楚门的世界英语论文（20篇）

Every year on October 4th is the World Animal Day. It is proposed by the Italian monk St Francis in 12th century. He lives in the forests of Assisi Island for the long time, building a good relationship with the animals. So he asks people to express thanks to the animals on October 4th. He sets a good example for our human beings about how to deal with the relationship with animals. In order to memorize him and what he does, we make October, 4th to be World Animal Day. Nowadays, people from all over the world will hold various activities to celebrate on that day. The aim of this festival is to remind people to care for all animals and build a harmonious relationship with them.

每年的十月四日是世界动物日。它是由意大利修道士圣弗兰西斯在十二世纪提出的。他长期生活在阿西西岛上的森林中，与动物建立了良好的关系。所以他要求村民们在10月4日这天向动物表示感谢。他为如何正确处理与动物的关系树立了一个很好的榜样。后人为了纪念他和他所做的，我们把十月四号定为世界动物日。现在，在那一天来自世界各地的人会用各种活动来庆祝这一节日。这一节日的目的在于提醒人们关爱所有的动物，与他们建立和谐的关系。

1摘要的定义与三类摘要的写法

国际标准ISO214-1976指出：摘要是一份文献内容的准确压缩,不加解释或评论。中国国家标准规定：摘要是报告、论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。摘要是读者判断论文价值，判断论文是否值得阅读的依据。会议所征摘要是决定是否录用全文的依据。写好摘要是科技人员写作所必备的基本功。如果一篇内容价值较高的英语论文,其摘要写得平平淡淡，不能体现论文的特点和学术价值，将带来一系列不利影响：失去被刊载的机会，需要本文的读者不会阅读全文,从而失去应有的学术影响;对中文期刊论文而言,难以进入国际检索系统等。

摘要分为报道性摘要、指示性摘要、报道—指示性摘要、结构性摘要等种类。学术期刊多采用报道性摘要，特别是试验研究和有定量数据的论文。对新内容较少，或数据少的论文用指示性摘要或报道—指示性摘要。摘要的内容一般由3部分组成：研究目的,研究方法,研究结果或结论。中文摘要一般200-300字,外文摘要字数不超过250个实词。摘要的详简程度和篇幅大小根据具体情况及要求而定，如期刊论文摘要、会议征稿摘要、博士学位论文摘要的差别很大。期刊论文摘要通常位于署名和单位地址之后。

1.1 报道性摘要

报道性摘要要求反映作者的主要成果,提供比较完整的定量及定性信息。篇幅一般为200-300字。示例如下：

示例1： (题名：BiSrCaCuO高温超导纤维)

采用激光加热小基座法(LHPG)成功地制备出BiSrCaCuO超导纤维。它性能稳定,工艺可重复性高。纤维最大长度达60mm，直径范围35-500um，其中细径纤维有挠性。超导纤维的起始转变温度为118K,零电阻温度为87K，临近电流密度为2.5kA/cm2 (77K,H=0,直流电流量)。纤维中超导相(2212相)，显微结构有典型的取向性。纤维的超导电性与其生长条件及后处理过程密切相关。首次指出，a轴平行于纤维的轴向。

示例2：(篇名: 约瑟夫森结Alx-Al隧道势垒的实验研究)

通过X光电子能谱、阳极氧化电压谱和FISKE台阶电压的测量，研究了约瑟夫森结中ALOX-AL隧道势垒。发现结的隧道势垒最佳沉积AL层厚度为7nm，AL上形成了ALOX厚度只取决于氧化条件，与沉积AL厚无关，势垒AL氧化物可能含有一个像ALOOH态的OH基团。

1.2 指示性摘要

指示性摘要的目的是使读者对论文有一个概括的了解，适用于新内容较少，或数据少的论文。篇幅一般为50-100字。示例如下：

示例1: (题名 ：冷轧槽楔外端与摩擦影响的定量分析)

建立了与Avitzuer不同的连续速度场，经变上限积分与参量积分求的槽楔冷轧变形力上界解解，并侧重定量的讨论了外端与摩擦对变形力的影响。

示例2: (题名 ：白薯线虫的防治)

对密西西比州种植的白薯由于根节线虫所引起的问题作了讨论,叙述了1967年由蔬菜收获分公司实验站所进行的商品熏剂和杀虫剂的试验。对行间撒播的施用方法作了比较。列出了包括商品杀线虫剂vorlex、DOW WV W─85、DD和试验的固体杀线虫剂68 138及Dasanit的试验结果。

示例3： (题名：湘江水体中硒的分布)

[目的] 为给综合防治污染提供一定依据,对湘江水体中硒的分布进行了探讨。

[方法] 在湘江上游兴安县至洞庭湖的河口采集了28个底泥样品, 用气相色谱法进行分析。

[结果] 结果表明:湘江底泥已受到不同程度的污染,其中有些硒含量超过本底值数的十倍甚至百倍,大多数样品中硒含量较一般土壤和底泥为高。还分析了污染严重的霞湾港水样，结果表明此段江水中硒含量尚不高，在地面水最高容许浓度范围内。

1.3 报道—指示性摘要

报道—指示性摘要是对论文中价值最高部分内容采用报道性摘要，其余部分以指示性摘要报道。篇幅一般为100-200字。

示例1: (题名：柴油机燃用棉籽油的试验研究)

介绍了不经任何改装的S195型柴油机燃用棉籽油与柴油混合油或纯棉籽油的试验研究情况。结果表明，燃用棉柴混合油或纯棉籽油时，发动机性能良好，无异常现象;适当调整供油提前角、加大循环供油量，可以达到原机功率，而且烟度有所下降。还分析了S195型柴油机在试验工况下的燃烧特性和放热规律。

