汽车在黄土高原奔驰看到的黄土高原的外貌，用抒和议论点明了白杨树的象征意义。这些方式的运用，有力地表达了主题，使文章势浩大，摄心魄。我们在写散文时，特别要注意综合地运用多种表达方式，使文章富有澜。

五、勾连全文巧

散文的取材，可谓“杂”有章。既使散文思路开阔，包容量大，又使散文紧紧围绕作者的意图而不“越轨”。秦牧说写散文最不能丢的是“思想的红线”。即用一个醒目深刻的思想，把看似散的一大堆材料，贯穿文。若把这一个个事件喻作“珍珠”，真可做“红线穿珠”了。

我们要如何写好散文?

如何写散文?这对于我来说就是一个难题，因为我自己的散文就向来写不好。自然，这不是说我写的诗更强些。先说散文是什么?往广说，散文是和韵文对待的，相当于英文的Prose。

小说和散文的确是极其相近的。请大家注意区分。

还有，论文也属于散文的一种。论文写不好，就流于油滑，琐碎，散漫。假若这方面要有好的就，真诚是第一，陈言之务去也很重要，而且要多读英的好作品。中过去的文集中，假若定分析，原以这类散文为多，可惜乘的太少了。这里说的散文，是狭义的散文，一般称作抒散文;五四时期，曾有“美文”“小品文”和“随笔”之称;当代又有称之为“艺术散文”。

什么是“艺术散文”?

艺术散文有广义和狭义两种概念。

广义的散文，在古代指的是一切不押韵的文章。不过，古代没有“散文”这一个名称;“散文”这个名称是“五四”时期才有的。在现代，广义的散文包括了除去诗歌、小说、戏剧、影视文学之外的一切叙事、议论、抒的文体，如秦牧在《海阔天空的散文领域》中说，“不属于其他文学体裁，而又具有文学味道的一切篇幅短小的文章，都属于散文的范围”。这样，就有了抒散文，叙事散文和议论散文等的分类。

狭义的散文则专指抒散文。

这是因为随着文体的发展，叙事散文中的通讯特写、传记文学、报告文学等，已经发展为独立的文体，各一类;议论散文则有了专门的名称——杂文，也从散文中分了出来，剩下的只有抒散文，这就是狭义的散文。

散文，是文学里的一株奇葩。中的文学里很早就有了散文的踪迹，如欧修的《醉翁亭记》，范仲淹的《岳楼记》等等。但最功的，莫过于那部《徐霞客游记》。此文虽同属于游记的范畴，但在内容和思想方面，已经脱离了那种单纯的借景抒式的文章，开创了散文新的体裁。到了近代，中更是涌现出一大批散文家。如朱自清、扬朔、艾青等，他们的作品，有的清新娟秀，有的深厚凝重。但同样之都是记录、赞叹了新中的建立，长，发展。这对于后来的散文，在风格影响甚深。

综所述，散文主要有两个方面值得注意，既体裁和风格。

先说体裁。

现在的散文体裁已经分有好几种。有随笔小札、心文字、旅行游记、叙事抒等等。随着笔者的感触不同，每篇散文的定义就有所区别。寥寥几语，尽述心事，这样的散文很精悍，与现代诗歌相得益彰;洋洋洒洒，阐述心，这样的散文很凝铸，作者一定必有深意，要结合题目去理解，才能领悟。

再说风格。

有清新的、凝重的、喜悦的、悲伤的、积极的、落寞的，数不胜数。但有一个宗旨，既文笔一定要优美，文章一定要流畅。“形散而神不散”。最后结尾，一定要有点睛之笔，突出主题，应出这篇文章的思想。其实，生如酒自斟酌，文章似茶随调和。一篇好散文的功之，只要能引起读者共鸣的，都是好文章。散文虽有它自己独特的一些规定和范畴，但只要是发自内心的文字，谁不为之感动呢?古诗中的拗句也是如此。什么是散文?散文就是剖露在纸跳跃的心灵文字!

作文示例：

1、最近，人教社出版的中学教材决定减少鲁迅作品，引来非议。中学教材里鲁迅作品是否保留，保留多少，历来有不同的意见，各有理由，相持不下。

对此，你有什么意见?写一篇不少于800字的短评。

2、北大教授季羡林以98岁高龄辞世，上至中央领导，下至普通百姓，都纷纷悼念这位德高望重、著作等身的大学者;各种媒体也大量报道。就一个学者而言，这样的规格和影响在新中国历史上是空前的。这背后的原因是什么?仅仅是痛失一位学贯中西博通古今的学者吗?

