高考英语作文常用的写作框架【精彩20篇】

“英语说明文”，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释”为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等等做科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度增大了。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。

一、说明文阅读理解的特征 一般说来，英语说明文与其它文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即Who→What→When→Where→How→Why。

1. Who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）

2. What：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）

3. When和Where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）

4. How：通过什么方式表现出来的？

5. Why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？

做说明文阅读阅读的时候，一定要记住上面的Wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。

二．说明文阅读理解的类型 掌握说明文阅读理解题的类型对考生来说非常有必要。一般来说，高考对阅读理解的命题类型主要有以下几种：

1. 细节理解题

说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点。⑴在列举处命题。如用First(1y)、Second(1y)、Third(1y)Finally、not only…but also、then、in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题。句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题。一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题。无端的比较、

相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题。包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。

细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。

2. 语义猜测题 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以The underlined part “…” in Paragraph…refers to….或What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入句等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以 it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。

3. 主旨理解题

说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____.What is the main idea of the passage?为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about the major

surprising findings about….为回答方法。答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。

4. 判断推理题。

这种试题常以The passage is intended to...(2) The author suggests that...(3) The story implies that…(4) Which point of view may the author agree to?(5) From the passage we can conclude that...(6) The purpose of the passage is to...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。

观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实,但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏,或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有"What was the author?s attitude towards ...?" 等。

【实例探究】 Northwest China is part of the sandstorm centre in Central Asia. Sandstorms begin in desert areas. Sandstorms in China appear to have increased in recent years as a result of "desertification". This is a process that happens when land becomes desert because of climate changes and because people cut down trees and dig up grass.

【问题设计】

According to the passage which is NOT likely to cause "desertification"?

A. Climate changes. B. Cutting down trees.

C. Digging up grass. D. Saving water.

Zhang Dong is my best friend. He is a boy. Both of us are good at English, so we often have a chat in English in our spare time. Besides,football is our favourite sport. We like watching football match. Zhang Dong works hard at his lessons. He often studies late into the night. No matter how tired he is, he insists on doing his homework. So he gets good marks in all his subjects. He loves popular songs and classical music, too.

There are three people in his family and he is the only child. His father is a doctor and his mother is a Beijing Opera actress. Though Zhang Dongs family is wealthy, he is usually simply dressed. He dreams of being a lawyer in the future.

Such is my friend, a clever and kind boy. I highly value the friendship with him.

张东是我最要好的朋友，他是个男孩。我们两个人都擅长英语，因此我们经常在课余时间用英语聊天。此外，我们两人都喜欢足球，爱看足球赛。张东学习很努力，他经常学习到深夜。不管他多么累，他都坚持完成他的功课，所以他各科功课都很好。他喜欢流行音乐，也喜欢古典音乐。

他家有三口人，他是独生子。父亲是个医生，母亲是个京剧演员。尽管张东家境比较富裕，但是他的穿着却十分朴素。他梦想将来当个律师。

这就是我的朋友，一个聪明、友好的男孩。我珍视同他之间的友谊。

其实质也就是有些地方所说“时评类”作文，其本质还依然是材料作文，只是在材料的基础上，增加了明确的指向性任务，意在增强写作的目的性、防止套作。这种作文题重在考查学生对一事物或社会现象的态度与看法，思维的深度与广度，表达的清晰与晓畅。因此，在写作这类作文时，有些基本的东西是必不可少的，只有具备了其中的基本要素，才能达到要求;只有具备了其中的基本框架，才能在考场中立于不败之地。

任务驱动型作文的基本框架有哪些构件组成呢?笔者认为，有如下五部分。

(一)一个响亮的标题

就是在审题的基础上，明确立意，选择写作的角度，拟定一个有抢眼的题目。这个标题应尽量是从材料中抽取而出的“核心立意”，并就此选取材料中关键词句加以组合而成的简洁短语或句子。尽力不用态度而用看法或观点。能运用约定俗成的词句加以改造更为上策。能标新立异就更加理想。

(二)引述+表态+观点

正文第一段就用“引述+表态+观点”的形式，以达到“闪亮登场”的效果。引述可是直接的，也可以是间接的，但必须是有针对性的。表态一定要坚决、果断和明确。观点的呈现，不要拖泥带水，而要开门见山。

(三)分点分层阐述理由

有了态度与观点，没有理由就站不住脚。因此，作文的第三步必然阐述你的理由。阐述一定要具有条理性，就是分点;还要注意内容的层次性，如由浅及深，由表及里，有具体到抽象等。如此才能展示一个学生思维的深广度。

(四)进一步深入阐述

这个步骤一般的同学很难发挥。到底要怎样才能深入呢?笔者认为，最基本的办法就是针对问题提出可行的有时代意义的解决方法，即解决问题。另外，还可以“横向拓展”“纵向挖掘”和进行简易的批驳。尤其是反驳，可以预设反方，然后，进行委婉的劝说，以体现作者思维的周密性，达到任务型作文“文明说理”的要求。

(五)联系实际，快速收尾。

任何一篇文章都要考虑其现实意义，如果没有了现实意义，该文章就逊色许多。因此，学生习作也好，考场作文也好，联系实际是必需的。但是，这一环节不能太婆婆妈妈，应如一部乐曲演奏完毕，戛然而止、曲终人散、回味无穷。

一篇习作具备了上述五个部件构建而成，已是有模有样、中规中矩，若能加上一些必备的调味品，如菜肴之于姜葱蒜，而后定然可取得高分好评。

【实例品析】

阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

为了督促学生学习，某职业技术学院的焦老师想出在课后用微信发红包的“新招”，对出勤率高、学习成绩好和上课认真的同学，都发了红包。此举一出，他的课学生没一个逃课，课堂气氛活跃，师生关系变好。此事传出，该校老师和学生表示认可，觉得这个做法有新意。媒体报道后，引发争议，有家长明确反对老师这种做法，认为用“钱”引导学生上课，会让孩子变得功利，使教育变味。

对以上这件事，你怎么看?请就焦老师、学生或家长的表现，表明自己的态度，阐述自己的看法。要求综合材料内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，完成写作任务。

范文

教书育人也应有“新招”

梁祝

(标题简洁、响亮)

为了督促学生学习，某职业技术学院的焦老师想出在课后用微信发红包的“新招”，对出勤率高、学习成绩好和上课认真的同学，都发了红包。此举一出，师生认可，又在社会上引发了争议，还有家长认为这样会使教育变味。我认为，焦老师是个敢于创新的老师。在如此沉闷的教育背景下，教书育人也的确应该有新招，才能激活教育的正能量。(引述+态度+观点)

首先，传统的育人方式是以班级集体授课制为主，以灌输为主的应试教育让学生们抵触厌烦，远远达不到教育的目的。在这样的情况下，老师们“八仙过海，各显神通”，采用一些新的顺应时代的招数，本是理所应当的，只有不断更新方法，才能不断激活学习的动力。

其次，微信发红包的新招效果明显。大焦老师的课没有一个逃课，课堂气氛活跃，师生关系很好。暂且不论其效果的持久性，但就这点，已经证明新招的可行性。

其三，如果能把“发红包”这种新事物与传统的教书育人方法有机整合起来，还可以给人们提供一种新的思维和教育理念。如在互联网时代，用好移动技术，对学生进行时时处处地引导与教育，定能激发出无数的能量。因此，焦老师的新招肯定能在教育界激发波波涟漪。(分点分层阐述理由)

有家长明确反对老师这种做法，认为用“钱”引导学生上课，会让孩子变得功利，使教育变味。的确，现代学生本就生长在“物欲横流”的环境中，一味用钱去引导学习，极有可能变得功利，使教育变味。但是，教育不能因存在某种风险而畏首畏尾或举步不前。只要是“在课后”，“用小钱”，方式恰当，不变本加厉，在红包激励的同时仍以精神感化、正面教育为主线，发红包这样的新举动一定能在教育中起到重要的激活辅助作用。(预设反方，简易批驳)

古语云：亲其师，信其道。发红包能让学生更亲近其师，“信其道”就不言而喻了。又云：教学相长。学生的学习热情因红包而唤起，那么，学生的热情必然会影响老师的激情，终将达到“相长”的目的。教师的魅力关键在于学术与人格。一个教师若能紧紧依靠自身的学术与人格魅力，辅以新巧的方法，定能让各种因素相得益彰，形成合力，促进教书育人功能的巨大提高。(横向拓展)

如今，我国的教育因各种原因而困难重重，多几个像焦老师那样不甘平庸、敢于创新的老师，拿出更多的新招，必然能冲破重重阴霾，走向教育强国的康庄大道。(联系实际，快速收尾)

【点评】

这一篇习作基本按照五部分基本框架来写，说理清晰，有条理，有深度，也有广度，适度的引用名言，具有较强的时代意义，是一篇难得的考生值得参照的优秀作文。

方法之二：依事设问，分层论述

面对叙事体新材料任务驱动型作文，许多同学不知所措，莫衷一是。在此，介绍一种十分基本实用的方法，即“依事设问，分层论述”，它既能解决无话可说的问题，又可以凭此提升深入阐述事理的能力。

方法指导：

1.依据任务梳理材料，选定角度，表明你的态度，发表你的看法或观点。

2.从材料出发，引述材料，分析并提出新颖、与众不同的中心论点(标题)。

3.依事设问，列好提纲，分层论述。

【实例解析】

阅读下面材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的议论文。

在上海地铁上，一男子因随地吐痰遭到指责后，竟不停地用污言秽语和指责他的乘客对骂，一黑衣壮汉忍不住，拨开人群走到“吐痰男”跟前踢去一脚，吐痰男顿时安静下来，一语不发，此时，有出来劝架的乘客指责“黑衣男”：“打人是不对的。”更多的人则认可黑衣男的做法。这段视频被上传到网络后，引起更大范围、更多角度的讨论。

对于以上事情你怎么看?请你就其中某一个或某一群人的表现，表明你的态度，阐述你的看法，要求综合材料内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，标题自拟。

分角色梳理

人物：吐痰男

所做的事：公共场所随地吐痰，遭责后与乘客对骂，被踢一脚，安静、一言不发。

我的态度：恶其陋行，幸遇强人。

我的看法：文明拒绝粗鄙;社会秩序，人人有责;

人物：黑衣男

所做的事：忍不住，拨开，踢，制止了对骂与吵闹。

我的态度：扬其勇气，短其不足。

我的看法：以黑制黑，行不行?文明创建需有法制的保障;以错治错，并非正义。

人物：乘客

所做的事：少数指责黑衣男，多数认可，更多议论。

我的态度：赞少贬多

我的看法：法制意识淡薄是不文明的根;当局者往往易迷;狭隘的英雄主义要不得。

1.选择角度，确定主旨

如选定“吐痰男”，确定“可怕的不文明”为主旨。

2.依事设问，列好提纲

提纲

(1)吐痰男行为的性质与危害性?

(2)吐痰男行为产生的根源?

(3)遇上这种不文明的行为该如何对待?

(4)怎样解决这种社会问题?