2 写作中的常见问题

要有摘要与论文分离单独出版的写作思想，对随文摘要，不要认为“全文在后边”，编写摘要可简单、随便。

应用“用(采用)...方法”、“报告了...现状”、“进行了...调查”等记述方法编写摘要。即，要用第三人称编写，不要用第一、二人称编写，不要用“本文”、“我们”、“作者”、 “THIS PAPER"、"THIS ARTICLES"等作为主语。

不用图表、示意图、公式、结构式和非公用的符号和术语。

要采用规范化的名词术语、缩略语、略语、代号、法定计量单位、简化字和标点符号。

避免与标题和引言在用词上明显重复，忌罗列正文中目次，小标题和段落标题，或结论部分的文字。

要排除在本学科领域已成为常识的内容和教材中已有的东西。

除非该论文证实或否定了他人已出版的著作,否则不必引用。

不要作自我评价。如：本文以变量代换为工具,利用高等代数的知识,证明了齐线性微分方程组的降阶定理,给出了一种实际的解题方法。因此，这个结论的证明不仅具有一定的理论意义，而且在解题过程中也具有重要的指导意义。

不要对题名等进行注解。如论文“分类指导重点突破加速农机化步伐”的摘要写成：农机化是农业生产力发展到一定阶段的必然过程,是现代农业的产物,在我国它的发展只能与农村经济发展水平相适用。因此分类指导即根据不同经济力、生产组织形式和现实物质技术条件，进行有效地指导、协调、组织带层次性的农机化生产。重点突破即在提高经济效率的前提下，在“化”水平上有所突破。

3 成功写作摘要的要点

摘要写作成功的诀窍是突出新贡献，并使之尖锐化。用精辟语句使新东西出现在摘要的突出位置。所谓新贡献包括:新技术、新理论、新方法、新观点、新规律、纠正前人错误、解决争议、补充和发展前人成果等。有的作者常常不在摘要中体现重要的研究成果，而到论文的后部分经分析推论等才指明，这是错误的观点和写作方式。

使自己新贡献尖锐化。即区别他人工作和自己新贡献不同之处(如:“想法”、“设想”和“已给出数学定义、模型”等的区别)，使之分离，使自己新东西尖锐化。新贡献不要多谈，要精辟。不能模棱两可，让读者去分析作者的贡献“新”在何处。而应指出来让读者看。但不能自我评价。

Water is very important to us,we cant live without water.Water pollution is a serious problem,it causes our drinking water becomes less .I think we should protect the water and reuse them,such as dont pour the waste water into the river,remember not to spit into the river and dont throw rubbish into the river and so on.We shoule save water .

If we do these well,the water will be cleaner.If we dont save water,the last drop of water will be our tear.I really hope the government can do something useful to protect the water.

I have a future world in my heart. Its beautiful and spectacular. Now, let me take you there for a tour.

We set out in the shape of a water drop solar car. The biggest advantage of this kind of car is that it will not pollute the environment. Its shape is also very interesting. The front is a transparent frame made of long wooden boards and some glass pieces, and the back is a patterned tail made of hard stone. Almost everyone can drive this kind of car, because it is very easy to operate, as long as you press the start button, the following is controlled by the language.

In the future, animals in the world can communicate with people. If you feel bored, animals will come to talk with you and play with you. Of course, these animals have to be your own pets. In the zoo, the keepers will also give the animals the food they want, take them to the places they want to go, and play the games they want to play.

Next, we come to the childrens palace, which is a 50 story building. Children have their own cabinets and desks here. You can enjoy learning and playing with your classmates. The most interesting thing is the restaurant here. When you want to eat, you have to do a small performance, even if you read some ancient incantations and dance a strange dance. You dont have to cook, and the rich food will show up in front of you. OK, let me take you to have a try now. The delicious food will surely make you salivate.

How wonderful my future world is! How about you think about your future world, maybe better than mine!

世界地球日即每年的4月22日，是一项世界性的环境保护运动。最早的地球日活动是1970年代于美国校园兴起的环保运动，1990年代这项活动从美国走向世界，成为全世界环保主义者的节日和环境保护宣传日，在这天不同国籍的人们以各自不同的方式宣传和实践环境保护的观念。

Earth Day is on April 22nd every year, is a worldwide environmental movement. The first Earth Day activities is the rise in the America campus 1970s environmental movement, the event in 1990 to the world from American, festivals and environmental protection publicity, has become the worlds environmentalists, on this day the people of different nationalities in different way to promote and practice the concept of environmental protection.

最初的地球日选择在春分节气，这一天在全世界的任何一个角落昼夜时长均相等，阳光可以同时照耀在南极点和北极点上，这代表了世界的平等，同时也象征着人类要抛开彼此间的争议和不同，和谐共存。传统上在很多国家都有庆祝春分节气的传统。早期联合国也在每年的春分举行世界地球日的活动。地球日当天表现

The first Earth Day in spring equinox solar term, this day and night in any corner of the world are the same length, the sun can shine at the South Pole and the north pole, which represents the equity in the world, but also a symbol of human beings to put aside their disputes and differences, harmonious coexistence. Traditionally in many countries have the tradition to celebrate the vernal equinox solar term. Early United Nations World Earth Day activities held every year in the spring equinox. Earth Day

“地球日”这天，美国全国大约有1亿人把汽车放在家里不用，以防汽车排放出来的废气和其他有害的排放物散发到空气中去。在中国，当时的李鹏总理在4月21日通过电视发表了环境问题讲话，中央电视台还播放了“只有一个地球”的专题报道。从此，我国每年都进行“地球日”的纪念宣传活动。

Earth day, the country there are about 100000000 people left the car at home and use, to prevent the automobile exhaust and other harmful emissions emitted into the air. In China, when Premier Li Peng in April 21st published by television address environmental problems, CCTV also played "reports, only one earth". Since then, Chinas annual "Earth Day" to commemorate the promotional activities.

2000年2月末，海斯接受中国的邀请，来中国参加了“中国2000年‘地球日’中国行动”启动仪式。

At the end of 2000 2, Hays accepted the invitation of the China to come to China to participate in the "China 2000" Earth Day "action" to start the ceremony.