对此你有怎样的思考?写一篇不少于800字的短评。

3、2009年9月9日，恰逢“三九合一”，“天长地久”的幸福寓意让很多青年男女选择在这个良辰吉日喜结良缘，登记结婚，讨一个好兆头，希望能为婚姻生活开个好头。中国人这种讨个好兆头的心理比较普遍，如手机号、车牌号等喜欢选“8”字，楼层、房号忌用“4”字;婚礼、葬礼，搬家、建房，都要选个好日子;生活中也有不少禁忌。

针对诸如此类的文化现象，你有怎样的看法?请写一篇评论性的文章，说说你的观点并阐述理由。

时评的基本特征：

1、讲究“时效性、针对性、准确性、说理性、思想性”。尤其要注重准确性和说理性。

2、在写法上，分为就事论事和就事论理两类。 就事论事，就是按照事物本身的性质来评定是非得失，不要求作过多的材料外的拓展和延伸，主要就材料本身进行评议，发表自己的看法，能言之成理，持之有据。 就事论理，是对所评之事进行具体深入分析，充分说理，阐明一个道理，而不是停留在就事论事上，以达到“扶正祛邪，激浊扬清”的写作目的。

3、在命题上，具有开放性，可以仁者见仁智者见智。

4、在审题立意上，可以抓住中心事件，考察中心事件的构成因素，然后选取一个侧面、一个角度来立意。

写作模式：

(一)引用材料(选准切入点，简明扼要，1自然段，约100字)

(二)分析材料(注意层次，逻辑关系要清晰，2-3自然段，约400字)

(三)联系实际说道理(搜集典型论据，适当发挥，约200字)

(四)结论(约100字)

“时评”也属于议论文，那么时评写作的基本思路就和一般的议论文的写作思路基本一致。它的基本思路是：提出问题——分析问题——解决问题

1、开篇引用材料的新闻报道内容。(引)【略】

2、对报道内容进行一些解析作为过渡。(点)【略】

3、从多个角度分析新闻，或阐释其意义，或剖析其谬误。(议)【详】

4、联系社会现实的类似现象，挖掘现象背后的根源。(联)【详】

5、最后从多个层面提出若干个解决问题的“合理化建议”。(结)【详】

即：引——点——议——联——结

时评写作四要求：

1.选取恰当的当下新闻

2.确定鲜明独到的观点

3.搜集典型有力的论据

4.运用严密有趣的语言

阅读下面文字，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

陈小姐带着在BB车中熟睡的1岁大的孩子乘公交车，司机让陈小姐将BB车折叠放好，否则就多交1元的行李费。陈小姐表示，如果把车折叠起来会把孩子弄醒，而车上没有空座位，把小孩抱在手中乘车又很危险。她认为司机的要求非常不合理，坚决不交这1元钱，而司机则拒不开车。为了这1元钱，陈小姐与司机“对峙”数小时，其间陈小姐多次报警，警察两度出警，车上数十人被迫转车。最后，在警察苦口婆心的劝导下，陈小姐搭乘警车回家。

此事引起了社会各方的反响，议论不一。

要求：选择一个角度构思作文，自主确定立意，确定文体，确定标题;不脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文，不要套作，不得抄袭。

【例文】

学会包容与体谅

因为一辆BB车，司机与女乘客“对峙”数小时;因为一辆BB车，警察两度出警;因为一辆BB车，数十乘客被迫转车。这也许只是大千社会中的一件小事，但却充满讽刺，令人唏嘘。(引用材料)

这件事本来不难解决，只要司机肯体谅一下那位年轻的母亲，让她把BB车停在车内一角，只要车上的哪位乘客能体谅一下司机的顾虑，把位子让给那位要抱婴儿的母亲，帮她折叠一下那BB车。但是在那天的车厢里，就是没有这种忍让，这种体谅，所以可笑可悲的一幕就此发生。(针对材料具体分析，点出论点)

每一个人都是社会中的一员，每个人的生活，都离不开与人相处，与人打交道，而在人与人的交往中，每个人都免不了会与别人发生磨擦，发生争执，但是如果大家都能体谅一下他人的难处，多为他人着想，也许，这社会中的许多干戈就能化为玉帛，也许和谐社会就不在离我们那么遥远。(过渡到生活实际)

但是，在这个唯自己利益至上，在这个人与人之间的情感日益淡漠的社会中，有多少人可以先放下自己的利益去体谅他人，又有谁，肯牺牲自己的利益去忍让别人?城管为了严格执法，强行扣留小贩的货物，小贩为了与城管对抗，不惜把货物摔烂，不惜以死相挟;房地产商为了尽快收地，野蛮拆掉居民民房;住户为了争取更多的补偿，甘愿死守阵地，做“钉子户”;农户为了摆脱薰天的臭气，不惜火烧邻居的猪棚，学生为了一时之愤，用笔刺伤同学，邻居间为了越墙的树恶言相向……我们都忘了“退一步海阔天空”的道理了吗?我们都忘了“以和为贵”的意义了吗?(联系生活现象反面论证)