(5)假设反方，适度批驳

范文

：

可怕的不文明

——梁祝

地铁上，一男子随地吐痰，遭到指责后，还不停地用污言秽语跟乘客们对骂，直到被另一黑衣男踢了一脚才安静下来，一语不发。我对吐痰男的这种言行举止深恶痛绝，他的这种非一般的不文明是十分可怕的，它映射出国人的劣根。

吐痰男的言行是怎样的行为?在公共场合随地吐痰，实是不卫生不文明之举，遭到指责后竟与人们恶语相加，这就不是一般的不文明，而是素质极差，性格有缺陷。这种知错还不改的偏执的人，只能算是人渣或是问题青年。一个人在公共场合随地吐痰，也许是平时卫生习惯不好所致，纯属个人习惯问题。但被人指出来后仍不知悔改，还口出秽语，想为自己辩护，连最起码的“羞耻心”也荡然无存，这个问题就严重了。轻则说明他品行缺失，重则说明他心灵扭曲。要知道：一个连最起码的羞耻感都没有的人，肯定不成其为人;一个连羞耻感也没有的民族也肯定是个没希望的民族。

吐痰男为什么会这样呢?这也许跟他成长的环境有关，子不教，父母之过;也许跟学校教育有关，如今学校教育重成绩、重智育，轻德育、轻做人。培养出不少外表有模样，内在缺素养的青年。也许是一个个案，但它至少是我们社会的一份子，他的言行举止跟社会环境息息相关。不管是什么原因，一个孩子的不良和失足肯定与教育缺失大大关联的。

遇上这种不文明的行为，我们该如何对待?一味地当众指责，恐伤其脸面，就是损伤了年轻人的自尊，才导致本就素质不高的吐痰男与乘客对骂。黑衣男的一脚，虽暂时让吐痰男心火熄灭，但是否从心里服气，认识自己的错误并感到愧疚呢?不得而知。这种“以黑制黑”的方式，不一定能达到“以黑治黑”的效果，甚至，适得其反。我认为，对这种不良的行为，最好是善意的劝说，既维护了当事者的面子，又悄无声息地让他反省;其次是制定强有力的处罚制度，加上不折不扣的执法;其三是提高国民的整体素质。让“社会秩序，人人有责”“文明拒绝粗鄙”等成为公众的意识。只要有健康的土壤，文明之花才会遍地开放。

有人说，不就随地吐一口痰吗?至于如此大做文章吗?固然，一口痰是小事，很快就随风蒸发。然而，如果这个人的痰里携带病毒呢?如果人人都这么认为呢?那公共场所的环境文明有谁来维护?我们将生活在怎样的一个社会中?

我们的国家人特别多，尤其是公共场合。如果没有良好的秩序与环境，如果没有正确的公共卫生意识，文明从何谈起?如今，我们的国家发展了，人们的生活富裕了，建设和谐文明的小康社会已成为中国人的追求与梦想。而文明需要从我做起，精心培育出健康的土壤。那就让我们携手共进，一起创建美丽的家园吧!

【点评】

这篇习作很适合于刚开始写作任务型作文的同学，当你不知从何说起时，先依事设问，列好提纲，然后在行文中，分层进行论述，也能完成一篇不错的考场作文。

方法之三：紧扣中心，夹叙夹议

在任务驱动型作文的背景下，有的同学是束手无策，甚至连800字的文章都难于完成，为此，特介绍“紧扣中心，夹叙夹议”的方法，让多数同学能够在考场上完成基本任务，拿到基本分。

什么叫做“紧扣中心”?

就是前提必需在阅读材料的基础上，梳理、抓住核心话题，确立文章主旨，然后，以这主旨为纲，紧紧围绕，不离不弃。

什么叫做“夹叙夹议”?

就是边叙边议。从材料出发，分节叙述，分别表明自己的态度，分别进行评论，阐述自己的看法或观点。如此依葫芦画瓢，若能论述得深刻到位，依旧可以写出上乘的考场习作。

【实例解析】

阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

杭州图书馆允许拾荒者、无业游民入馆，让他们在设有空调的图书馆内免费阅读、看影视、上网、听音乐。图书馆对他们的唯一要求，就是把手洗干净再阅读。这个做法已经坚持了十余年。因此，杭州图书馆被称为“史上最温暖的图书馆”。

曾经有读者对身边的流浪者散发异味而感到不满，无法接受，说允许他们进图书馆是对其他人的不尊重。对此，馆长回答，我无权拒绝他们入馆读书，您如觉不便可更换座位，或者选择离开。

要求：你对上述事件有何看法?请就图书馆或读者一方表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。不要脱离材料内容及涵义的范围作文。

范文

阅读不分贵贱

梁祝

杭州图书馆允许拾荒者、无业游民入馆，让他们在设有空调的图书馆内免费阅读、看影视、上网、听音乐。这样的举动，这样在阅读面前不分贵贱的包容意识，我举双手赞成。

公共图书馆本来就应该面对大众，当然不可拒绝弱势群体如“拾荒者”，要不就不叫“公共”了。设立图书馆的初衷也是鼓励全社会的人民热爱读书，为喜爱读书的人民提供一个好的场所，无业游民等是社会的一员，他们爱读书学习，难能可贵，更应提供好的条件。阅读本身不在乎身份地位，无论是谁，都有阅读的权利。阅读面前，人人平等。该图书馆的做法，大气、独特、具有较多的公共人文关怀，让人温暖，令人舒心。

这个做法已经坚持了十余年了，因此被称为“史上最温暖的图书馆”。这说明，在阅读上不分贵贱这样的意识已经是普遍认可，深入人心。只有图书馆的各色工作人员，在馆内阅读的大众都认可该馆的理念，才能坚持十年之久。

曾经有读者对身边的流浪者散发异味而感到不满，无法接受，说允许他们进图书馆是对其他人的不尊重。他们之所以对此举无法接受，归根到底还是旧观念在作祟，认为图书馆是“高雅”人的活动场所，阅读是“文明”人的举止。正是这种“高等”和“低劣”的偏见，人为地把人类分成三六九等，把阅读误认为是特殊阶层的专利。殊不知，这种民族等级的歧视在历史上已经酿就了无数的悲剧，如“二战”时日本对“东亚病夫”的歧视，就给中国人民带来了深重的灾难。

在这一点上，馆长的回答无疑是闪烁智慧与深得人心的：我无权拒绝他们入馆读书，您如觉不便可更换座位，或者选择离开。一个“您”字，无不体现该馆的公共人文关怀和阅读不分贵贱的精神。

况且，在允许无业游民等入馆之初，该馆已经有一个适度的要求，就是把手洗干净再阅读。这个要求既让人容易接受，又在不断地引导这些特殊的群体向文明迈进。随着该馆开馆时间的不断延长，我们有理由相信，“文明出入，有序阅读”将成为一种新的风尚。

如果拾荒者、无业游民在文明精神的熏染之下，能以文明的身姿——洗个澡，换身干净的衣服进入图书馆，就更是皆大欢喜了。

不管怎样，只要带着纯净的心灵去图书馆，阅读那里的人类文化文明精华，我们都不应该拒绝，因为，阅读从来不分高低贵贱。

【点评】

本文紧抓中心“阅读不分贵贱”，采用极其简单的办法，就是一边分节叙述材料，一边对所叙材料作个性化的解读与评论，也写就了一篇不错的作文，值得学习。

方法之四：即事说理，深入阐述

随着2016年高考的临近，参加“全国卷”考试的考生正紧锣密鼓地准备迎接“叙事体材料任务驱动型作文”的考查，各地考生也已经基本掌握了其写作的特性与写作的方法。然而，让不少同学迷茫的是，怎样才能在新的作文背景下完成任务驱动型作文的重要“任务”之一——“即事说理，深入阐述”呢?

“深入阐述”的基本方法已有不少，如围绕“是什么，为什么，怎么样”的问题导向方式，又如“提出问题，分析问题，解决问题”的思路方式，还有“引论，本论，结论”的结构方式等，都是照样可以沿用的，也有一定的效果。只是在“就事论事、即事论理”上，很难做到深入阐述，写出一篇像样的有水准的考场作文。在此，谨提供两种方法，即进一步深入阐述之“横向拓展”与“纵向挖掘”。以期有益。

例文及评价

唯有精神永存

一考生

青花罐承载着浓厚的历史积淀，暗藏着美丽的故事，它从遥远的时光中走来，传递着中国人的器物精神，不愧是传家宝;勋章见证了那段光辉岁月里的铁戈兵戎，传递着满腔热血、忠心报国的信念，不愧为传家宝。这些器物，在一定程度上，都是精神传承的载体，因此它们才有价值。

然而，将注意力放在物品上多于放在精神传承上，则会本末倒置。这样的传家宝终究不能发挥其真正的作用，反而会使后代子孙沉溺于对传家宝的世俗价值中不可自拔。因此，依我之见，祖训是最好的精神载体，历史洪流浪花滔滔，唯精神万世永存。

季老先生季羡林曾在《八十述怀》一书中有感而发：“若说人生的意义，那就是对人类精神和知识的承上启下。”人类社会的发展，之所以如此神速，正是因为知识和精神的可传递性，如同滚雪球一般。祖训以文字为载体，将先辈对后辈的殷殷期盼传承下来，借此勉励后代不断奋斗，不断学习。这样的精神传递，促使一个家族的兴盛，正如河南的康百万庄园，兴盛了十几代，而其祖训是“留有余，不尽之财以还百姓;留有余，不尽之巧以还造化。”这样的“留有余”如同警钟般时刻回响在后辈心中，自然后辈会不自觉地培养起良好的观念，从而使家族世代兴盛。

精神的传递不仅能使家族兴盛，更能使国家浸浴在先贤道德光辉下，光辉恩泽国土上的每一个人。先生之风，山高水长;贤人之范，愈久弥珍。先贤仰望星空，留下无数宝贵的精神财富，我们取其精华，去其糟粕，用其激励自己不断进取。

余光中曾在写给孩子的信中谈到对孩子的期盼：“不要成为一个媚俗的人。”“要懂得学习欣赏悲剧。”这些话在今天看来，仍是闪烁着智慧的光芒。节日也是一个很好的传播精神的载体，而当今社会却将其片面地作为节日经济的跳板，这不可不说是我们国人的悲哀，当精神的流传不再，社会的发展也将止步不前。(此段败笔：1、引用过多;2、与材料关联度不大)

祖训作为精神的载体，是十分珍贵的传家宝。它虽是短短一句凝练的话，却体现了耀眼的闪光智慧!