在20世纪90年代末，盖洛•尼尔森和布鲁司•安德森(太阳能建筑师、作家、新罕布什尔州“地球日”组织者)共同为把“地球日”办成一个年度性、高水准的活动，创办了“美国地球日”组织。“地球日”网页于1995年开通。1999年“美国地球日”组织更名为“地球日网络”，成为一个面向全世界、推动每年“地球日”国际活动的组织。2000年的“地球日”，又是由盖洛•尼尔森和丹尼斯•海斯领导，所不同的是，这次他们在1970年“地球日”的基础上，加入了全球性的公众运动，并充分利用了网络这一新兴的信息手段，把各国人民的智慧和热情都聚集在了一起。在盖洛•尼尔森、丹尼斯•海斯和其战友们的努力下，今天的“地球日”已真正成为全地球的节日，提醒着人类保护地球、善待地球。

In twentieth Century 90 at the end of the 1970s, Gerlo Nelson and Bruce Anderson (solar architect, writer, New Hampshire "Earth Day" organizer) together for the "Earth Day" into a year, high levels of activity, founded the "America earth day". "Earth Day" Webpage opened in 1995. "America 1999 Earth Day" the organization changed its name to "the Earth Day Network", has become a worldwide each year, to promote the "International Earth Day" organization. 2000 "Earth Day", and by Gerlo Nelson and Denis Hayes leadership, the difference is that this time they in 1970 "Earth Day" basis, joined the global public sports, and make full use of the network as a new means of information, the peoples wisdom and passion together together. In Gallo - Nielsen, Denis Hayes and his comrades efforts, todays "Earth Day" has become the whole Earth Festival, reminding us to protect the earth, the earth.

Watching the les miserables, jean valjean tall image always emerge in front of my eyes. He is ready to help others, honest is good, good character, although due to the forced by life, had made some mistake, but this does not affect his personality, because he spent a lifetime in continuously improve their difficulties and adversity.

Jean valjean was out of work, because life poverty, he stole a loaf of bread, was caught in prison, the evil old society! After prison, he was leader of bent on revenge influence restored confidence in life and aspire to from good, he came to monte, renamed Madeleine, set up factories, became a millionaire, has helped many people, as the mayor. Integrity, however, he didnt want to let others take the rap for him and was put into prison...

What kind of jean valjean, he good for bad, ready to help others, raising a baby, you planned to. In order to make cosette happiness, have the courage to admits his true identity, this need how much courage, how much love! Although repeatedly by the peoples misunderstanding and discrimination, but jean valjean always abide by the promise of the bishop, silently to do an honest, kind person.

I moved for jean valjean, if we can face up to its own like jean valjean error, can try their best to correct, look at the world with a heart of universal love, our world will become more beautiful. Im sad for jean valjean, for his newspaper, if jean valjean had life in socialist China, so his experience might not be so rough.

看完《悲惨世界》一书，冉阿让高大的形象始终浮现在我的眼前。他乐于助人，淳朴善良，品格高尚，虽然由于生活所迫，曾犯过一些错，但这并没有影响他的人格，因为他用了一生的时间在艰辛和逆境中不断地完善自己。

冉阿让失业了，因为生活贫因，他偷了一块面包，就被抓住关进监狱，万恶的旧社会!出狱后，一心想报复的他受教主的感化恢复了对生活的信心并立志从善，他来到蒙特亿，改名马德兰，开办工厂，成了富翁，帮助了许许多多的人，当上了市长。然而，为人正直的他由于不想让别人替他顶罪又被抓进监狱……

多么善良的冉阿让，他以德报怨，乐于助人，抚养孤女，不求回报。为了让珂赛特获得幸福，勇于坦言自己的真实身份，这需要多大的勇气，需要多大的爱心啊!虽然一再地受人们的误解和歧视，但冉阿让始终默默地遵守对主教的诺言，做一个正直，善良的人。

我为冉阿让而感动，如果我们都能像冉阿让那样勇敢面对自己的错误，尽自己所能去改正，以一颗博爱的心去看世界，那我们的世界将变得更美好。我为冉阿让而难过，为他报不平，如果冉阿让生活在社会主义的中国，那么他的经历也许就不会那么坎坷了。

Yesterday afternoon, when I was on my way home, it was snowing heavily. This morning, when I looked out of the windows, everything in the world turned white.

I know few people like winter, because it is so cold. But we all like snow, because it is so beautiful. After a heavy snow, the fields are covered with thick snow. We feel happy walking in the snow. And many people go out and take a lot of photos in the snow.

How wonderful the white world looks! I love snow!

[雪的世界英语作文

World Environment Day is commemorated each year on June 5th, and started from 1972, which is established by the United Nations General Assembly for raising global awareness to take actions to protect the Nature. The establishment of World Environment Day shows peoples the cognition and the attitude to the environmental problem, and expresses our human beings desire of pursuing the better environment. Every year the United Nations Environment Program proposes a theme, and the 2014 theme of this day will focus onSmall Island and Climate changeand the slogan is “Raise Your Voice Not the Sea Level”.This years slogan is "To improve environmental quality The development of green".

World Environment Day can be celebrated in lots of ways, for instances, planting trees, doing some recycling, participating the clean-up campaigns and so on. Certainly people can also do something simple, like going to work by bus instead of private cars. I believe if everyone takes environmental actions as a habit, we are doing a big difference for the better environment.

This year’s observance of World No Tobacco Day focuses on “Gender and tobacco, with an emphasis on marketing to women”.

Although fewer than 1 out of 10 women are smokers, that still adds up to an estimated 200 million women around the world. Moreover, that number could grow, since the tobacco industry is spending heavily on advertisements that target women and associate tobacco use with beauty and liberation.

According to a recent study by the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of girls and boys who smoked was about equal in half the 151 countries surveyed. This finding is even more worrisome since young people who smoke are likely to continue in adulthood.