但我们必定还记得蔺相如谅解廉颇对自己的不满，对对方处处迁就，最后他以国事为重，忍让同僚的品质使廉颇羞悔自疚，负荆请罪，我们必定还记得一位学者在建屋子的时候叮嘱家人为邻居留下几米小巷，结果邻居也为他们留下小巷子的故事。这其实就是我们大家想要的结局，少一些争吵，多一点忍让，少一点冲突，多一点和谐。这个结局，是需要大家一起努力的。(联系生活现象正面论证)

放下自己烦躁，功利、自私的心吧，多去体谅一下他人，多为旁人着想，也许人家也在体谅着你的难处，也在包容着你的错误。用包容的心，照亮社会的每一个角落，用体谅去化解每一场干戈。(总结、点题、扣题)

阅读下面的文字，根据要求写出结构模式。

2008年12月，天地壹号公司正式与35名研究生签订工作协议。大学生养猪、卖肉、擦皮鞋、沐足、当保姆究竟是浪费人才还是转变择业观念的体现?对此，各方众说纷纭。

有很多人认为，大学生卖猪肉合情但不合理。金融海啸的恶劣形势下出现这种情形情有可原。但如果都去从事这些与专业不相干的简单劳动，却是“不合理”的。资料显示，培养一个大学生，国家每年花在大学生身上的钱大约1.3～1.5万元人民币，每个家庭所花费的更多。如果只能去卖猪肉，那么投入的教育资源就是一种巨大的浪费。

但不少签约研究生表示，“无论是什么行业，都必需从基层做起。”而且，在结束3天的卖肉实习后他们表示：“卖猪肉其实很有技术含量，猪肉的切割就可以影响20%的利润。”

针对2009年高校毕业生的就业困境，北京大学校长周其凤说：“事实上我年轻时什么都做过，砌过墙，做过下水工。”他还一再强调，能够充分发挥一个人长处的职业就是好的职业，只有转变择业观念才会化解困境。

概述材料中心事件：

引：思考挖掘 找准切入点

1、关注时事主体

2、抓住事件本身的焦点

(与自己价值观、人生观有冲突或相一致，与社会文化传统、文明礼仪有冲突或相一致，与传统的道德底线有冲突或相一致等等 。)

金融危机影响下，大学生就业困难。

分析挖掘材料内容，明确立意角度 ：

①大学毕业生要转变就业思维。要从基层做起，从小事做起，积累经验，锻炼自己。“劳动不分贵贱”。“是金子总会发光的”。大学生毕业选择养猪、卖肉、擦皮鞋、沐足作为自己的职业，实际上反映了我国高等教育从精英教育到大众教育的转变。

②大学毕业找不到工作，只有选择养猪、卖肉、擦皮鞋、沐足这些没有多少技术含量的工作，浪费国家教育资源和人民税收，增加了普通民众的经济负担，也是对学生时间、精力的巨大浪费。如果所有毕业生都去卖猪肉，如果所有有专业知识的人才都要从事没有多少技术含量的工作，那我们的高等教育难道不是失败的吗?高等教育亟需改革。

从对(赞成)、错(反对)的角度立意

阅读下面的文字，根据要求写出结构模式。

家住长沙的韩女士在化疗后被医生建议服用一种癌症辅助治疗药芦笋片。这种芦笋片在湘雅二医院开价213元。韩女士经打听发现,其实这种芦笋片每瓶只需30元。

医院药品采购负责人告诉记者,该院所有药品价格,均经过湖南省物价部门的审批,且按规定招标采购。记者查询了湖南省2010年度集中采购药品投标报价指导价格,发现芦笋片的指导价是136元。湘雅二医院实际上的加价率达56%,远超国家规定的15%。

记者从医药公司获取的销售清单显示,芦笋片从医药公司卖到医院,价钱从三四十元涨到了136元。而芦笋片入库价格仅需15.5元。也就是说,医院售价是批发价的7倍,是出厂价的14倍。

立意训练：

链接材料：

1、央视《新闻调查》： 哈尔滨市离休教师 翁文辉 患上了恶性淋巴瘤。因为化疗引起多脏器功能衰竭，被送进了哈尔滨医科大学第二附属医院的心外科重症监护室。 住院67天，花费近140万元，平均每天 近21000元。 更让人惊奇的是，医药单上居然有患者 严重敏感的药物，而在患者去世后的两天，医院竟然还陆续开出了两张化验单。