【点评】

作者执行任务指令，开篇指出青花罐、勋章作为传家宝的价值所在。经思考、权衡，选择“祖训”作为传家宝，其中理由的分析和重要性的论述入情入理，非常到位，“更”字体现得很充分。通篇语言简洁，富有文采，是难得的应试好作文。

【升格练习】

本文的第五段属于败笔，请你来给它加上一段，深入阐述，使文章前后连贯、文风一致，又能丰富文章内容。

示例一：进一步深入阐述之“横向拓展”

人类知识和精神的传承，不仅在祖训。大凡以文字为载体的中华古代文化经典，如《论语》、《孟子》和《庄子》，如《诗经》和《离骚》，如二十四史等，它们所传承的文化文明无不具有永久的传世价值。而祖训更具亲和力，从而也就更具有普世的渗透力;祖训中的良训精神具有遍地开花的土壤，它可能不局限于本家族的传播，也可能成为全中国人们的精神食粮，如《傅雷家书》、《曾国藩家训》等，已不再是一家一族的精神遗产，是中华民族的传家之宝。

【点评】

思维由“祖训”扩展至中华文化经典，由一家一族的精神延伸到中国传统文化的精神，主题的扩大，是为“横向拓展”。

示例二：进一步深入阐述之“纵向挖掘”

以文字为载体的祖训，相较其它两个传家宝，更具有别具一格的优点。一是祖训文字的无法破坏性。青花罐与勋章是以物质的存在居多，而祖训是以意识的存在为主。物质不可能永存，这是谁人皆知的常识;而意识则在人们心中，只要能延续血脉，必将随之代代相传。精神意识是一个生命的动态过程，而非死板的遗物。二是祖训的传播不受时空限制。只要是家族成员，甚至是外人，只要你认可，就可以随时随地汲取之，学习之，践行之。三是祖训还可以在坚持原有的基础上加以改良和创新。使之具有时代性和特定的功能性，赋予新的积极的具有“正能量”的内涵，成为新时期的“良训”。以上三点是青花罐勋章所不具备的，所以，我更倾心于小程家的祖训，因为其中的“忠厚”与“诗书”是永存的精神。

【点评】

思维往纵深方向发展，进一步从三个方面对三种传家宝进行比较，从而突出“祖训”的优越性，证明作者的观点：唯有精神永存。

方法之五：简易驳论，批驳成章

驳论，是议论文写作的一种论证方法。又叫批驳或反驳。侧重于驳论的议论文是驳论文。.驳论文往往破中有立,边破边立,即在反驳对方错误论点的同时,针锋相对地提出自己的正确观点。批驳错误论点的方法有三种:1.驳论点2.驳论据3.驳论证，但归根结底是为了驳论点。鲁迅最擅长写驳论文，如著名的《拿来主义》，《中国人失掉自信力了吗?》。中学生在写作议论文时使用驳论的方法难度有点大，但若能运用一种简易的驳论，却又有出人意料地效果。它不仅可丰富文章内容，还可扩展深化文章的主题，让论证的思维更加全面严密，使一篇普通的习作脱颖而出。在任务驱动型作文的背景下，使用简易驳论更能取到事半功倍的效果。

技法指导：

常见的驳论一般有如下五个步骤：

步骤一：

根据自己提出的论点内涵，设想并提出现实中人们可能提出的与你提出的相反的看法。

(也许，有人会认为……)

步骤二：

让步肯定错误观点中的表面合理之处。(诚然，固然，的确……)

步骤三：

从原因及可能造成的危害入手，指出观点的错误本质。(然而，根据……就断定……却是夸夸其谈的或以偏概全的。)

步骤四：

举事实或道理论据批驳错误观点的错误性。(当……时，当……时，我们还能……吗?)

步骤五：

得出结论。

例子：

论点：莫以功利论物之价值

(1)也许有人会认为，行事若不以有用为目的，那么行事的价值又在哪里?

(2)的确，任何行为都要有实际的用处，有用的判断也为人们行事提供不竭的动力。韩愈就曾在古文运动中提出“文章合为时而著”。

(3)但，若就此认为功利得失是“有用”的全部内涵，那无疑将陷入片面功利主义的泥淖而不可自拔。

(4)无论是食不果腹时代的泰勒斯执着地仰望星空，还是风雨如晦之时鲁迅不合时宜的弃医从文。

(5)都深刻说明那些与功利得失无关的“无用”之举，恰恰是每一次文明进步的有用之光。

这种驳论对于中学生而言，确实是有难度的，不仅要求习作者有较深刻的思维，还要求较强的语言驾驭能力。驳论据和驳论证的方法及过程就更难了。鉴于此，可提出一种更加简便易学的方法。即三步简易驳论法。

简易“驳论”的三个步骤：

一是摆出靶子，就是别人的错误观点与看法;二是先让步，赞同、肯定别人观点中可取的部分，然后，以“然而，但是”为转折点，分析批驳其中的错误。三是在反驳批驳的基础上，让自己的观点看法更加站立起来。经检验，实乃议论文写作一项不可或缺的补充。

例如：

有人说现代社会，善的怕恶的，忠的怕奸，白的怕黑的，要脸的怕不要脸的，饿死胆小的，撑死胆大的，……只有厚脸黑心才能做强做大。固然，这些不要脸的人，也的确暂时在某些领域有一定的成绩，但就长期而言，他们必将失信于民，狐狸尾巴长不了，甚至自取毁灭。因为大道之行，正义必胜;因为冬天来了，春天一定为期不远!(不要脸皮，遗臭万年)

这种简化了的驳论，实质上减去了事实证明的程序，只在道理上进行批驳或反驳，同样能锻炼中学生的驳论意识与思维。随着这种论证方法的不断运用，渐渐地自然成了习惯，于是有的同学不满足于简单的批驳，出现了各种各样“驳”的例子。这充分说明，由易到难，循序渐进的训练是做任何事的真谛。

课堂练习：

请批驳下面一种观点。

金钱是万能的，因为人们常说：“有钱能使鬼推磨。”

课外练习：

就下面一种观点进行反驳。

贫困生的资格认定有什么难呢?让他们上交“低保证”或有村、乡镇和县民政局盖印的证明不就行了。

课堂练习示例：

(一)驳论点

有人说，金钱是万能的。的确，金钱在人们的生活中总是表现为无所不能，似乎可以买到物质世界的大部分东西。但是，金钱能买到知识吗?金钱能买到感情与爱情吗?金钱能买到时间吗?金钱能买到生命吗?……可见，“金钱是万能的”这样的观点是片面的、武断的。

(二)驳论据

“有钱能使鬼推磨”虽然告诉我们金钱的无所不能和巨大威力，甚至连鬼都能买通。但它毕竟只是一句民间俗语，民间俗语只是人们在生产生活中凭经验总结而出，并没有科学的依据。用没有科学依据的东西作为论据，其证明的观点当然也就不可信。

(三)驳推理过程

有人说，金钱是万能的，因为人们常说：“有钱能使鬼推磨”。这种论断乍看似乎无懈可击，金钱在现实生活中也确实无所不能威力巨大，甚至连鬼都能买通。然而，仅凭一句夸张的俗语就推断出“金钱是万能的”，无疑是偏激的。民间俗语本没有科学的依据，是有缺陷的。再拿它来证明另一个观点，这样的推理过程更不经推敲，因此，这个论断无论是论据还是因果推理都是站不住脚的。

课外练习示例：

让上交“低保证”和各级盖印的证明，固然可以杜绝一些平民百姓的弄虚作假，但是，却无法杜绝一些特权人物的弄虚作假，中国是个人情泛滥的国度，什么事情都讲人情世故，因此，不少人为了点滴利益，不惜玩转各种人情关系，千方百计搞到各类虚假的东西，让主管部门防不胜防难以甄别。所以，在认定各类资格的时候，除了上交各种材料外，还需进行各种实地的调查取证工作，以确保真实性和有效性。

有的任务型作文，如果其中存有争议的多方看法，可选择其中一方立意，然后，通过批驳其它方观点来达到证明己方观点的目的。

例如：

阅读下面材料，写一篇不少于800字的文章。立意自定，题目自拟。

做人如水，你高，我便退去，决不淹没你的优点;

做人如水，你低，我便涌来，决不暴露你的缺陷;

做人如水，你热，我便沸腾，决不妨碍你的热情;

做人如水，你冷，我便凝固，决不漠视你的寒冷。

你对上述材料有何感想与看法?请就其中一个角度表明你的态度，阐述你的观点与看法。不脱离材料内容与内涵，题目自拟。

范文：

做人如水，将失自我

梁祝

既要突显别人的优点，又要包容别人的缺点;既要做绿叶，又要做“丑角”。整个的就是要处处为人着想，设身处地，压根儿没一点儿想到自己。这种忘我无我的如水品质，本是做人的真谛，应该能获得较大的业绩。然而，只是如果过了头，迟早终将失去自我。

肯定赞赏别人的优点，是人际交往中不可多得的品质。但逢人便不管三七二十一，一概说好话，过了头，就显得虚伪，是一种不折不扣的吹捧。孔子曰：巧言令色，鲜矣仁。就是说这种花言巧语的人，这种人是极少仁慈仁爱的。长久养成这种习惯，就会变成一种性格;再久之，就会连自己姓什么都不知道，至于自己有没有优缺点就更加迷失了。父母一味表扬孩子，孩子的尾巴就翘上了天，父母更加束手无策，迷失了自我;老师逢学生都说十分聪明，过了头，世界就没有“愚笨”一说了;结果，学生并没有都学好，于是开始怀疑人生，怀疑自己的教学能力，渐渐也容易失去自我。

在生活中，掩盖庇护别人的缺点，本是一种宽容与大度，能获得别人的感恩。但是过了头，就很容易让自己陷入惆怅迷失的境地。唐代名臣吕元膺一次跟隐士朋友下棋，因文件多，就边下棋边批文件，棋友趁机偷换了棋子而取胜，元膺看在眼里却不予揭穿。第二天，还若无其事地赠送厚礼辞去这位隐士。他包容别人太过头了，虽然给别人留了极大的颜面，但自己却一生也没有放下，那种纠结，那种迷失，直到临终才说，并惆怅而死，这不是迷失自我是什么?

绿叶衬托鲜花，本是自然界的绝配。总是做绿叶，一味为了鲜花而生，最终人们肯定只记住了花的美丽，至于叶子，只能飘然而逝，沉入大地，腐朽成泥，没了自己。在人生事业中，一味顾及别人的脸面，别人的利益，自己就会缩手缩脚，不敢放心大胆地干。一项计划还没有开始实施，就因为别人而放弃，哪有自己的主张啊!这种人一生肯定一事无成，到最后，恐连自己是怎么度过此生的都迷糊不清了。

做丑角，能博得别人一笑，也是无可非议的。只是如果为了迎合别人而任意践踏自己的尊严，那就大可不必了。这样做，比前面几种更加无我失我。

所以，做人如水不能过头。

总想做得更好，一味模仿别人，就会失去个人魅力，失去自己原本的性格。如“邯郸”，如“东施”，如“左思”。

恋爱中的青年，过分在乎对方，总为对方着想，就会失去平衡，如“剃头挑子”，陷爱情于不健康之地，最后，一方必然失去自我。

太过爱一个人或一件东西，也往往容易无我。如“房奴”，如“孩奴”，如“钱奴”。

做人如水，是人生很高的境界。但如果在某一方面走过了头，必然过犹不及，物极必反，非常容易陷入失去自我，难以自拔的深渊。

让我们把握好做人处事的“度”，去迎接光明美好的生活吧!