Evidence indicates that the prevalence rate of tobacco use among women is on the rise in some countries. Governments everywhere must take action to protect women from tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, as stipulated in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

The Convention also calls on Governments to protect women from second-hand tobacco smoke — especially in countries where women feel powerless to protect themselves and their children. As WHO data show, of the 430,000 adults who die each year from second-hand smoke, nearly two thirds are women.

Around the world, more than 1.5 million women die each year from tobacco use. Most of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Without concerted action, that number could rise to 2.5 million women by the year 2030.

We must turn back the global tobacco epidemic. On World No Tobacco Day, I urge all Governments to address this public health threat. Tobacco use is not stylish or empowering. It is ugly and deadly.

今年纪念世界无烟日关注“性别与烟草——强调女性消费市场”。

虽然只有不到十个女人中有1吸烟者,仍有2亿名妇女在世界各地。此外,这一数字还有可能增长,由于烟草企业花巨资制作针对女性的广告,将烟草与美丽和解放。

根据最近的一项研究由世界卫生组织(世卫组织),女孩和男孩的数量大约相等的抽一半接受调查的151个国家。这个发现更令人担忧,因为年轻人在成年后很可能继续吸烟。

证据表明,烟草使用女性的流行率在一些国家正在上升。各国政府必须采取行动来保护妇女免受烟草广告、促销和赞助,规定在《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》。

公约还呼吁各国政府保护妇女免受二手烟草烟雾的国家——尤其是妇女感觉无力保护自己和子女。世界卫生组织的数据显示,每年有430000成年人死于二手烟,近三分之二为妇女。

在全世界范围内,每年有超过150万妇女死于烟草使用。其中大多数死亡发生在低收入和中等收入国家。没有采取协调一致的行动,这一数字可能升至250万名妇女2030年投入使用。

我们必须扭转全球烟草流行。在世界无烟日,我敦促各国政府解决这一公共卫生威胁。烟草使用是不时尚也不强身。它是丑陋的和致命的。

Today is world sleep day, our dormitory the night lessons ready to sleep early and enjoy the day of sleep.

"Wu Jiaqi, I sleep with you tonight, or you will cant sleep, can you?" I lay in my bed for Wu Jiaqi said. "Yeah, warmly welcomed in, you bring a pillow and a quilt cover me." Wu Jiaqi readily agreed. "Oh," I picked up the pillow walked up to her bed, cover the quilt, and she began to chat: "Wu Jiaqi, do you think you of the 9 days youll think you mom and dad?" "Yes." "That ` ` ` ` ` `" I had a long chat and Wu Jiaqi, imperceptibly, fell asleep in a daze.

In the middle of the night, I suddenly woke up. Beside only hear the sound of waves "shout shout", has always been I turned and looked at, it turns out that there is Wu Jiaqi snore. So noisy! At that time, I found that she not only play the snoring, also is so crowded that I left a small piece of place. Wow, good uncomfortable, probably more than 30 cm ` ` ` ` ` ` I gently pushed her, want her to stop snoring, at the same time, give me a small piece of the position of the bed. Wu Jiaqi, however, did not give me the position of the bed, there is no snoring, rather more loud snoring, give me the location of the smaller bed. Well, really sad ah! In my helpless, had to pick up the pillow moved.

Moved back to the my "home". Moved back to the "home" after Wu Jiaqi snore also echoed in our voice, when I was the last straw, next to a bed Yu Run heart suddenly stood up from the bed, scared me. She is going to do? I thought to myself, you turn your head to the position of her go, saw only Yu Run heart rushed to the front of the Wu Jiaqi bed, pinched her nose. Wu Jiaqi "hum" for a moment, turned around, finally dont snore, alas! Nightmare is finally over.

Alas, this world sleep day, its really a tragedy, I have to continue to sleep again tomorrow.

今天是世界睡眠日，我们宿舍下了晚自习准备早早的睡觉，好好享受这个睡眠日。

“吴佳琪，我今天晚上跟你睡，不然会睡不着的，可不可以?”我躺在自己的小床上对吴佳琪说。“好啊，热烈换迎，你把枕头拿来吧，被子盖我的。”吴佳琪爽快地答应了。我“哦”了一声，就拿起枕头走到她床上，盖上被子，和她开始聊天：“吴佳琪，你觉得你这9天中你会想你的爸爸妈妈么?”“应该会吧。”“那``````”我和吴佳琪聊了很久，不知不觉中，就迷迷糊糊睡着了。

半夜，我忽然醒了过来。只听见身旁一直有一阵阵“呼呼呼”的响声，我转过身看了看，原来，是吴佳琪在那里打呼噜。好吵啊!这时候，我又发现，她不但打了呼噜，还把我挤得只剩下一小块地方。哇噻，好难受啊，可能只有30多厘米吧``````我轻轻的推了推她，想让她不要再打呼噜，同时，给我一小块睡觉的位置。可是，吴佳琪不但没有给我睡觉的位置，没有不打呼噜，反而呼噜打得更大声，给我睡觉的位置更小了。咳，可真难受啊!在我无可奈何之下，只好拿起枕头搬家了。

搬回了我的“小家”了。搬回了“小家”之后，吴佳琪打呼噜的声音还在我们回荡，就在我实在忍无可忍的时候，旁边一床的余润心突然从床上站了起来，吓了我一大跳。她要干什么呀?我心想，就把头转到她走的位置，只看见余润心冲到吴佳琪的床前，把她的鼻子捏了一下。吴佳琪“哼”了一下，转过身，终于不打呼噜了，唉!噩梦总算过去了。

唉，这个世界睡眠日过的真是悲剧了，我只好明天再继续补眠了。

At present, the humanitys common mother - the earth, she for us, even his ill have no complaint, and we also - should take care of mother?