2、台湾医院误将艾滋感染者器官移植给五名病人 。

立意方向

1、恪守医德、天职

2、监管漏洞、为己牟利

3、 垄断物价，见利忘义

4、道德缺失

5、百姓生命 百姓权利

6、社会秩序 信任缺失

7、法律缺失

阅读材料，进行横向思考，发表见解。

2011年10月13日下午5点30分，广东佛山南海黄岐的广佛五金城里，2岁女童小悦悦在过马路上不慎被一辆面包车撞倒并两度碾压，随后肇事车辆逃逸，随后开来的另一辆车直接从已经被碾压过的女童身上再次开了过去，七分钟内在女童身边经过的十几个路人，都对此冷眼漠视，只有最后一名拾荒阿姨陈贤妹上前施以援手，由此引发网友广泛热议。2011年10月21日，小悦悦经医院全力抢救无效，于0时32分离世。小悦悦事件余波未平，又一还有几天才满3岁“悦悦”在增城新塘牛仔城附近自家档口门前被车撞倒， 被压在轮下，头部变形。 终因伤势过重抢救无效身亡。

1、南京市一名75岁的老汉 ，一头从公交车后门跌倒在地，爬不起来，跟在身后的乘客都不敢上前救他，老汉大喊：“是我自己跌的，你们不用担心。”听了这话，众乘客才上前救他。

2、2006年11月20日早晨，一位老太在交站台等 车。人来人往老太被撞倒摔成了骨折，彭宇赶忙去扶她了， 另一男子 也主动过来扶 。老太不停地说谢谢，后 一起将她送到医院。”鉴定后构成8级伤残，医药费花了不少。老太指认撞人者是刚下车的小伙彭宇。老太及其家属一口就咬定彭宇是“肇事者”，告到法院索赔13万多元。

3、天津市车主许云鹤因搀扶违章爬马路护栏摔倒的王老太，被天津市红桥区人民法院判赔108606元。法院的判决理由之一，是“车主许云鹤发现王老太时只有4、5米，在此短距离内作为行人的王老太突然发现车辆向其驶来，必然会发生惊慌错乱，其倒地定然会受到驶来车辆的影响。” 许云鹤搀扶老人赔偿10万成第二个彭宇。 不少网友直呼这是翻版的“彭宇案”。

材料链接：

5、2011年 7月12日23时许，宁夏 连锁超市两名女员工下夜班回家，途经 裕民东街时遇两劫匪抢包。90后小伙儿李潇、纳正东刚巧路过，见状奋力追赶上抢包劫匪，两人被刺十多刀后仍坚持追赶，最终在出租车司机的协助下，警察迅速赶到将歹徒制服。二人随后被紧急送医院，目前尚在昏迷中，生命迹象暂时平稳。

4、2009年10月24日，为了抢救两名落水的少年，长江大学十多名大学生手拉手结成人梯扑进江中营救，两名男孩获救，陈及时、何东旭、方招3名大学生不幸被江水吞没，英勇献身。

【训练题目】

用横向和纵向思考对问题进行分析：

一、一说ABC，儿子就大哭大闹。家住渝北区新南路龙湖花园的王超，最近为这事儿伤透脑筋。他不知道，是该继续逼着娃儿学英语，还是该放弃?昨日，他把5岁的儿子送到位于龙湖花园的培正逗点早教中心，希望专业人士能给一些“灵丹妙药”，让孩子开口说ABC。“英语好重要哟。”说起逼迫儿子王思洋学英语，王超显得很激动。由于家庭条件比较好，他想把儿子送出国读高中，英语就成了重要的一环。王超的好友周祥记得，从小王的妻子怀孕起，小两口就买来《疯狂英语》等各类碟子，天天放起听搞胎教。在11月9号儿子5岁生日那天，王超买来英语教材，正式开始手把手教孩子学英语。怎料，第一天学英语，儿子拿起字母表，到处乱扔，随便怎样教，就是不肯开口说。“还专门制定了计划表。”王超的妻子李程说，每天早上七点教英语字母，下午五点半，教写英语单词。可是，娃娃一点也不感冒，随便自己怎么教，孩子嘴里只嚷着要吃饭。下午写单词，娃儿只是在纸上乱涂乱画。

所谓纵向分析，是由某种现象生发开去，对现象进行深入地剖析，分析这种现象产生的原因，分析各种现象之间的联系，从纷繁复杂的表面现象中挖掘出事物的本质，从而寻找解决问题的根本方法。

1、联系社会类似的“英语热”、“钢琴班”、“奥数班”等儿童超前教育、早慧教育、特色教育的社会现象，提出评论的问题：我们的孩子该学点什么?我们的超前教育应该教些什么?