【点评】

本文最大的亮点是在本不好“反弹琵琶”的主题上，作者强硬“弹”出：将失自我。并采用中学生近乎不敢用的“驳”的论证方法，对材料中四种情况进行适度的反驳，再让自己的论点站立。批驳成章，不可多得。

方法之六：巧设反方，探源究底

在任务驱动型作文的背景下，怎样才能把一个论题阐述深透呢?许多同学无从下手，所写的文章老是停留在肤浅的层面，得分不高，在此，介绍“巧设反方，探源究底”的方法，以供同学学习参考。

“巧设反方”就是在正面论述的基础之上，提出有可能出现的反方看法或观点，尽力预设，尽力设全，以体现你思维的周密性。

“探源究底”就是在预设反方的前提下，探究反方观点产生的根源以及错误的本质，甚至对反方观点进行有力的批驳，让它站不住脚，从而使自己的看法有理有力。

例如：

阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。(60分)

不久前，某大学在临近期末时发生了这样一事：夜幕下，风雨中，一群大学生在校农场打着手电栽种油菜。校长对媒体说：“学生必须亲手碰到泥巴，才能知道什么是奋斗，什么是劳动。”农场劳动是该校的必修课，是“毕业通行证”。这种观点和做法得到了不少网民的支持。

然而也有人持不同意见：为挣学分冒雨挑灯夜战，是否有矫枉过正之嫌?还有人认为，大学生的首要任务是学习专业知识，此举有形式主义之嫌。

对于以上事件及不同观点，你怎么看?请表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。要求综合材料内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，完成写作任务。

示范例文：

亲历劳动，方知奋斗

刘晓曼

某高校开设种田必修课，学生夜里打手电种油菜，新闻一出，立刻引发热议，有支持者，也有反对者，更有抨击者，但无论何种反应都体现了大众对高校教育、对人才培养的一种关注、一种思索。

亲历劳动，方知奋斗。学校的良苦用心是值得大力称赞的。农场劳动，不单是一门必修课程，是毕业的通行证，更是一种观念、一种品质的培养。党的教育方针明确指出：教育必须与生产劳动相结合……未来世界的竞争是“人才素质”的竞争，而劳动素质又是人才素质中极其重要的一个方面。但令人叹息的是，有许多的网民，却反对高校的这种做法，质疑这种做法的真正意图，或许是因为他们觉得大学生的首要任务是学习专业知识，应该把时间更多地放在精进自己的专业水平上，不能也没有必要去做“普通农民”所做的“农活”，然而，这个理由不过只是个幌子，是个借口，何况精进专业知识，也不是“不问世事，一心只读圣贤书”就能达成的，再说，闭门苦读就一定能够学好专业知识吗?更深层的原因，恐怕是大众内心对“农”的鄙视，是自古以来就有的对“读书人”的崇敬与膜拜：认为田间劳作是没有文化修养或修养较低的农民干的，文化人，既然已经跳出农门，就不要也不必再碰农活了。他们主观上认为“读书人”与“农民”是截然不同的两种身份，而这种认识，又恰恰是长期以来由阶级的差距衍生出的优越感而催生的。

爱劳动，才会生活;学会劳动，才能学会生活。高校开展农场劳动必修课，不仅可行，更有深远意义。学生在学校，不仅要学会一些理论性的东西，还需进行各种各样的实践劳动，只有二者相结合，才能更好地提升学生的综合素质。农场劳动，除了能提高学生们的动手能力、实践能力，让学生更接地气，还能让学生在获得劳动的切身体验中，认识到粒粒皆辛苦，尊重劳动人民和劳动成果，更能让学生在艰苦环境的磨炼中，培养一种吃苦耐劳、艰苦奋斗的精神。事实上，人的很多优秀的品质，都可以在劳动中形成。

发扬光大该校的这一做法，或许我们可以有更好做法，加强宣传教育，提高学生积极主动参加劳动实践的意识，鼓励学生积极参加各种各样的社会实践活动，而不局限于田间劳作，更无需用“必修”的形式，来强制学生，为完成学分临时抱佛脚而在临近期末时连夜冒雨打手电种油菜。

“民生在勤，勤则不匮”，无论时代如何变化，我们始终都要热爱劳动、崇尚劳动。

【点评】

本文在正面阐述了理由之后，先预设网民的不同观点与看法，然后，逐步探寻出产生这些看法的根源，有表面的原因，也有更深层次的原因。显示作者非一般的思维能力，文章也因此步入更高的档次。是一种不可多得的方法。

方法之七：适度举例，合理引用

任务驱动型作文忌讳传统的名人荟萃，名家开会。那么，该怎样对待名人事例和名言警句呢?笔者认为，既然是议论文，肯定离不开这些东西，否则，就像准备一桌饭菜，却没有了食材;如巧妇，难为无米之炊。只是，在运用时，不能如传统作文那样，尽情挥洒堆砌，而要“举例适度，引用合理”。在任务驱动型作文的背景下，名人事例和名言警句照样可用，而且用得好还可以为文章增色。那么，该怎样用呢?其原则有三：

其一、与核心话题高度吻合;

其二、把名人名言融入自己的论述之中;

其三、数量、长度适中、恰到好处。

例如《唯有精神永存》中的一段：

季老先生季羡林曾在《八十述怀》一书中有感而发：“若说人生的意义，那就是对人类精神和知识的承上启下。”人类社会的发展，之所以如此神速，正是因为知识和精神的可传递性，如同滚雪球一般。祖训以文字为载体，将先辈对后辈的殷殷期盼传承下来，借此勉励后代不断奋斗，不断学习。这样的精神传递，促使一个家族的兴盛，正如河南的康百万庄园，兴盛了十几代，而其祖训是“留有余，不尽之财以还百姓;留有余，不尽之巧以还造化。”这样的“留有余”如同警钟般时刻回响在后辈心中，自然后辈会不自觉地培养起良好的观念，从而使家族世代兴盛。

引述季老的原话和举“河南康百万庄园的祖训”为例，就既与话题高度吻合，又能融入自己的论述之中，长度适中，恰到好处，一点也不影响核心话题本身。这样的事例与名言，可谓跟文章结合得完美，应是多多益善的。

又如下面一文，作者可谓是“胆大妄为”了。

作文题：

美国漫画家罗素·迈尔斯系列漫画《女巫希尔迈》中有这样一个故事：两座悬崖，中间隔着一条又深又宽的峡谷。女巫站在这边，秃鹫站在那边。秃鹫不断召唤女巫跳到它那边来。女巫说，峡谷太宽，她跳不过去。秃鹫对女巫说，不要用消极的思想打败自己，只要她有热情和积极的态度，就能做成任何事情。女巫在秃鹫煽动下，热血沸腾起来，她真的开始感到世界上没有她做不到的事，于是，一挺胸，一弓腰，向对面的悬崖猛冲过去。结果，女巫并没有跳过峡谷。

秃鹫看着掉入峡谷的女巫，自言自语道：看来，光鼓动她的激情是不够的，还得教她如何锻炼腿部肌肉。

对于这件事情，你怎么看?请表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。要求综合材料的内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，标题自拟，不要套作，不得抄袭。

范文：

看清自我 理智前行

一考生

女巫受秃鹫“只要有激情和积极的态度就能做成任何事”的煽动纵身一跃，结果却掉入峡谷。为什么女巫没有跃过峡谷呢?是因为女巫盲目听信别人，不能正确认识自己的能力，盲目跳跃，以致葬身谷底。所以，只有看清自我，我们才能理智前行。

看清自我，能使人避短扬长，理智前行。杨振宁曾坦言说：“我对实验物理似乎杨振宁先生是享誉世界的理论物理学家，并因与李政道一起提出“弱相互作用中守称不守恒论”而获得诺贝尔奖。然而这位誉满全球的物理学家早年因研究实验物理而备受他人耻笑。没有别人那样的天赋，实验仪器出现故障后，别人能很快找到问题所在，而我却急得满头大汗。”后来聪明的杨振宁经过思考，看清了自己的不足，发现自己在理论物理方面有专长，于是投理论物理研究，最终硕果累累。正是因为杨振宁看清了自我，才能避短扬长，理智前行，现在才名满天下。写到这里不禁想到：女巫不是巫吗，那一定会法术，为什么要硬跳呢?自己没有发达的肌肉，却还要纵身一跃，如果看清自己，施一点法术，也不致于掉入峡谷。

看清自我，能使人脚踏实地，理智前行。四川省的理科状元刘宁毕业于某名牌大学，就在大家认为他将会有一个好前途、好生活时，他却在不停地应聘、辞职，原因就是总嫌弃公司待遇不好，自己有才能，何愁找不到工作?这样以致于他最后还要靠父母的补给生活。毕业于名牌大学了不起吗?全国有那么多名校，每个学校有那么的人，你是最好的吗?状元刘宁就是没有看清自己，不脚踏实地地工作，以致于无法理智前行，最后落得如此下场。女巫也何尝不是这样呢?假若她能认清自己肌肉不发达的现实，不好高骛远，追求自己无法达到的目标，又脚踏实地，刻苦锻炼，练就一身发达的肌肉，区区几米的距离算得了什么呢?因此，人只有看清了自己，才能找到正确的方向，迈出坚实的步伐，理智前行。

看清自我，理智前行，让失败者重获新生。现在家喻户晓的喜剧明星艾特金森，也就是憨豆先生。他当初因为语言表达能力不行，经常口差，差点离开他热爱的喜剧舞台。但聪明的憨豆先生经过一番思考后，看清了自己，发现自己的语言表达能力不行，但肢体语言和面部表情丰富，于是便向这方面发展，最后成为了几代人都忘不了的艺术形象。如果女巫像憨豆先生一样看清了自我，理智前行，又怎么会掉进峡谷?“看清自我，理智前行”这一条件如同一块肥沃的土壤，让失败者重获新生。

百灵鸟自知没有叱咤苍穹的力量，她便理智前行，苦练歌喉，最终在林间婉转歌唱;小溪自知没有大海波浪滔天的气势，便理智前行，在林间流淌，衬天色，映鸟鸣，也是一大快事。它们都是看清了自己，找到了正确的方向，理智前行，才实现自身价值。如果女巫也如它们一样，结果是不是又是另一番场景呢?

看清自我，理智前行，你将收获人生精彩。

【点评】

几乎每一段都举例，且举得与主旨契合，在分析完了之后，还能及时回归中心话题。如熟练的老司机，几乎做到了人车合一，驾驭的随意娴熟，非一般人所能想象。又不长，合适。这样的举例，难道不是议论文所需要的吗?因此，任务驱动型作文是应该有举例与引用的，只是要适度合理罢了。

dazu county, located in the southeast of sichuan province, is 271 kilometres away from chengdu and 163 kilometres away from chongqing. "dazu" here means "harvest and abundance (dafeng, dazu)".

the work of dazu rock carvings began in the first year of yonghui in the tang dynasty (650a.d.), and continued until the ming and qing dynasties. now, it enjoys equal popularity with theyungang and longmen grottoes. the general term of "dazu rock carvings" refers to all the cliffside carvings in dazu county, which includes the carvings in beishan (including beita), baodingshan, nanshan, shizhuanshan and shimenshan. baoding grotto, 15 kilometres northeast of the county seat, is the largest and best preserved one and is a key cultural relic site under state protection.

there are more than 50,000 buddhist, taoist and confucian rock carvings and 100,000 characters of inscriptions dotted around dazu. the carvings not only include the statues of buddha and bodhisattva but also include that of monarchs, ministers, military officers, high and low-ranking officials, jailers, executioners, monks, rich and poor people, and folk art performers. the earliest grotto was carved in the early tang dynasty and most of them have a history over 1000 years.many of the carvings in baoding grotto reflect religious doctrines and another set of carvings reflects confucianism, specifically filial piety. what the carvings offer to visitors is not only the wonderful enjoyment of the magnificent art but a buddhist teaching like this: one can free himself from earthly worries by self-cultivation and does not need to go beyond his own inner world to

find the truth of buddhism. there are also many other carvings at the site that tell buddhist doctrines through the lives of ordinary people. with rich images as well as inscriptions, the dazu grottoes are regarded as an art treasure house that fully reflected the society, philosophy, religion and folklore of that time. in 1999, unesco listed dazu stone carvings as a world cultural heritage site. one point to be noted is that the dazu grottoes are the only ones that were implemented according to an overall design among over 100 grottoes in china.