As long as you to the earth mothers blood - stream, the stream will find there are often animals such as in shat people littering caused the river smells like vomit. Another small fish and other animals in survival rates. The earth mothers bones, mountain is also at stake; Hair - woods also disastrous. Those who give loess to dig down, and then sell it to others with a high price. And the earth mother is brimming with his pain and fear his cry will cause floods. The birds in the trees are also being shot to death of the human race. Number is being with that sharp axe or chainsaw destroy forest.

Nowadays, people to see the earth mother in such pain also has the environmental protection consciousness. People slowly made public service ads, but also made environmental signs, but also on March 12 as Arbor Day. The villages have special sanitation workers.

And our students what to do to protect the environment? Actually very simple, we only need to bent down to pick up a pick up trash, pour a garbage, stop the mom and dad do not environmental protection, use less a chopsticks, etc.

We have only one earth, we need to protect our earth!

目前，人类共同的妈妈——地球，她为了我们，连自己生病了也丝毫不控诉，而我们也—应该关爱妈妈吧?

只要你到地球妈妈的血液——小河、小溪等就会发现经常有动物在排泄粪便，人们乱扔垃圾造成河水让人闻起来就想吐。另外小鱼等动物骤降存活几率。地球妈妈的骨头——山峰也危在旦夕;头发——树林也损失惨重。那些人把黄土给挖下来，然后再用高价卖给别人。而地球妈妈正强忍着自己的痛苦身怕自己哭泣会造成洪灾。树林中的小鸟也正在被人类的枪给打死。数目正在被人吗用那锋利的斧头或电锯破坏树林。

如今，人们看到地球妈妈这么痛苦也有了环保意识。人们慢慢地做出了公益广告，还做出了环保标语，而且还吧3月12日定为了植树节。各村都有专门的环卫工人。

而我们小学生该做什么才能保护环境呢?其实十分简单，我们只需要弯腰捡一捡垃圾，倒一倒垃圾，阻止爸爸妈妈做不环保的事情，少用一次型筷子等。

我们只有一个地球，我们要保护我们的地球!

5月31日的无烟日是众人皆知的，它诞生在“儿童节”的前一天。因为，现在已经有太多青少年因家长的忽视造成不良恶习(吸烟)。

In May 31st No Tobacco Day is known, the day before it was born in the "childrens day". Because, now there are too many young people because of bad habits (smoking) neglect of parents.

我想，世界卫生组织想让”儿童节“的前一天当作世界无烟日是因为要全力阻止青少年甚至未成年人继续吸烟吧，同时，我也对他们的举动感到赞同。据统计因吸烟致死的人就有3.5亿!其中15岁以下儿童有 1.8亿!一个个幼小的生命被吸烟恶习夺去，难道那些被吸烟致死的人还不感到忏悔吗?被动吸烟人群中，82%在家庭中、67%在公共场所、35%在工作场所接触二手烟。 多么有意义的数字!那些还在继续吸烟的人们难道不应该为死去的人做一个挽回吗?我国每年死于被动吸烟的人数超过10万!

I think, the World Health Organization want "childrens Day" on the day before as World No Tobacco Day is due to the effort to prevent teenagers even minor continue to smoke it, at the same time, I also feel sympathy for their actions. According to statistics from smoking deaths is 350000000! 15 children under the age of 180000000! The life of a young is the bad habit of smoking kills, is that smoking kills people did not repent? Passive smoking group, 82% in the family, 67% in public places, 35% in the workplace exposure to second-hand smoke. How to make sense of the numbers! Those who continued smoking people shouldnt do a restore is dead? The number of deaths due to passive smoking in China every year more than 100000!

这一切都因吸烟而起，才使我们失去亲人!失去伙伴!失去父母!失去朋友!

Its all because of smoking, that we have lost loved ones! The loss of a friend! Lost their parents! To lose a friend!

Books are the ladder of human progress, like a spring of a wisp of dawn, a moonlight, comfortable, warm and soft.

And I was not in the said the words, nor in talks over my head, I just use the most real, the most substantial feel describe the pleasure of reading.

I have been fond of reading. So far, whats four big classics, the book of family names, embedded, tang poetry, book of li SAO, even if back also is more than enough. In reading a endless galaxy, I won a lot of wisdom, and the stars, they running upon the wires, echoes the books I beat desire, let me again and again into books. Each time I see a wonderful plots, I continue to see the tail will involuntarily, even if the book turns bad, also wanting more. It is a kind of power to promote my aggressive!

Reading let me understand a lot of unprecedented knowledge, also let me realize a strange feeling, his open mind let me know what is and what sincere gentleman, let me understand that there is a high realm from person to person. To sum up, in a few words I can read well, above the reading of the joy.

书籍是人类进步的阶梯，像一泓清泉，一缕晨曦，一丝月光，舒心，温暖又柔和。

我并没有在自说自话，也没有在故弄玄虚，我只是在用最真切，最充实的感受描述着读书的乐趣。

我自幼酷爱读书。至今为止，什么四大名著，百家姓，三字经，唐诗宋词，诗经离骚，就算背也是绰绰有余。在读书这条无尽的银河中，我摘取了许多智慧，快乐的繁星，他们拨动着我的心弦，激荡着我跳动的书欲，让我一次又一次的坠入书海。每每看到一个精彩的情节，我便会不由自主的继续看到尾，就算把书翻烂了，也意犹未尽。它是促进我进取的一种动力!

读书让我明白很多前所未有的知识，也让我体会到一种莫名的感觉，他让我明白什么是虚怀若谷，什么事诚信谦和，让我明白人与人之间还有一种高境界。总而言之，三言两语说不清读书的好，道不明读书的乐。

Do you know the world book and copyright day is which day? How is the world reading day origin? Xx 20 years, the United Nations to the call of "to the reading society" around the world, make reading become an indispensable part of Peoples Daily life, up to 20 xx years, UNESCO, announced every year on April 23, positioning the world book and copyright day.

UNESCO in 20 xx to the call of "to the reading society" around the world, everyone asked social members of reading, the book is necessities of life, reading be everyone an integral part of everyday life.