2、分析问题：成人与成才的关系、品德与学识的关系、小时的习惯养成对人生成长的影响等，要举例论证。

3、针对问题提出我们看法：成才先成人

由横向思考引出：

这种教育方法的危害( a、孩子失去了应有的欢乐童年;b、强迫会让小孩产生厌恶，久而久之，不仅仅是对英语，对学习，甚至对父母所要求做到的一切;c、强迫会让小孩产生依赖，失去自立; d、这种片面教育会影响孩子的知识结构和对世界的认知;

e、甚至会扭曲孩子的人格。)

解决问题的方法(a、教育要循序渐进、因时施教;b、儿童学习要注重营造良好的学习氛围; c、要注重激发和培养孩子的兴趣;d、儿童学习要寓教于乐[游戏、故事、卡通、影视等 ;e、英语学习要结合孩子的日常生活和行为等。)

由纵向思考引出：

例：值得思考的是，大学生卖猪肉实属正当职业，何以遭致诟病。中国的孩子从小被教育“劳动最光荣”，但在实际中却被教育“劳动也有三六九等”，这不是对教育的莫大讽刺吗?更何况人的一生不会只从事一种职业，朱元璋还是出身于乞丐呢!富兰克林从12岁起 在印刷所里当学徒，从事印刷工作很长时间。也许这正是他能成为大家的基础吧。因此，大学生们，走自己的路，让别人去说吧。

①形象收尾(比喻、意蕴句、排比段等)。

②情感收尾(感叹句、祈使句、展望)。

二、5月7日晚上8点多，20岁的胡斌和另两人分驾三辆高级跑车，从东而西沿文二西路一路疾速行驶。车辆行至紫桂花园和德嘉公寓两个小区门之间的斑马线时，撞上正通过斑马线横穿马路的25岁浙江大学毕业生、计算机工程师谭卓。谭卓的身体被车头撞上后，先是在空中翻转，在撞到挡风玻璃后再度飞了出去。“有两层楼那么高，至少20多米远”。根据当事人胡某及相关证人陈述，案发时肇事车辆速度为70公里/小时左右。70码车速能否将人撞飞5米高20米远?“70码”随后成了最热的网络新名词。网友们还在互动百科上创造了一个新物种——“欺实马”. “70码的车速怎么能导致飞高5米飞远20米?”由于警方的调查结果与众多现场目击者的描述相差甚远，浙大学生和杭州市民立即表达了极大不满。

针对杭州警方的网络恶搞随后展开。“70码”随后成了最热的网络新名词。网友们还在互动百科上创造了一个新物种——欺实马”，以此讽喻交警在通报会上的表现。

时事材料分析：

灾难片大师罗兰·艾默里奇的最新力作，电影《2012 ：世界末日》横空出世。 长期以来，人类掠夺性地攫取资源，导致地球内部能量平衡系统崩溃，伴随着火山爆发，将导致地震、海啸，世界末日即将来临，人类将遭遇灭顶之灾。各国政府秘密制造方舟，希望能躲过这一浩劫。

在生死攸关的时刻，人类表现各异。勇敢者主动承担重任，自私者无所遁形。杰克逊带领自己的家人，驾驶一架临时租来的飞机，冲出被死亡阴霾瞬间笼罩的城市上空。为寻找查理所说的方舟，千千万万个生灵通过各种方法来到方舟制造基地，方舟有限的容纳数量引发前所未有的恐慌。最终，人们因互爱和对生命的尊重而得以生存。

材料链接：

思路 一： 以“责任”为话题

地球即将毁灭，地球人将遭受灭顶之灾，是谁造成这一恶果?面对灾难，人们将采取何种态度?是以拯救人类苦难为己任，还是逃之夭夭，为顾一己之私利?是君子风范，把妇女婴儿生命放在第一位，还是只图个人生存。灾难，是考验人品质的试金石，人们啊，不管什么时候，不能忘记自己应承担的责任，应尽的义务。

思路二：以“品质”为话题

灾难，激扬人性的光辉;灾难。彰显人类的风采。胸怀博大者，忧天下之所忧，急天下之所急，将拯救同胞的苦难作为责任，一往无前，义无反顾;卑劣低贱者，耍弄伎俩，以害人为快，残忍地置他人与死地，机关算尽太聪明，却害了卿卿性命，到头来只能把自己钉在历史的耻辱柱上;冰心高杰者，面对死亡，从容镇定，蹈死而不顾，奉献无私之爱;私欲膨胀者，苦心钻营，为保一己之私利，挖空心思，不择手段，成为财富的奴隶。