Directions:

Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about 100 words,providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming”instead.

Do not write the address.(10 points)

参考范文：

Notice

Welcome you to this university and this new-bulided library. I am a libraian in our university and will give you relevent information about the library.

To begin with, there is circulation desk in the circulation hall so that you can borrow and return books more quickly and conveniently. Besides, the hours of loan books is during 9:00-17:00 from Monday to Friday so that you can take best advantage of the library. Moreover, the computer room in the library is big enough for you to search for some academic information charged by the hour so you must ensure that some money is left in your ID card.

I hope you will find the above information useful and I would be ready to discuss the matter with you to further details. If you have any questions about the library, please call 123456or send messages to 123456@abc. Wish you a good time during your colledge life.

请注意

欢迎你来这所大学和这个new-bulided库。我是一个libraian在我们的大学会给你有关信息图书馆。

首先,在循环大厅有循环桌子,这样您就可以借并返回书更快更方便。此外,小时的贷款是在9:00-17:00从星期一到星期五,这样您就可以最好的利用图书馆。此外,在图书馆计算机房对你来说是足够大的去寻找一些学术信息按小时收取所以你必须确保一些钱留在你的身份证。

我希望你会发现上面的信息是有用的,我准备和你讨论此事进一步的细节。如果你有任何问题关于图书馆,请致电123456或123456 @abc发送消息。祝你一段美好的时光在你科莱奇的生活。

从每年的考试情况来看，很多同学能完整地按照要求把文章写出来，但得分却较低。实际上，高考英语书面表达是一个分值颇高且易得分的题型，只是很多同学没有掌握得分技巧。下面我们一起看看怎样才能让高考作文“拽”起来。

一、几点重要原则

1.智者利用押题，傻子依赖押题!

2.书面表达整篇背诵绝无必要，可以以看读为主，关键是从中汲取一些常用的词汇和表达，并能得体熟练地运用。考场上应变能力很重要!

3.英文写作模仿很重要。有时也很有效。但不能过于牵强，尤其是对一些长难句的刻意模仿使用。

4.文似看山不喜平，起承转合一定要有!

5.“见微知著，一叶知秋”，几个亮点足矣：有道是：浓妆淡抹总相宜，作文写得简洁到位要比长篇大论更显功力。

6.心不为形役。不要身陷逐字逐句“英汉对号”式的字面翻译，要把表达的主动权始终握在自己手里。

二、善用万能句以不变应万变

历届高考，书面表达考得最多是提示作文，即提供一定的情景内容，要求考生完成100词左右的短文。

从命题方式看，有短文提示、要点提示、图画提示、情景提示以及图表提示等；体裁以应用文为主，记叙文为辅：题材为广大中学生所熟悉的日常生活。从提供要点的情景方面看，历届高考书面表达题均属供料小作文，采用文字供料或文字说明加图画(图表)的方式供料。

备考时，同学们要利用有限的时间把以前背的范文整理一下，从中选出不同体裁、不同题材的范文各一篇(范文以高考真题的高分作文为佳)，把它们重新记忆，一定记牢。这样，高考时不管什么样的文章都可套用背诵好的格式。避免考场上因紧张而无章可循。

最后阶段，还要总结一下写作时常用且能出彩的固定句型、句式，比如强调句型、定语从句、名诃性从句等，牢记英语的五个基本句式，背诵平时老师总结的万能句。以不变应万变。

考场答题前，应仔细审题，研究所提供的文字和图画(图表)材料和作文要求。分析、提炼要点，理顺要点，确立基本的写作思路，不要忽略任何一个词。关键的词更不能遗漏，构思好写几个方面，缺一不可。

写作时，尽量用学过的英语句型和词组。少写长句和复杂句以免弄巧成拙、漏洞百出。但目前高考有关书面表达的评分标准要求作文中应有“较多的语法结构和词汇”，因此同学们在书面表达中不能都写小句、短句和单句，还要正确运用高级词汇和复杂结构。恰当运用过渡词，使写出来的文章含金量更高，更具可读性。

三、高分作文六大特性

1.条理性。指的是合理安排文章结构。首先，在文章思路、组织材料、叙述顺序等方面要有一定的条理性。其次。根据需要，安排好段落，各段之间要层次分明，也要重视每一段的开头和结尾，开头语往往是总起句，结尾语往往是总结句。

2.准确性。指要求写出语法正确的句子，包括时态、语态、用词和句法等，要准确、地道地表达。必须要牢牢掌握一些常用句型或习惯表达，避免中式英语，在实践中不断总结中英用法的差异，养成用英语思维写作的习惯。

3.流畅性。指根据整篇文章思想的需要，有效采用不同的连接手段，使文章层次清楚、行文连贯。

4.简洁多样性。简洁性就是语言简洁，不重复。多样性就是能随情景内容的变化写出句式多样的语句。这也是新课程标准对写作的评价标准。

5.思想性。新标准对写作的要求，增加了情感因素，在准确流畅表达写作要点的同时，适当增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，使文章读起来更亲切，完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。

6.美观性。指的是卷面书写规范、清楚、干净、整洁。

四、怎样才能有‘拽”的感觉

1.高考写作的实质——变相考查句型与词汇的灵活应用

英语写作不同于语文作文的写作，如果说语文作文是一个自由发挥的舞蹈，那么高考英语写作就是带着枷锁在跳舞。我之所以这样来形容，是因为高考英语写作的内容都已经通过文字、表格、图片这三种形式给定，内容方面，不需要学生进行发挥，大家所需要发挥的就是不要老去给这个不变的内容穿毫无变化的校服(简单句)，而要去穿一些不一样的衣服，让它显得不那么单调，让阅卷老师能看到不同，而那些所谓的衣服也就是多变句型与词汇。

2.写作的评分标准——怎么去迎合评卷老师的胃口

我了解到目前很大一部分学生的作文都处在15分左右，写作满分25分，15分也就是个及格分，那么15分和20多分的作文到底差在哪里?这个问题很容易回答。15分的作文中规中矩，该对的都对，包括内容要点的完整，语法与词形的正确，但是全都是简单句子的堆砌，没有任何亮点。而20多分的作文在句型词汇方面就做了很好的包装，它的句子穿的衣服已经不是校服，而是李宁、耐克，或者是阿迪，所以让人觉得很“拽”，而高考英语写作要的就是这种很“拽”的感觉。

3.写作提分的三要素——句型。连词。高级词汇

句子是我们写作文最大的单位。有了漂亮的句子。用好的连词将其连句成段，再加上一些如星星般亮点词汇的点缀，一篇好的高考英语作文就诞生了。而这三个因素中最容易把握的是句子，最难的是高级词汇，限于大家的词汇还比较有限。一篇文章中出现那么一两个就够了。我们应该把重心放在句型上，因为这个最容易把握。

但是大家又有这样的困惑，学校里老师也给了我们很多的句型啊，动辄成五十上百句的，大家背得挺多，但是面对考试的时候，发现背的那些怎么也用不上。其实不是那些东西没有用，而是它们太干了，就好比一根干骨头，大家嚼起来很没有味。也不知道该把它们往哪里放。

在这里我给大家提供一种比较切实可行、迅速提高的练习方法，在接下来的时间里只要大家按照这个方法来，就一定会有收获。

找出历年真题，一周只需要写两篇。但是要这么来写。

1.把你要写的内容要点用九到十句的汉语表达出来。

2.逐一地进行翻译，不是用简单句。而是要刻意地去想：

(1)可以用什么样的复杂句；

(2)怎样去避开不会的表达，转义。

例如：

这本书是如此的有趣，以至于我读了一遍又一遍。

1.This book was so interest，ing that l read it again and again，

2.This was such an interest，ing book that l read it again andagain，

3.This was s0 jnteresting abook that l read it again and a—gain

4.So interesting was thisbook that l read it again and a—gain

这四句译文当中无疑评卷老师最欣赏的是第四句，因为它用了倒装。

4.如何备考

其实这种思维大家都有。但是没有成为一种思路，让它能在考试中起到作用，那是因为大家练得少。英语写作处在一种很尴尬的境地，一方面大家要分数。但另外一方面大家一个学期里写的作文也就是期中期末的两篇。毫不夸张地说，有的学生上了三年的高中可能只写了六篇作文，所以练习是很重要的，要是现在不练而把高考当练习。那么作文只拿14、15分也合情合理了，到那时你不要骂评卷老师不公平，而应该问问自己备考的时候为什么不多练几篇。时间都是挤出来的，希望大家可以挤出时间来练写作。

高考英语作文 世界无烟日 World No Tobacco Day

This years observance of World No Tobacco Day focuses on "Gender and tobacco, with an emphasis on marketing to women".

今年的世界无烟日，关注“性别与烟草，强调对女性的营销”。

Although fewer than 1 out of 10 women are smokers, that still adds up to an estimated 200 million women around the world. Moreover, that number could grow, since the tobacco industry is spending heavily on advertisements that target women and associate tobacco use with beauty and liberation.

虽然不到10名女性中有1名女性吸烟者，但仍有200000000名妇女在全世界估计有名妇女被吸烟。而且，这个数字可能会增长，因为烟草业在广告上投入巨资，针对妇女和联想烟草使用的广告与美和解放。

According to a recent study by the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of girls and boys who smoked was about equal in half the 151 countries surveyed. This finding is even more worrisome since young people who smoke are likely to continue in adulthood.

据世界卫生组织最近的一项调查显示，有一半的女孩和男孩在调查的151个国家中大约有一半是平等的。这一发现更令人担忧，因为吸烟的年轻人很可能在成年后继续继续下去。

Evidence indicates that the prevalence rate of tobacco use among women is on the rise in some countries. Governments everywhere must take action to protect women from tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, as stipulated in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

有证据表明，在一些国家，妇女使用烟草的患病率在上升。各国政府都必须采取行动，保护妇女不受烟草控制的“世界卫组织公约”规定的烟草广告、促销和赞助。

The Convention also calls on Governments to protect women from second-hand tobacco smoke -- especially in countries where women feel powerless to protect themselves and their children. As WHO data show, of the 430,000 adults who die each year from second-hand smoke, nearly two thirds are women.

该公约还呼吁各国政府保护妇女免受二手烟草烟雾的保护，特别是在妇女认为自己无力保护自己和子女的国家。正如世卫组织数据显示，每年死于二手烟的430000名成年人中，有近三分之二名是女性。

Around the world, more than 1.5 million women die each year from tobacco use. Most of these deaths occur in low-and middle-income countries. Without concerted action, that number could rise to 2.5 million women by the year 2030.

在世界各地，每年有超过1500000名妇女死于烟草使用。大多数这些死亡发生在低收入和中等收入国家。如果没有协调一致的行动，这一数字可能会上升到2500000，2030岁的女性。

We must turn back the global tobacco epidemic. On World No Tobacco Day, I urge all Governments to address this public health threat. Tobacco use is not stylish or empowering. It is ugly and deadly.

我们必须把全球烟草流行化。在世界无烟日，我呼吁各国政府应对这一公共卫生威胁。烟草使用是不时尚的或授权的。它是丑陋和致命的。

Would My Father Have to Operate父亲得动手术吗

I was waiting for the doctor to finish his examination.I was worried and nervous.Would my father have to operate?Would a blood transfusion be necessary?What would he have to say?