20 xx years, UNESCO announced on April 23, for "world reading day". This day is the Spanish writer Cervantes and famous British writer Shakespeares death anniversary. According to the data show that since the "world reading day" announced more than 100 countries and regions to participate in this activity.

In every year on April 23, the reading promotion into a home the joy of the festival.

你知道世界读书日是哪一天吗?世界读书日是怎样由来的?20XX年，联合国向全世界发出“走向阅读社会”的召唤，让读书成为人们日常生活不可或缺的一部分，直到20XX年，联合国科教文组织，宣布每年的4月23日，定位世界读书日。

联合国科教文组织在20XX年向全世界发出“走向阅读社会”的召唤，要求社会成员人人读书，图书成为生活的必需品，读书成为每个人日常生活不可或缺的一部分。

20XX年，联合国教科文组织宣布4月23日为“世界读书日”。这一天是西班牙作家塞万提斯和英国著名作家莎士比亚的辞世纪念日。据资料表明，自“世界读书日”宣布以来，已有超过100个国家和地区参与此项活动。

在每年的4月23日，各国把读书的宣传活动变成一场热热闹闹的欢乐节庆。

大家都知道，如果不保护环境，那将会怎么样?如果不保护环境，地球上所有的资源将会枯竭;如果不保护环境，人类将会面临灭亡;如果不保护环境，不仅是人类，地球也会逐渐走向灭亡，我们的地球是那么美丽，可爱，同时也那么容易破碎。

As we all know, if you do not protect the environment, what will happen? If you do not protect the environment, all the earths resources will be depleted; if you do not protect the environment, humans will perish; if you do not protect the environment, it is not only the human, the earth will gradually die out, our earth is so beautiful and lovely, but also easy to break.

人类乱砍伐树林，使得黄河泛滥，某些动物无家可归。如：小鸟、梅花鹿、云雀等都纷纷向人类求救：“亲爱的人类，请您们开开恩，不要破坏我们的家园，好吗?”人类乱扔纸屑果皮、随地吐痰，弄得大地妈妈遍体鳞伤，泪流满面。垃圾桶看了，既心疼又气愤：“亲爱的人类，您们太没有道德了，大地妈妈给予您们一切美好的东西，又得到了什么?您们不仅不感谢大地妈妈，不爱护大地妈妈，还来伤害大地妈妈的心，破坏大地妈妈的美丽、可爱的面貌，摸摸看，你们的良心何在?”这时，大地妈妈有气没力的说：“谁呀!你们在我身上乱扔垃圾，不仅伤害了我，还害得垃圾桶失业。你们应该好好反省反省啊!”

Indiscriminate felling of trees of human, the flood of the Yellow River, some animals are homeless. Such as: birds, deer, the human have to cry for help: "Dear humans, you are so indulgent, dont destroy our home, okay?" People throw confetti peel, spitting, make the earth mother covered all over with cuts and bruises, with tears in her eyes. The trash can, both distressed and angry: "Dear humans, you too have no moral, the earth mother to give you all the good things, and got what? You are not only thanks to the earth mother, do not care for the earth mother, also come to hurt the earth mothers heart failure is Mother Earth, beautiful, lovely look, feel, where is your conscience?" At this time, the earth mother slowly said: "who ah! You to me to throw garbage, not only hurt me, but also harm the trash of unemployment. You should really reflect ah! "

亲爱的人类，听了它们的哭泣，难道你们还不悔悟吗?是应该悔悟在时候了。你们应立即行动起来共同保护环境，还我原来的面貌，让那些流离失所的动物们重新拥有美丽的家园，让垃圾桶再次站在自己的岗位上为人类服务吧!

Dear human, listen to their cry, dont you regret? Should repent in time. You should act immediately Protect environment, but also the original appearance, let those become destitute and homeless animal to have a beautiful home, let the garbage once again stand in their positions at the service of humanity!

Smoke has something for people in poor health, nicotine.

Nicotine in a cigarette can kill a mouse, 25 g of nicotine in cigarettes can kill a few cows, 40 to 60 mg of pure nicotine can kill a person.

The dangers of nicotine is also quite big, it can cause stomach or other stomach disease; Also can make the person causes heart disease cause rhythm of the heart is not straight; The outbreak of serious still can cause cancer.

Cigarettes are hidden in the invisible killer, around us are all should be vigilant.

According to scientists, the chemical composition of tobacco contains hundreds of complex, most harmful to human body, including tar, nicotine, phenols, alcohols, acids, aldehyde is 40 kinds of toxic and carcinogenic substance. Smoke after the fire, smoke, contains the chemical composition of tobacco in all, at the same time than the tobacco itself and added some harmful substances, such as carbon monoxide, tobacco tar and so on. This is because in addition to the tobacco itself, in the process of cigarette made, to add some cocoa in raw materials, liquorice, sugar, glycerin, such as ethylene glycol, moist, taste fragrance and combustion-supporting material. Although these additive itself is harmless, but changed in the process of combustion. For example, in the back of the rat with cocoa after burning smoke oil, can grow skin tumor. Glycyrrhizic acid in glycyrrhiza after burning, with other ingredients, can generate have carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Sugar increased after combustion with tobacco tar, and the product of sugar after combustion is an important carcinogens in tobacco. Glycerin and glycol after the burning of the material, not only can make smokers bladder cancer, and the acrolein inhibits the trachea and cilia secretion from the lungs, thereby increase the chances of suffering from bronchitis and emphysema, and make people with both became seriously ill.

Smoke harm to people is how great! So we cant smoke. Stop smoking, the benefit of future generations.