思路三：以“呵护自然”为话题

地球灭亡，人类具有深重的罪孽。给人类带来灭顶之灾的正是人类自己，破坏性的攫取资源，肆意毁坏自然，豪无顾忌地把科学作为掠夺的手段，结果就是环境污染严重、水土流失、二氧化碳增多，也因此给人类自己带来灭顶之灾。然而，现实中没有诺亚方舟，解决人类灾难的不二人选只能是人类自己，呵护自然，就是保护我们自己的生命。

思路四：以“多难兴邦”为话题

世纪末日兴许只是惊世之言，然而，惊心动魄的灾难场景，直令人铭刻于心。

影片中地球人的行为印证了这一哲理：灾难面前，不能一味悲观失望，怨天尤人。而应空前团结，化悲痛为力量，坚强守望家园，用拼搏点亮生命的光辉。

事实是：苦难是孕育智慧的摇篮，可磨练人的意志，可净化人的灵魂，可更新我们生活的世界，多难，亦可振兴我们的邦国!

思路五：以“忧患”为话题

古语道：人无远虑，必有近忧。现在，我们人类无法徜徉于陶潜笔下的世外桃源、梭罗心中的瓦尔登湖畔，执迷不悟，终将自食地球灾难的恶果。

“生于忧患，死于安乐”，我们要树立忧患意识，见微知著、洞察未来，保护我们共同生活的地球。增强“忧患”意识，未雨绸缪，地球才会生生不息，真正成为一艘“诺亚方舟”。

思路六：以“爱”为话题

爱是地球毁灭时人们的相互尊重和对生的退让，由此，我们不难想到：爱是向对方奉献;爱，可构建和谐社会;爱，是生死存亡的考验。

作为每一个普通公民，也应“从我做起。“悠悠万事，民生为大。”灾情如火，在灾情的“烤问”下，作为每一个被纳税人供养的人民公仆，应多多忧民之忧、解民之虑。

思路七：以“发展”为话题

克服顾此失彼,重视均衡发展. 地方追求GDP增长而毁林建设，种植单一经济类树 种 ，破坏了生物多样性，水土保固功能降低，也是不可忽视的因素。

反思经济发展模式。不能再执迷于高碳经济、GDP数字，要综合考量环境承载能力，转向低碳经济模式，减少对自然环境的破坏，走科学循环发展的道路。

高考作文，有其不容动摇的社会属性：无论命题怎样改变，万变不离其宗的是对社会、民生乃至青年成长的深刻关注。做了书虫，受其牵绊，作文是做不好的。考生要真正懂得，用心、用思想去面对乃至评判现时色彩斑斓、内容驳杂的生活以及生活中的人和事，最起码，要让自己具有社会的责任意识、历史的人文精神和人生的悲悯情怀，而这，有时甚至比语言本身更重要。

写作训练：

近年来，一些公民在旅游活动中表现出来的不文明行为，损害了中国“礼仪之邦”的形象，引起了海内外舆论的关注和批评。“大声喧哗、随地吐痰、乱扔杂物、排队加塞、乱刻乱画、衣冠不整”等这些随处可见的现象，被海外一些媒体归纳为中国游客的“通病”。有的境外旅行社和宾馆甚至因此拒绝接待中国旅游团队。这实在是令人难堪的现象。为此，中央文明委日前发出通知，部署在全国实施“提升中国公民旅游文明素质行动”。

这是提高公民文明素质和现代文明程度，形成良好社会风尚的有效途径，也是维护国家形象，增强国家“软实力”的迫切需要。同时在人们的日常生活中形成“文明可贵，不文明可鄙”、“文明走遍天下，不文明寸步难行”的共识也是时代发展的需要。让我们从自己做起，从点滴做起，逐步养成文明的习惯，形成文明的社会大环境，孕育出“文明光荣，不文明可耻”的氛围。

要求：请根据材料提炼观点，自选角度，自拟标题，自定文体，所写文章不要脱离材料内容或其含义范围。

导语：小编给大家带来10条写作心得，相信大家看了一点有所帮助的，一起来看看吧!

一、写外貌不用“有”。

作文如何写外貌?孩子的作文里总会看到类似这样的名子：“XX可漂亮了，她有一头卷卷的黄头发，有一双乌黑的葡萄般的大眼睛，有一个高高的鼻子，还有一张樱桃小嘴”。

如果你试着让他们去掉文中的“有”，把文字重新串联一遍，会发现作文顺了很多。写上段文字的同学经老师指导后修改如下：“XX可漂亮啦。一头卷卷的黄头发自然地披在肩上。她的眼睛太吸引人了，乌黑乌黑葡萄一般。高高的鼻子，和樱桃小嘴配合起来，有点混血的味道，同学们可喜欢她啦。”是不是读起来舒服多了?