Dr Lin was a heart expert.He was an excellent doctor and his examinations were always complete.He listened to the patients heart,took his blood pressure and temperature,gave him an X-ray and examined his eyes and ears.The doctor finall completed his examination and spoke to me.He told me that heart trouble is never a minor illness,but this wasnt a serious heart attack.He advised losing weight,getting plenty of sleep and eating good meals.Smoking and drinking would be harmful,of course.Dr Lin said it would be necessary to be careful for a while,but he was confident that there was nothing to worry about.

I felt much better after I spoke to Dr Lin.I was certain that my father would be up and around again very soon.Hes seventy five years old now,but he can still live for a long time if he takes good care of himself.

我在等医生来完成他的检查，我很担心，紧张，我父亲必须要手术吗？输血是必要的吗？他要说什么？

林博士是心脏病专家。他是一名优秀的医生，他考试总是完成。他听病人的心脏，把他的血压和体温，给他X光检查了他的眼睛和耳朵。医生finall完成他的考试和我谈话。他告诉我，心脏问题从来不是一个轻微的疾病，但这并不是一个严重的心脏病。他建议减肥，获得充足的睡眠和饮食。吸烟和饮酒会是有害的，当然。林博士说，就必须要小心而，但他有信心，有什么可担心。

我觉得好多了之后我说林博士，我是一定的，我父亲会很快再四处走动。他的七十五年现在老了，但他仍能活很长一段时间，如果他需要好好照顾自己。

英语写作想要拿高分，经典的句型不可少。下面是语文迷整理的8种英语句型，供大家阅读参考。

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

四.举例句型

1.Lets take...to illustrate this.2.lets take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.3. Here is one more example. 4.Take … for example. 5.The same is true of….6.This offers a typical instance of….7.We may quote a common example of….8.Just think of….

五.常用于引言段的句型

1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为…To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。

2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.多年来，……一直被视为……，但今天的情况有很大的不同。

3. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为…

4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意这一观点的… I believe….

5. My argument for this view goes as follows.我对这个问题的看法如下。

6. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展，越来越多…

7. There is a long-running debate as to whether….有一个长期运行的辩论，是否…

8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为…

9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者。

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前，我想有必要看看双方的论据。

六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法

1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.3. A and B differ in…. 4. A differs from B in….5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in….6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B….7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B….8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B….9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B….11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B….

七 演绎法常用的句型

1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……，但一般，他们可以归结为三个主要的。

2. There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.有许多因素可能占...，但以下是最典型的。

3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题，但下面的可能是最有效的。

4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说，这些优势可以列举如下。

5. The reasons are as follows.

八 因果推理法常用句型

1.Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot. 4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。

5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.6.Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight. 8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight. 吃太多导致超重。

导语：绵羊下海经商，开理发店却把刺猬的刺烫卷了，开洗染店又把乌鸦的黑色羽毛染成白色，开饮食店竟给狐狸送上炒青菜。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

材料作文题：阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

绵羊下海经商。开理发店，把刺猬的刺烫卷了，刺猬大哭;开洗染店，又把乌鸦的黑色羽毛染白了，乌鸦很生气;开饮食店，竟给狐狸送上炒青菜，狐狸砸了它的店牌。

要求全面理解材料，但可以选择一个侧面、一个角度构思作文。自主确定立意，确定文体，确定标题;不要脱离材料的含意作文，不要套作，不得抄袭。

写作点拨

(1)从绵羊一厢情愿地把自己的意愿强加在别人的身上可以得出结论：已之所欲，勿施于人。或切莫“以己律人”。

(2)白发卷发和青菜是绵羊的专利，虽适合自己，却是对刺猬的污辱，对乌鸦的讽刺，对狐狸的愚弄，因为任何事物都有区别于其他事物的特殊性，办任何事都要从实际出发，探求并尊重事物发展的规律性。

(3)从战胜困难的角度得出迎难而上，奋力拼搏才能获取成功的喜悦这一观点。

范文示例：心灵换位―请多站在别人的立场想想

绵羊下海经商，开理发店却把刺猬的刺烫卷了，开洗染店又把乌鸦的黑色羽毛染成白色，开饮食店竟给狐狸送上炒青菜。这自然闹出了不少的摩擦与笑话。追根到底，造成这种结局的原因是绵羊没有站在别人的立场上为别人着想。作为万物之灵长的人类，更应该适当的进行心灵换位，多站在别人的立场想想。

心灵的换位，能化解不必要的矛盾，团结众人之力。大家对“负荆请罪”这个故事也许都耳熟能详了吧。老将廉颇自恃武艺高强，且屡建战功，于是不把别人放在眼里。但靠着能言善辩多次帮国家化险为夷的蔺相如却悄无声息的超过了他的头衔。廉颇当然无法忍受，竟扬言要羞辱蔺相如一番。话传到蔺相如耳中，他不仅不气愤，反而处处忍让，回避廉颇。最终他为国家着想的初衷也被廉颇所理解，两人从而团结一致，使赵国日趋强盛。试想，若不是蔺相如站在廉颇的立场上，了解廉颇争强好胜的个性，也了解他建功立业的壮志，那造成的结果不仅是两人关系的决裂，更严重的是国家前途的断丧。

心灵换位，多站在别人的立场想想，能使我们的社会更和谐发展。美国的对伊战争，造成的是千万无辜伊拉克人民的生灵涂炭。倘若美国人能够站在伊拉克人民的立场上为他国想想，那也许悲剧就不会发生。相反的，当印尼饱受海啸的侵袭时，国际友人站在印尼人民的生活安危上为他国着想，于是千千万万国际友人慷慨解囊援助，给印尼人民帮助，给印尼人民希望，这对于促进社会的和谐发展是多么重要。

但是要做到心灵换位，为别人着想确实不容易。

首先，我们必须摆脱以我为中心的观念。从小的方面讲，以我为中心造成的是个人的孤立与对他人的侵害;从大的方面讲，以我中心造成的会是两个国家之间的战火纷飞，造成的是社会的动荡不安。

其次，我们少把利益渗进人际交往中去。现实中许多人无法站在别人的立场上为之着想，很大程度上是因为自己对利益的迫切追求。我们不应把利益看得如此重要，人与人之间的和谐才是最重要的。

总而言之，无论做任何事，我们都应该适当进行心灵换位，多站在别人的立场想想，这样才能化解不必要的矛盾，才能构建美好和谐的社会。

Where possible, reduce the use of "which," "who" "that" "whom" "whether... or not" etc.

少用关系代词

学会运用关系代词是你学习英文过程中的一个重要的阶段。学会少用它们则表明你取得了更大的进步。在校对你的作品时，仔细检查一下所有的which’s, who’s that’s和whom’s是否必要。删除不必要的关系代词会使你的文章更精彩。

Example:

Unnecessary: It is a truth that is universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

(用两个 that’s，读起来很别扭)

Better: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

-- Jane Austin

注：被动语态修饰的名词通常不须用关系代词。

Unnecessary: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, which was built with American assistance.

Improved: In 1970 India dedicated a nuclear power plant near Bombay, built with American assistance.

Unnecessary: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation which was undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Improved: During this period, Churchill spoke for a nation undivided and curiously happy, as it has never been in my lifetime, before or since.

Unnecessary: Justice theories have a long tradition, which goes back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Improved: Justice theories have a long tradition, going back to Plato and Aristotle in the 5th century B.C.

Unnecessary: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million that she made by tap dancing which made her famous in the movies.

Improved: Shirley Temple’s father blew nearly the entire $3 million she made tap dancing her way to fame in the movies.

Unnecessary: We told them they were the victims who deserved sympathy the most.

Improved: We told them they were the victims, most deserving of sympathy.

Unnecessary: Only a person who is oblivious* to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Better: Only a person oblivious to the facts of modern life would doubt the need of vocational education today.

Unnecessary: Not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea, whether it contains caffeine or not.

Better: With or without caffeine, not everyone in North America likes the taste of green tea.

Unnecessary: Usually the Washington family married people who were socially better off than themselves, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Better: Usually the Washingtons married their social betters, but the second marriage of George’s father was an exception.

Unnecessary: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach the person to whom the letter is addressed.

Better: In some instances, a letter can take ten days by air and six to eight weeks by ship to reach its intended receiver.

导语：无论是写作还是翻译时，只要一提到重要脑子里闪现的就是important?想表达许多第一反应就是many?同学，如果我说对了的话，那么你的词汇量还只是停留在初中水平!可是随着四六级写作和翻译这两个模块难度的不断提升，如果你不更新你的词汇量，那么你的作文肯定不会得到一个漂亮的分数。以下是小编整理英语常用褒义词替换的资料，欢迎阅读参考。

重要的 (important [pt()nt])

vital [vat()l]

【例句】She had found out some information of vital importance。

【翻译】她已经发现了一些至关重要的信息

crucial [kru()l]

【例句】It is crucial that the problem is tackled immediately。

【翻译】立即着手解决这个问题是至关重要的。

prominent [prmnnt]

【例句】This considerable increase in investment played a prominent role in fueling economic growth。

【翻译】投资的较大幅度增加，对拉动经济增长发挥了明显作用。

cardinal [kɑd()n()l]

【例句】Respect for life is a cardinal principle of English law。

【翻译】尊重生命是英国法律最重要的原则。

优秀的 (good [gd])

excellent [eks()l()nt]

The Memory About College Entrance Exam

The college entrance exam is a big exam for students, they have learned so many years for the purpose of entering the college. For most person, they have the very deep impression about the big exam, it has changes so many people’s destinies. I had taken part in the exam, I remember it clearly, the situation just like happened yesterday. I studied so hard, in those days that were nearing the exam, all the students focus their attention on the study, we fought together. The paper and the books were piled up our desks, when I entered the classroom, I hardly could see my classmates’ heads. Though it was the tough days for us, we felt happy, because we fought for our future, we believe what we do will bring us a promising future. These memories will linger on my mind forever.

高考对于学生来说是一个大的考试，他们已经学了那么多年，目的是考上大学。对于大部分人来说，他们对于这个重大的考试有很深的印象，它改变了很多人的命运。我已经参加了高考，我能清楚地记得它，那情形就像发生在昨天。我很努力学习，在那些接近考试的日子，所有的学生都集中他们的精力来学习，我们一起奋斗。那些书本和试卷堆满了我们的桌子，当我今日教室时，我几乎看不到同学的头。虽然那些日子很艰苦，但是我们觉得很开心，因为我们为未来奋斗，我们相信所做的会让我们的将来更加的明朗。这些记忆将永存在我的脑海里

[难忘的高考记忆英语作文

拿到英语试题不知道从哪里下手吗?那么下面这套英语写作流程对你会有一定的帮助。

一.审题。

拿到题目后，手中拿铅笔，手脑眼嘴并用，开始审题。看题目的要求是什么，要点是什么，特殊要求是什么。譬如你是叫李华，还是随便一个名字? 要议论文还是记叙文?对分几段写有无要求?等等。诸如此类的硬性要求信息，都最好用铅笔划下来，以免出错，也许你一开始会记得，可随着时间的流逝，你会不会因紧张而遗忘这些信息呢?还是小心为妙。边看最好边张嘴默读，这样就不会遗漏或忽略任何一个字了。

二.草稿。

有的同学怕出错，全文都打草稿再誊写，我姑且认为不太可取，毕竟考场时间宝贵，即使我有四十分钟时间写作文也不敢贸然这么做，更何况考场时我们留给作文的时间往往一再被压缩。有的同学不打草稿，我认为更不太可取。一来容易出错，二来边写边想思维不连贯，即使思维连贯也无法审词酌句，展现自己最好的一面，容易后悔。

草稿怎么打?