烟里有一种对人身体不好的东西——尼古丁。

一枝香烟中的尼古丁可以毒死一只小白鼠，25g的香烟里的尼古丁可 毒死几头牛，40至60毫克纯尼古丁可以毒死一个人。

尼古丁的危害也是相当的大，它可以引起胃痛或其它胃病;还会使人引起心律不正诱发心脏病;严重的还可能引起癌症的爆发。

香烟是隐藏在我们身边的隐形杀手，是大家所应警惕的。

据科学家测定，烟草中含有数百种复杂的化学成分，大部分对人体有害，其中焦油、尼古丁、酚类、醇类、酸类、醛类等40种是有毒和有致癌作用的物质。烟在点燃后，所产生的烟雾，包含了烟草中所有的化学成分，同时比烟草本身又增加了一些有害物质，如一氧化碳和烟焦油等。这是因为除烟草本身外，在制成卷烟的过程中，要在原料中加入一些可可、甘草、糖、甘油、乙二醇等调味、湿润、产香、助燃物质。这些添加剂虽然本身无害，但在燃烧过程中却起了变化。例如，在鼠背涂上可可燃烧后产生的烟油，可长出皮肤瘤。甘草中的甘草酸在燃烧后，与其他成分化合，可生成有致癌作用的多环芳烃。糖与烟草一起燃烧后增加了焦油量，而糖燃烧后的产物是烟中的一个重要致癌物。甘油和乙二醇在燃烧后的物质，不但可能使吸烟者患膀胱癌，而且所产生的丙烯醛可抑制气管和纤毛分泌物从肺内排出，从而增加患气管炎和肺气肿的机会，并使患有这两种病的人病情加重。

烟对人的危害是多么大啊!所以我们不能吸烟。杜绝吸烟，造福后人。

人类历史上的第一个“地球日”，是1970年4月22日，由美国哈佛大学法学院一个刚满25岁的学生——丹尼斯·海斯在校园发起和组织的。他因此被誉为“地球日之父”。

The history of mankinds first "Earth Day", April 22, 1970, sponsored by the Law School of Harvard University American a just turned 25 years old students in the campus and the organization -- Dennis Hays. He was known as the "father of earth day".

但实际上，“地球日”最早的发起人并不是他，而是美国一位政界名人盖洛德·尼尔森。1969年，美国民主党参议员盖洛德·尼尔森提议在全国各大学校园内举办环保问题讲演会。海斯听到这个建议后，就设想在剑桥市举办一次环保的演讲会。于是，他前往首都华盛顿会见尼尔森，谈了自己的设想。尼尔森立即表示愿意任用海斯，甚至鼓动他退学专心从事环保运动。于是，海斯毅然办理了停学手续。不久，他就把尼尔森的构想扩大，办起了一个在美国各地展开的大规模的社区性活动。1970年4月22日，美国举行了人类有史以来第一次规模宏大的群众性保护环境游行示威和演讲活动。全美2000多万人、1万所中小学、2000所高等院校和2000个社区以及各大团体参加了这次“地球日”活动。

But in fact, "Earth Day" the earliest promoters is not his, but USA a political celebrity Gaylord Nelson. In 1969, America Democratic Senator Gaylord Nelson proposed an environmental problem in the university campus lectures. Hayes heard this proposal, on the idea of holding a friendly talks in Cambridge city. So, he went to Washington to meet with Nelson, talked about his idea. Nelson immediately offered appointment Hayes, and even encouraged him to drop out of school to concentrate in the environmental movement. Thus, Hays decided to drop out processing procedures. Soon, he had the idea of expanding the Nelson, set up a America around in large-scale community activities. In April 22, 1970, American held in human history the first large-scale mass demonstrations and presentations Protect environment. The nation of about 20000000 people, 10000 primary and secondary schools, 2000 universities and 2000 community and various groups took part in the "Earth Day" activities.

“地球日”活动作为人类现代环保运动的开端，极大地推动了西方国家环境法规的建立。在“地球日”举办20周年的1990年，地球日活动从美国国内向世界范围扩展，成为第一个“国际地球日”。当年的4月22日，全世界有来自140多个国家的逾2亿人参与了“地球日”活动。从此，“世界地球日”成为全球性的环境保护运动。

"Earth Day" activities as the beginning of modern environmental movement, which greatly promoted the establishment of environmental regulations in the western countries. Held the 20 anniversary of the "Earth Day" in 1990, Earth Day activities extend from the domestic to the world American, became the first "world earth day". In April 22nd of that year, the world has more than 140 countries and more than 200000000 people participated in the "Earth Day" activities. Since then, the "World Earth Day" has become a worldwide environmental movement.

路遥围绕着主人公孙少安与孙少平兄弟两个在这个平凡的世界中不断冲破困难的阻碍，最终获得生命中的成功，谱写了一曲充满活力、激情的生命之歌，以一幕幕催人泪下的苦难所向人们揭示了人生的自强与自信、奋斗与拼搏、挫折与追求、痛苦与欢乐。

Lu Yao around the master Gongsun less and Sun Shaoping two brothers in the ordinary world, constantly breaking the obstacles, finally get success in life, wrote a vibrant, passionate song of life, with a curtain of the copy from rolia suffering reveals the life of self-reliance and self-confidence, struggle and hard work, and the pursuit of setbacks, pain and pleasure.

少平与少安两兄弟同为黄土地的儿子，在“平凡的世界”中，他们以各自不同的方式探索着人生。以孙少安为例，在冲破贫困束缚、实现自身价值过程中，他曾遭遇到不断的挫折和打击。如在第一次扩大砖场时，因骗子烧砖师的缘故，他的砖全部烧砸了;为了扩大社员自留地，他曾被当作“走资本主义道路”的反面典型来批判;曾因为进行承包责任制的改革而遭到县委的严厉批评;经营破败，无力归还贷款和被村中劳力追堵。

Shao Ping and two brothers with little yellow land for son, in the "ordinary world", they explore life in different ways. In the case of Sun Shaoan, to break through the bondage of poverty, realize their own value in the process, he suffered to blow. As in the first expansion brick, brick by fraud divisions sake, his brick all burned badly; in order to expand the membership private plots, he was regarded as a "reverse the capitalist road" typical to criticism; once because of the reform of the contract responsibility system and the county was severely criticized; management dilapidated, unable to pay loans and is the village labor chases.