二、写说不单写“说”。

让孩子比较以下三句话。

张三说：“……”;张三无可奈何地说：“……”;张三摊了摊手，一副无可奈何的样子：“……”。

显然，让人物说话有多种方式，写语言可以不用出现“说”而是在语言前面加上动作和神态，通过一定的训练掌握这样的技巧让孩子的写作水平切实得到提升，让他们学会细节描写，不会仅干巴巴的地写“某某说”。

三、写想不出现“想”。

遇到描写心理活动时，这样的句子已经被孩子们写滥：“我脑子里跳出两个小人，一个小人……另一个小人……”。不用这个句子又该怎么写?最常用的就是“我心想”。如某学生写：“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。我心想：天哪!这该怎么办呢?”

按照“写想不用想”的技巧，去掉“我心想”三个字如何?“数学老师出了一道难题要带回家写的。天哪!这该怎么办呢?”是不是更简洁精练?别忘了提醒孩子要给心理描写加上适当感叹词。

四、不用成语，作文为什么写不长?

不是说多用成语才显得有文采吗?其实不然，在“就是不用成语”写作技巧中，当作文中只会按照套路使用成语时，文章细节就没了，还不如让孩子老老实实把自己看到的感受都写出来。什么天高云淡、风和日丽、桃红柳绿、炯炯有神、心旷神怡……这些被用滥的成语还是少出现为妙。

比如，写春天别用“风和日丽”，而是这样写：“风儿拂过林梢，原本平静的湖面漾起了圈圈涟漪，湖边的柳树轻摇着身姿，我也忍不住张开双臂，任风抚过我的每一寸肌肤，暖暖的，痒痒的。”想办法用具体的句子替换掉别人用滥的成语，解决孩子作文写不长、写不细的难题。

五、遇到“很”和“非常”想一想。

对于文章写不长的孩子，可以训练的另一个技巧是：遇到“很”和“非常”想一想。看过无数学生习作，发现出现频率最高的字眼包括“很、非常”，请家长提醒孩子，遇到要写这几个字时不要轻易下笔，停下来想一想，是不是非要出现这个字眼?

比如写热，别出现“很热”两个字，学会用其他的描写来体现热：骄阳似火，没有一丝风，树叶低垂毫无生气……文章自然就能写长。

六、环境里面有“真”“情”。

到了五六年级孩子都要学习环境描写。如有的孩子会写：“早上天气还挺好的，放学回家时，却哗哗下起雨来。雨珠在下，泪珠在滴，老天也好像在为我哭泣”。

孩子能用环境衬托自己的心情首先要表扬。但是很多孩子只要一写环境，肯定就是小花微笑，小草点头、小鸟歌唱、小雨哭泣，成了套路，难道世界上只有小草、小鸟、小花吗?为什么不能写身边更真实的东西呢?云、雾、桌子，哪怕是电线杆都可以写，这个技巧是提醒孩子不仅要让人活在环境里，还要让人活在真实的环境里。

七、要动连着动，文章要一波三折才好看。

现在的孩子生活都很平淡，你不能强求他们写出一波三折的内容，那就让他们学会一波三折地使用动词，要动连着动——学会连续使用动词。某学生写一场乒乓球球赛：“他发了一个旋转球，让人看得眼花缭乱”(一句话把文章就给写完了)。

学会动词技巧后将原句修改成：“只见他高高地将球抛起，眼睛死死盯着，球接触球板的一瞬间，他手腕轻轻一抖，脚一跺，球高速旋转着，向这边飞来，让人看得眼花缭乱”。一个动词转瞬变成六七个，文字即刻灵动丰富起来。

八、一秒钟的事写三百字。

这还是针对作文写不长的一种技巧训练：用三百字来描写1秒钟内发生的事。如关于破校运会跳高纪录瞬间的描写原本只有几十字：只见某某纵身一跳，一下子飞过横杆，新的校运会纪录诞生了!

怎么变成三百字?可以有条理地加上动作解剖：如何助跑、起跳、翻越、落地;加上联想：往届校运会有人挑战失败，平时如何一次次练习等等;还可以加上细节来充实，起跳前如何与同学们进行眼神交流，成功后同学如何向他祝贺……家长可以找一些1秒钟的素材让孩子进行写作练习，学会了这个技巧还怕考试写不出四五百字吗?