1.结构就是你打算分几段写，每段都写什么?哪段转哪段承哪段起合?心里都要是有谱的。

2.关键词：结构拟定后，迅速在草稿纸上写下自己这篇作文可能用到的一些关键词。包括一些漂亮的词和自己可能会忘记的词。主要是动词和名词。

譬如一省作文题： 假设你的名字是李华，亚洲冬季运动会将在你居住的地方举办，现招募志愿者。你希望成为志愿者。申请信的格式已经写好了，你直接写内容就可以。你的个人情况：年龄性别学历，个人条件。英语好，爱好体育，擅长交际，乐于助人。承诺提供最佳服务。

关键词就是学历、爱好、擅长、乐于、承诺，和你对这篇作文初步构思时想到的一些词。先把这些词(指词的英文表达)写在纸上。有一些词的拼写，譬如学历，可能你本身就记得不是特别清楚，这时一定要在开始写作文前先把它写下来，以免一会因干扰而遗忘。

可能看到聪明这个关键词时，你最初写下的往往是clever，再仔细想想，你是不是又想到了smart,deligient好多词，挑个漂亮和合适的用吧。再比如转折，你写了but，这会再想想，是不是又有一堆表示转折的词在你脑里打转呢?挑一个吧。千万别用but.

3.句式：词写下来了，其实你构建这篇作文的建筑材料就到位了，下步就是要把它们盖成漂亮的作文。先用最普通的陈述句把它们在头脑中过一遍，然后看看都能改成什么句式。能不能把一句陈述句改成问句?能不能用上一个双重否定句?能不能用一个主语从句套定语从句的长句?能不能用一个插入语?等等。把你高中三年的英语积累展示出来。在草稿纸上同样标注。

三.正式写。

这样的草稿打完后，就要快快写了。注意，英语作文的卷面简直太重要了，一定要把字写整齐，写大。没有把握的词和句子不用。别忘了遵守你最初用铅笔划下的题目的规定。

四.检查。

注意，最最重要的一步来了。尽管很小心，可是我们写英语作文还是会犯下很多错误。单词拼写的，大小写的，等等。这些错误会极大破坏我们在阅卷老师心目中的形象，一定要坚决誓死消灭。即使时间再紧，请务必留下1——2分钟检查作文的时间，消除隐性错误。

需要说明的是，英语的开头和结尾是最关键的，尤其是开头。基本上，不跑题，遵守题目要求，一个漂亮的开头，一个还过得去的结尾，2-3个高级词汇，1-2个漂亮的句子，加上整齐的字迹，作文的分就不会低了哦。所以，精心为你的作文想个漂亮的开头吧。

高考英语作文中经常会出现写信的题材，下面语文迷网为大家整理了一些技巧，供大家阅读。

一、题型特点

改写： 通常情况下，改写类的写作命题可要求考生将一篇对话、留言、信件、电话记录或其他类型的语言材料改写成一篇短文。也有的试题要求考生能够根据所给的提示(汉语或英语)写一篇对话。这类试题大多要求考生将试题所提供的语言材料的主要内容，以记叙文的形式表达出来。试题可以规定考生以第几人称的形式来叙述这件事情，并且规定了一定的词数。

缩写： 这类命题通常要求学生将一篇较长的文章，缩写成一篇短文。这类命题通常要求学生把握原文中的主要内容，并且用自己的语言将其叙述出来。这类试题一般都会规定词数的范围。

续写： 这类试题通常给出了一件事情或一个故事的开头，要求考生根据自己的想象，将这件事情或故事写完整，使其结构完整，情节的发展自然合理。

扩写： 扩写实际上是改写的一个方面。这类命题要求考生能够依据所给定的较为简短的语言材料，扩写成为一篇符合字数要求的文章。这类试题一般来讲也对文章的字数或其它的方面作出了要求。

回信： 这类试题所提供的材料通常是英语信件的形式，要求考生能够根据所给信件的内容及回信中必须包含的要点写一封回信。

二、 写作 技巧

1. 认真审题，把握要求。 在审题的过程中，应注意把握试题所提供的条件、要求(通常以文字的形式出现)、体裁、词数、人称形式等。

2. 细读材料，把握中心。 一般说来，所给出的试题材料都是围绕一个中心展开的。它讲述的通常是一个小故事或小事件。这个小故事或小事件就是这我们所要表述的中心。

3. 初步构思，考虑用词。 在把所握文章的中心后，形成一个基本的框架，再考虑使用恰当的词语，包括恰当的短语和句型，以充分地表达文章的内容。在用词方面，应尽可能地充分利用所学的短语或句型，还应注意适当使用高级词汇、复杂的结构等，这在近年的高考阅卷过程中反复强调了这一点。

4. 联词成句，组段成文。 运用适当的单词或短语正确表达文章中各个要点。然后使用正确的过渡词将单个的句子来连接起来。连接时，要注意使用适当的连接词语或过渡性语句，以使语句间的联系更为紧密，过渡更加自然。

纵观历年的高考书面表达，其文体题材各异，有书信、口头通知、简介、日记、自我介绍、记叙文、描写文、说明文、看图作文等，不同的体裁需要考生应用适当的篇章结构，将题目所提供的信息清晰、明了、准确，逻辑合理地表达出来。

篇章结构在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用，同样的信息点会因为不同的表达顺序传达出不同的信息。层次分明，逻辑合理的篇章结构会让读者在很短的时间内获得并准确理解题目所规定的信息;而叙述顺序混乱，前言不搭后语的篇章则让人一头雾水，不知所云何物。当然，后者是失败的表达，即使作者在写作的过程中使用了再漂亮的词汇和句型，混乱的文章结构也不会让读者准确领悟作者的意图。

记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。

记叙文的写作要素：

1 要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who ,how，给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。

2. 事情的叙述可以按时间或空间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，从而理解文章主题。

3. 时态通常使用与过去有关的时态，如一般过去时。

记叙文的篇章结构：

开头 the beginning——交待必要的背景。如：时间、地点、人物等。

中间 the middle——交待故事情节(事情的主体)。如：事件的发生、发展和前因后果。(可以使用表示时间或空间的连接词，使文章连贯。 如：at first…then…few minutes later…)

结尾 the ending——事情的结果或感想、愿望等。(所表达的感想或愿望应与所记叙的内容有关系，起到扣题或点题的作用，使文章结构紧凑)。

例如NEMT2000

假设你是李华，正在美国探亲。2000年2月8日清晨，你目击了一起交通事故。警察局让你写一份材料，报告当时的所见情况。请根据下列图画写出报告。

注意：1. 目击者应该准确报告事实

2. 词数100左右

3. 结尾已为你写好

作文作文，可以称之为“文”的，首先应当是成篇的语句。语句来自单个的字词，而单个的字词是从心的内里表达出来的。所以作文本身的目的，就在于表达内心的一种看法，一种体会，一种情感。

在前几年的优秀高考作文中，出现了一股“向古人致思”的热潮，以古为镜，以此明得失，观成败，品人生。写得好的文章，拿来众诗人文人，与全文融会，的确可以深化主题拔高思想内涵。这是一种文法思路，然一味向过去的兴衰看，写的多了，观者也难免生厌，聪明的模仿也并不一定能成为聪明的选择。

那么，怎样才能写出“新意”呢?怎样才能从数十万份试卷中跳出来，“闪亮”阅卷老师的眼睛?聪明的答案刚好与一句宣传口号一致——从我做起，从小事做起。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

下面是关于高考英文写作的技巧以及必备高分句型，希望对同学们有所帮助!

一、要善于模仿

一些同学的办法往往是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，真正的模仿重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在高考写作中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行：“The bicycle is very popular in China for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”。如果要表示“总是能够”的概念，很多同学提笔就会写can always，但理想的句子应该是用双重否定表示强烈的肯定，用never fail to。

二、要灵活变通

在批改过上万份同学们英语作文中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“What is it made of”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“It is made of Miss Hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。比如在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn’t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

四、要心有全局

英文写作如果结构意识良好，应试写作就简化成为一个填空的过程了，适当地填入观点、素材，文章就自然而然立起来了。

临考在即，同学们要牢记英语写作的基本要领，特编顺口溜如下：细审题，巧构思，列要点，防遗漏。写日记，同汉语;书信，通知格式要牢记。看清图表细梳理，写人记事按顺序;完稿后查遗漏，整洁干净莫忘记。

英语写作七类万能句型必备

一. 结尾万能句

Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…

把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论……

Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that…

考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论……

Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that…

因此,我们最好得出这样的结论……

There is no doubt that job-hopping has its drawbacks as well as merits.

毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点。

All in all, we cannot live without… But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.

总之,我们没有...…是无法生活的。但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。

二. 引出话题万能句

Recently, the problem of… has aroused peoples concern.

最近，……问题已引起人们的关注。

The Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题。

Nowadays, overpopulation has become a problem we have to face.

如今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题了。

It is commonly believed that…=It is a common belief that … 人们一般认为……

Many people insist that…

很多人坚持认为……

With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…

随着科技的发展，越来越多的人认为……

A lot of people seem to think that…

很多人似乎认为……

三. 引出观点万能句

Peoples views on…vary from person to person. Some hold that... However, others believe that…

人们对……的观点因人而异。有些人认为……，然而其他人却认为……

People may have different opinions on…

人们对……可能会有不同的见解。

Attitudes towards drugs vary from person to person.

对毒品的态度因人而异。

There are different opinions among people as to…

关于……，人们的观点大不相同。

Different people hold different attitudes toward failure.

对(失败)人们的态度各不相同。

四. 提出建议万能句

Here are some suggestions for handling…

这是处理......的一些建议。

The best way to solve the troubles is…

解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……

People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人们已想出许多办法来解决这个问题。

It is high time that we put an end to the trend.

该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了。

It is time to take the advice of… and to put special emphasis on the improvement of…

该是采纳……的建议并对……的进展给予特殊重视的时候了。

There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of…

毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够的重视。

Obviously,… If we want to do something… , it is essential that…

显然，如果我们想做某事，很重要的是...…

Only in this way can we…

只有这样，我们才能……

It must be realized that …我们必须意识到……

五. 预示后果万能句

Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, the chances are that … will lead us in danger.

很明显，如果我们不控制这一问题,很有可能......会使我们会陷入危险。

No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that…

毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则很可能……

It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.

很紧迫的是，应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展。

六. 论证万能句

From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.

在我看来，支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理。

I cannot entirely agree with the idea that…

我无法完全同意这一观点……

Personally, I am standing on the side of…

就个人而言，我站在……的一边。

I sincerely believe that…

我真诚地相信……

In my opinion, it is more advisable to do…than to do…

在我个人看来，做……比做……更明智。

Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why …

七. 给出原因万能句

This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, …

这一现象的存在是有许多原因的。首先，……第二，……第三，……

Why did …? For one thing,... for another(thing),...

为什么......?一则，...... 二则，......

I quite agree with the statement that… The reasons are chiefly as follows.