这个世界是不完美的，困难、挫折是拜访我们的常客，即使有时我们还没有做好迎接他们的准备。和主人公孙少安、孙少平相比，我显然是幸运的，没有艰涩的生存条件、没有咄咄逼近的重大挫折，我想我没有理由对这个世界抱怨什么。直面生活，我要做的只能是：乐观迎接、坚强面对，活出自己的精彩。

This world is not perfect, difficulties, setbacks is visiting our regulars, sometimes even if we havent prepare for their preparation. Compared with the master Gongsun Shaoan, Sun Shaoping, obviously I was lucky, there are no hard living conditions, no major setbacks harsh, I think I have no reason to complain about what the world. Always to look life in the face, I want to do is only to meet: optimistic, strong face, live out their own wonderful.

On Non—smoking Day, a school did a survey about how many students smoke.Here are the results：3%of the students often smoke.7%of the students smoke sometimes.These students say they smoke just for fun and they look cool while smoking

.Nearly everyone knows smoking does no good to people’s health，especially for teenagers.As students，we should not smoke.Those who smoke should give up smoking.

And if our family members smoke，we should try to stop them.Students who have never smoked should never try it

禁烟日,学校做了一个调查关于烟给您多少学生的结果:3%的学生经常抽烟.7%的学生吸烟有时这些学生说他们抽烟只是为了好玩,他们看起来很酷而吸烟。

几乎每个人都知道吸烟对人们的健康没有好处,尤其是对青少年。作为学生,我们不应该吸烟烟:老师应该戒烟。

如果我们的家庭成员吸烟,我们应该试着阻止他们。学生不吸烟不应该试一试。

On May 31, is "world no tobacco day".

Since the 1950 s, global has a large number of epidemiological studies confirm that smoking is the leading risk factors of lung cancer. In order to cause the attention of the international community to harm human health, suggested in November 1987, the world health organization will every year on April 7, as the "world no tobacco day", and in 1988 began to perform. Since 1989, the world no tobacco day to May 31 of each year.

Is a kind of wild plants grow in South America, the first Indian to chewing tobacco or cigarettes to suck. In the global popular for over 200 years, until the 20th century, human beings began to realize the harm to human. In 1977, the American cancer society first puts forward the control smoking is a form of publicity and education, no tobacco day. This day, in the United States for nationwide smoking harm health propaganda, dissuade smokers do not smoke in the day, shop day halt to the sale of products. The United States put every November 3 weeks on Thursday as the countrys no tobacco day. Later, England, Malaysia, Hong Kong and other countries and regions also successively formulated the no tobacco day.

In November 1987, the UNs world health organization recommends will every year on April 7, as the "world no tobacco day", and in 1988 began to perform. But because is established by the world health organization on April 7, anniversary, this day each year, the world health organization (who) to request a theme. In order not to interfere with the theme of health, the world health organization decided to will each year since 1989 on May 31 as world no tobacco day, China will as Chinas day that day.

5月31日是“世界无烟日”。

自20世纪50年代以来，全球范围内已有大量流行病学研究证实，吸烟是导致肺癌的首要危险因素。为了引起国际社会对危害人类健康的重视，世界卫生组织1987年11月建议将每年的4月7日定为“世界无烟日”，并于1988年开始执行。自1989年起，世界无烟日改为每年的5月31日。

是生长在南美洲的一种野生植物，最初印第安人将烟叶口嚼或做成卷烟吸吮。在全球盛行了200多年，直到20世纪，人类才开始认识到对人类的危害。1977年，美国癌肿协会首先提出了控制吸烟的一种宣传教育方式——无烟日。这天，在美国全国范围内进行“吸烟危害健康”的宣传，劝阻吸烟者在当天不吸烟，商店停售制品一天。美国把每年11月第3周的星期四定为本国的无烟日。以后，英国、马来西亚、香港等国家和地区也相继制定了无烟日。

1987年11月，联合国世界卫生组织建议将每年的4月7日定为“世界无烟日”，并于1988年开始执行。但因4月7日是世界卫生组织成立的纪念日，每年的这一天，世界卫生组织都要提出一项要求的主题。为了不干扰其卫生主题的提出，世界卫生组织决定从1989年起将每年的5月31日定为世界无烟日，中国也将该日作为中国的无烟日。

规范英语论文的格式,使之与国际学术惯例接轨,对从事英语教学,英语论文写作,促进国际学术交流都具有重要意义。下面是小编为你带来的关于英语论文的写作格式和规范，希望对你有帮助。

一、英语论文的标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。

二、英语论文提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、英语论文正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

四、英语论文的文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。

1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:

The divorce of Arnolds personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).

这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:

Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”

is an admirable and characteristic

diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it

Whitman is unable to conceive the

extreme crises of society, one is certain

that no society would be tolerable whoses

citizens could not find refreshment in its

buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)

这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。

3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:

Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).

值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。

4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:

Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).

5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:

Professor Chen Jias A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).

圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。

6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:

Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).

Farrington points out that Aristotles father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle15).

这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。

7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。

When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).

这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。

五、英语论文的文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:

1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。

3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。

4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。

Two or More Books by the Same Author

Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A

Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.

---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,

Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.

引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。

An Author with an Editor

Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B.

Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.

本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:

Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel:

Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribners,

1962.vii-xxxix.

如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):

Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery.

London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi.

A Multivolume Work

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.

第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。

A Selection from an Anthology

Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.”

Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New

York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.

被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。

Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers

Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.”

Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.

报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3);1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。

Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cathers Nostalgia: A Study in

Ambivalance.”Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28.

月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月;23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。

Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post

31 July,1985:B1.

引用日报上的英语论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。参考文献(略)(摘自《外语与外语教学》1999年第8期，原文：“英语论文写作规范”作者 刘新民)