九、一段话里至少出现6个标点。

很多孩子不会用标点，习作中常只有逗号句号逗号句号，甚至逗号都没有，把老师读到断气为止。针对这个现象，可以让孩子进行“一段话至少出现6种标点”的技巧训练。比如，。?!……：“”等等。

这些标点你的作文中都有吗?没有的话请尝试用起来。经过几次训练后，你会发现孩子的惊人变化：意味深长的句子会写了，人物语言会加进去了，心理活动结合进去了，还会用反问句了。这些句子加进去后，文章当然生动起来。一位作家就曾用这种方法对自己作文写不好的孩子进行训练，收效明显，进步很快。

十、字数三四五。

这个技巧说白了就是学习写短句。学了一段时间写作的孩子容易在作文中写长句，而长句写不好就变成病句。事实上很多作家也是以写短句见长的，像沈从文、汪曾祺。家长要提醒孩子注意控制每句话的字数，建议把十几个字几十个字的长句改成只有三四五个字的短句，孩子们会发现这样的作文有语感会舒服很多。

写作文要创新，要出彩，切忌重复过去，切忌重复别人。只有创新才能出奇制胜，只有出彩才能写出耳目一新的文章，小编整理了2017年小升初作文指导，欢迎阅读。

一、平心静气，成竹在胸

考场作文的心态很重要，特别是看到自己平时没有准备的，心中没有底的作文时，有人不免要慌乱，你要告戒自己，作文是猜不到的，很正常，但我努力思考，我肯定又是熟悉的，要有自信，对自己说我能写好，成功与失败很大程度上决定于心理素质，要平心静气，努力思考，要成竹在胸，写好作文。还要不断地给自己以积极的暗示，一般的同学不妨这么

想：千字小文何足惧，写出佳作大有希望。

二、仔细审题，把握材料

从近几年高考来看，作文命题是话题作文，它包括：材料，话题，限定条件。这种“限而不死”的作文形式，其优越性日渐为人们所认识。因此，按提供的材料认真审题，就成了考场作文的起点，也是写好考场作文的关键。

话题作文的题面通常由话题材料、写作话题和注意事项三部分组成，其中材料是话题的依托，话题是写作的中心，注意事项是对写作提出的补充要求。审题时，这三部分都要认真揣摩，万不可顾此失彼。

三、文题简洁，准确醒目

文题是文章的眉目，“文好题一半”。一个好的题目，可以概括全文的内容，可以体现全文的思路，可以蕴涵全文的主旨，可以表明全文的特色，能给人清新脱俗、耳目一新的感觉，能一下子抓住读者的注意力、激发起仔细阅读的兴趣，能使文章起到眉目传神的妙用。考场作文的文题应力求简洁凝炼，形象生动，拟题原则是“小”“准”“新”，能展示文采，先声夺人。常见的文题有三种类型。1、采用原话题的原词句，并不多加改造。如《心灵的选择》《小议诚信》。2、在对原话题理解的基础上，所拟文题或明确主旨，或概括内容，或体现思路，或表明特色，如《高扬道德的大旗》、《失败是种难言的美丽》。3、采用一定的修辞方法，常见的如比喻《用语言连缀心灵的星空》，夸张式《世界很小是个家》，引用式《你不该安静地走开》(歌曲)、《忙兮忙兮奈若何》(诗句)，反问式《21世纪你美吗》，情景式《滑铁卢上空的雄鹰》，符号式《出发+拼搏=到达》，呼告式《妈妈，我想对你说》，对比式《英雄无用武之地与英雄有用武之地》。这三种情况以后两种为好。

四、凤头引蝶，立意新颖

古人写文章很讲究开头，称之“凤头”，西方的谚语也这样说：好的开头是成功的一半。对于一篇800字左右的考场作文来说更是如此，往往开头便决定了整篇文章的大体走势，定下了文章的基调。同时，一个好的开头也增加考生写好下文的信心。开头的方法有很多，但究竟如何开头需要因文而定，因人而定。只要能够使阅卷者更好地理解和把握文章，且富有感染力和吸引力，就是成功的文章开头。

立意时一要善于“化大为小”，口子要小，要善于在一个大的、宽泛的范围内，“择其一点，不及其余”，也就是只写“大范围”中的“某一方面”，给自己提供了一个充分发挥、具体表现的好舞台，这样才能在小篇幅内写出立意鲜明集中、内容具体充实的好文章。二要善于“以小见大”，从小的方面表现深刻的主题。这就要求我们在选择“小的方面”的时候，注意所选方面的“现实性、针对性、典型性”。

立意对文章写作的成败至关重要，应该在准确、深刻、新颖、独到上下工夫，最好能体现出创新意识，这就需要有见地、有胆识，善于避开人云亦云的观点，跳出陈陈相因的窠臼，表现出自己对社会、对人生的真实感受和认识。如果想写出认识深刻的的文章来，就要“见人所未见，发人所未发”。要做到深思，就必须由此及彼、由表及里、由浅入深(由个别到一般)，透过现象深入本质，揭示问题产生的原因，要辩证分析，自己观点具有启发作用。