我十分赞同这一论述,即……，其主要原因如下。

解决方法题型

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径

1.问题现状

2.怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）

In recent days，we have to face I problem——A，which is becoming more and more serious. First，——（说明A的现状）。Second，——（举例进一步说明现状）

Confronted with A，we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing，——（解决方法一）。 For another ——（解决方法二）。 Finally， ——（解决方法三）。

Personally， I believe that ——（我的解决方法）。 Consequently， I‘m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ——（带来的好处）。

这类作文不需要考生自己拟题，文题已经直接印在试卷上。比如高考作文考查过的面对大海转折包容说安今年花胜去年红自嘲，等等。命题作文往往文体不限。

认清高考作文命题模式，才能真正有效地提高备考的科学性并大大增强训练的力度。回顾最近若干年高考作文命题的轨迹，我们也可以看出其发展趋势，进而预测2006年高考作文命题的主要特点。

1999年高考作文以假如记忆可以移植为话题，让考生根据自己的生活体会、感受和理解充分发挥想象，写一篇不少于800字的文章。不过，这个话题容易引导考生往现实中不存在的方面去构思，导致不少作文显得空泛。2000年的话题是答案是丰富多彩的，这道题目充满了哲学的睿智和丰厚的生活底蕴，作文时只要求立意与看问题、理解问题、解答问题的多元性有关即可，内容不受限制，表达方式不拘一格。命题自由度之大，开放意识之强，是前所未有的。然而试题的过于宽泛，给考生宿构、仿作、套作带来了便利。2001年的诚信和2002年的心灵的选择，更加贴近时代的脉搏，同时在开放的前提下加大了对作文内容的限制。对于心灵的选择这道题目，有人把它归为道德层面的话题，这个认识是片面的。事实上，这个话题针对的是人的思想和内心活动，考生可以从道德、伦理、思想、感情、人格、操守、文学、美学等各种各样的角度展开对选择的思考、探索、描述、阐释、议论、抒情。2003年的感情亲疏和对事物的认知，则辩证地设置了话题，突出了对学生理性思维和认识水平的检测，切实体现了立意自定的写作要求，允许考生独抒己见。

2004年高考分省自主命题，一下子涌现出十四道话题作文(另一题为北京卷的命题作文包容)。从话题思想内容的指向看，更加注意对人的关注：或指向人的内省，或指向人的处世，或指向人的生活状态，或指向人的精神发展，或指向人与环境，或指向人的思维方法、思想方法、价值判断和哲理思辨等。尤其是全国卷的四道试题(相信自己与听取别人意见遭遇挫折和放大痛苦快乐幸福与我们的思维方式看到自己与看到别人)以及重庆卷的自我认识与他人期望、辽宁卷的平凡与自豪、天津卷的材与非材、湖北卷的买镜等，话题贴近人生、时代，关注人的主体感悟，既注重人格修养，也注重世界观、方法论;既注重人文关怀，又有理性思辨，也不失对美的追求，充分体现了话题作文的成熟美。

题意作文分析

2005年高考分省自主命题的范围进一步加大，话题作文一统天下的局面被打破，材料作文、命题作文开始占有了一定比例。但除了这三种类型，尤其值得我们关注的是，2005年高考上海卷、福建卷和湖北卷的作文题出现了另一种倾向，试题中虽然没有直接出现明确的话题，但是上海卷提示需要对当今的文化生活作一番审视和辨析，并谈谈它们对你的成长正在形成怎样的影响这就意味着本题可以转化为文化生活与我的成长的话题作文;福建卷的作文题，从外观上看是图画材料作文，但材料中一组组相对应的提示文字(我规范与我新颖、我稳定与我多变、我周长短，面积大与我周长长，面积小，等等)，却可以看成是一个个子话题;湖北卷提供了王国维《人间词话》中的一段话(诗人对宇宙人生，须入乎其内，又须出乎其外)，要求考生根据对这则文字的感悟，自定立意、自选文体、自拟标题，写一篇不少于800字的文章，同样不在审题上设置过多的障碍，这在某种程度上可视为比较特殊的话题作文——出与入。这三道试题，我们可以称之为题意作文(也可以称为后话题作文，因为从本质上看，其命题特点、写作要求与原来的话题作文还是相通的)。

那么，该如何应对这种新出现的题意作文呢?很简单——将它转换为话题作文。下面，我们通过一则例子来加深认识。

阅读下面的材料，根据要求作文。

有个教授做过一项实验：12年前，他要求他的学生进入一个宽敞的大礼堂，并自由找座位坐下。反复几次后，教授发现有的学生总爱坐前排，有的则盲目随意，四处都坐，还有一些人似乎特别钟情后面的座位。教授分别记下了他们的名字。10年后，教授的追踪调查结果显示：爱坐前排的学生中，成功的比例高出其他两类学生很多。

后来，教授语重心长地对新生们说道：不是说凡事一定要站在最前面，永远第一，而是说这种积极向上的心态十分重要。在漫长的一生中，你们一定要勇争第一，积极坐在前排呀!

请根据你对上述故事的感悟，自定立意、自选文体、自拟标题，写一篇不少于800字的文章。

我们可把这则题意作文转换为话题作文。转换后的话题可以为——坐在生活的前排。

审读题意：坐在生活的前排，这是一种积极进取的生活态度，一种积极向上、不甘落后的心态。它是敢为天下先，它要求自己尽己所能，去争取尽可能好的成绩，去争取成功，但并不奢望自己一定成功;尽了力就没有遗憾，更不会后悔。因此，写本题时，首先要准确地理解题意，把握它的内涵，选取符合话题要求的材料，安排好文章的结构，表现自己确定的主题。这样一种趋势和方法，相信2006年高考作文会出现更多。

高考作文展望

高考作文命题的原则是稳中有变。展望2006年，笔者觉得有必要理清四个关系，把握五个层面。

理清四个关系，即理清人与人、人与社会、人与自我、人与自然之间的关系。(1)人与人的关系：包括倡导公平竞争，颂扬人与人之间的爱，学会沟通，学会尊重与宽容，学会赞美与鼓励，倾听他人，欣赏他人，善待他人，团结协作，感悟亲情、友情，构建和谐的人际关系等。(2)人与社会的关系：包括遵循社会公德，遵守社会法则，承担社会责任，具有强烈的社会责任感，呼唤法律意识，促进人与社会的和谐，走可持续发展的道路等。(3)人与自我的关系：包括确立一种积极的价值观和处世态度，推崇砺志自强的品质，呼唤对卓越成功的不懈追求和对有品位的文化艺术和精神生活的追求，关注健康问题(包括身体的、心理的、人格的、个性的)，注重内心的探索，促进自我发展等。(4)人与自然的关系：包括热爱自然，关注自然，正确处理好现代化建设与环境的关系，正确处理好人与动物之间的关系，遵循自然界的法则，树立环保意识，真正达到人与自然的和谐等。

把握五个层面，即把握时代、社会、生活、人文、哲理五个层面。高考作文命题，始终体现着时代性、社会性、生活性、人文性和哲理性。虽然命题本身不一定体现高考当年的热点，但作文肯定要体现出生活年代的特征，所以高考作文即使不考热点问题，仍然要考查学生对生活中常发生的一些事件的看法，考查学生对社会上一些现象的看法，这些都是和学生的所学、所思、所想分不开的。高考既然提倡学生说真话、抒真情，那就离不开学生的实际，同时也离不开时代生活和时代精神。另外，人文关怀和哲理思辨是文章走向深刻的标志，也是高分佳作的亮点所在，考生在备考时应予以高度重视。

高考作文备考方法指津

(一)丰富生活积累和阅读积累

首先，要丰富生活积累。平时关注现实生活，多方面、多角度地感知社会人生，把握当今时代的脉搏，写作时就能左右逢源。比如满分作文《包容》，以发生在美国发动的越战期间和2004年伊拉克某城市的两个相互关联的小故事构成文章主体，描写当年越南孩子的包容，使杰克成了坚定的反战派;受爸爸杰克的影响，杰瑞面对伊拉克少女扣不下扳机，却因此付出了生命的代价，两相对比，发人深思。结尾紧扣题目，发出拨开战争的乌云，让包容还生命一份安宁的呼吁，鲜明地表达了反战的主题。由于作者从社会热点中找到了作文的自由，将重大时事信手拈来，又能紧扣题目巧妙为文，所以写来得心应手。

其次，多读多思也是作文的源头活水。因此要博览课外读物，常咀时文英华，并注意消化吸收，为我所用，使考场作文既有深度又新颖别致。笔者建议，考生在多阅读的同时，应建立属于自己的作文复习手册。这个复习本要分门别类，有作文题、构思路数、精彩作文概要、写作资料等。还可编个索引，以后要看哪一方面的内容知道到哪里找，以减少翻检时间。

(二)加强思维训练

写作是一种复杂的思维活动，在作文备考的过程中，文字功夫固然要讲究，但形成文字前的思维训练更为重要。要学会换一个角度看问题，追求新的发现;积极突破思维定势，学会将直觉思维、反向思维、发散思维、聚敛思维、联想想象思维等灵活地运用于作文中，使思路活跃，文如泉涌。比如围绕话题快乐幸福与我们的思维方式作文，立意上除了谈快乐幸福说到底不过是人的一种感受，它和人的思维方式有着直接的关系，因此我们要多往好处想，积极乐观地看问题;也可以谈思维方式对快乐幸福感受的影响较小，幸福主要不是想出来的，而主要来自实实在在的生活条件的改善，提倡从自立自强的发展中获取幸福感(反向思考);此外，还可以谈幸福感既来自实际利益，又来自思维调节(辩证思考)。

(三)练成正确的作文程序和较快的行文速度

进入高三后，阶段考、模拟考明显增多，语文试卷一般都有作文，这是我们很好的实践演习，理应引起重视，认真对待。作文时正确的操作程序如下：(一)审题。要能准确、全面地读懂题目，吃透命题意图，明确写作范围(大约用时5分钟)。(二)立意选材。要根据试题的精神和范围，确定自己作文的主旨和主要材料，并列出写作提纲(大约用时10分钟)。这里强调要列好提纲。因为考场作文时间紧迫，打草稿是来不及的，必须理出详细的提纲，才能保证行文思路的合理、流畅。(三)挥笔成文(大约在40分钟左右)。(四)检查。通读作文试题和自己的文章，如有必要，可在结尾部分再一次扣题、点题;看作文字数是否达到要求;发现明显的错别字、标点错误，立即改正。

Lets prevent H1N1 from happening to usDuring the last few months,H1N1 ful has set off across the whole world.If we have the right way to prevent it ,it wont scare.Here are some suggestions for you:First of all,you should cover your mouth with a napkin whtn you cough re sneeze,Next youd better stay away from the public place if possible, if you have to,please wear a mask.Wash your hands carefully before meals and always keep your windows open so that the air will be fresh.At last,try to do more excisice to make your body strong so that you can stay in health.I think this is the most important.

最近这几个月里，H1N1病毒在全世界引发起来。如果我们用正确的方法预防它，免费学英语网站，它就不会那么可怕。这里有一些为你的建议：首先，当你在咳嗽或者打喷嚏的时候，你应该用手捂着嘴。然后你最好尽可能的离公共场所远一点，如果你必须去，免费英语学习网站，请戴上口罩。饭前仔细洗手，经常打开窗后这样使空气保持清新。最后你应该做更多的运动去使你身体更强壮，这样你就可以保持健康了。我认为这才是最重要的。

英语写作：Freedom in my Dream