高中英语写作教学设计的反思经典20篇

温室里的花朵永远都是最脆弱的，学会独立是很重要的。下面是小编为你整理的关于独立的高中英语作文，希望你喜欢! 关于独立的高中英语作文篇1

Today in China,many families have only one child.So the children usually doted upon by all family members.Gradually some of them get used to depending on their parents and lack the ability to solve problems independently.

There are some ways to help children to be independent.Firstly,the child should have a chance to see the world around him.He must understand that there are various competitions in this world,and everyone can find his right position in the society only by individual efforts.Secondly,the parents should give the child enough help to make him feel comfortable.Its impossible to ask a child not to depend on parents at once.A child needs help from the beginning.Without any help,the child may lose his faith.At last,parents should let his child make decisions,which can temper his ability to deal with problems.

No parents can accompany the children for the whole life.It is the child himself who is responsible for her own fate.Only an independent person can live and succeed in this world.

今日的中国,很多家庭都只有一个孩子.所以孩子往往成为全家人生活的焦点.有些孩子逐渐养成了依赖家长的习惯,从而导致他们缺乏自己解决问题的能力.

这里有几点可以帮助孩子变得独立.首先,孩子应当正式他周围的世界,每个人只有通过自己的努力才能在社会中找到他自己的位置.其次,家长应给予孩子足够的温暖让他感到舒适.不能要求每个孩子从不依赖父母.孩子需要一个起跑的平台.没有任何帮助,孩子或许会失去信念.最后,家长应让孩子做决定,如何依靠自己的能力解决问题.

没有父母可以陪伴孩子一辈子.决定自己的命运是孩子肩负的责任.只有独立的人才能在这个世界生活并取得成功. 关于独立的高中英语作文篇2

When I was very small, I was so envious about the adults, because they could do whatever they wanted and did not have to depend on their parents. For me, I did not have money and my parents limited my pocket money, so I couldn’t spend the money to buy whatever I wanted. It seems to me that being an adult is my only wish. Some day, I learned from the movie that being an adult was not that as perfect as I thought. In the movie, the man struggled to earn money to pay his bills, what’s more, he had to stay away from his family. Loneliness was always around him. To be independent means we can live our own way and make our own decision. We have more freedom. But at the same time, it also means more annoyance. So why just we enjoy this moment.

在我很小的时候,我很羡慕成年人,因为他们可以做任何他们想做的,不必依赖他们的父母。对我来说,我没有钱,我的父母限制我的零花钱,所以我无法花钱去买所有我想要的。似乎成为一个成年人是我唯一的愿望。有一天,我从这部电影中了解到，作为一个成年人也没有我想象中的那么完美。在电影中,那个人努力挣钱来支付他的账单,更重要的是,他不得不远离他的家人。寂寞总是是围绕着他。独立意味着我们可以有自己的方式生活,做自己的决定。我们有的自由。但与此同时,这也意味着的烦恼。所以为什么不享受这一刻呢。 关于独立的高中英语作文篇3

When we talk about being independent, we often think about leaving our parents and living alone. The mental independence is always ignored by people, mental independence means the person can measure the things and make the right decision. As for the children, even they move out and stay far away from their parents, but sometimes they just can’t control themselves, they will get the bad behavior, like smoking and drinking, their life is losing control. The young people need to cultivate their independent spirit, they should think by themselves, learn to take care of the other people, thus they can be the real independent. When a person grows up, they can be strong enough to support their lives and at the same time, they can be mature enough to make their own decision. They can tell what is wrong and what is right.

当我们谈到成为独立，总是想要离开父母，独自居住。精神上的独立总是被人们忽略，精神上的独立意味着一个人能衡量事情，做出正确的决定。对于孩子来说，虽然他们搬出去，远离父母，但是有时候他们无法自控，养成不好的习惯。比如抽烟和喝酒，他们的生活会失控。年轻人需要养成独立精神，他们应该自己思考，学着去照顾别人，这样才能真正的独立。当一个人成长了，他们才能够足够的强大去养活自己，同时，也能够足够成熟去做决定。他们能区分什么是好，什么是坏。

[有关独立的高中英语作文

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

对相当一部分的学生来说，写作文是件苦差事，学生面对老师出的作文题目搜肠刮肚也写不出一个字来，教师批改那些千人一面、文不对题、乱七八糟的文章，真有点恨铁不成钢的感觉。对此，老师学生都是苦不堪言，该如何提高学生的写作水平，我通过教学反思和经验总结，认为可以从以下三个方面逐渐提高学生的写作能力。

首先，积累。课外多积累词语、句子和文段，以此打下写作的基础。学生进入初中后，随着课程的增多，各科老师都感到课时紧、任务重，而学生大部分的课外时间都忙于完成书面作业，不知不觉就忽略了课外阅读，更谈不上读一些课外书籍来充实自己，学习始终处于被动状态。

所以我在每节课前要求学生给大家介绍自己所积累的名言警句或成语故事及优秀文章等，并且要求其他同学在本子上作好记录，这样不仅能督促学生了解更多课外知识，积累更多名言名句，同时也能培养写生的学习兴趣，吸引学生的课堂注意力，达到很好的教学效果。

其次，观察。法国著名雕塑家罗丹有一句名言：“自然是美的。”何不让学生有意观察大自然、练就一双敏锐的发现美的眼睛，激发观察兴趣呢？气象万千、美不胜收的大自然，旭日东升，霞光万道的清晨，皓月当空、星光灿烂的夜幕，桃红柳绿、鸟语花香的春色……这一切都对学生有着巨大的魅力。送给学生一把兴趣的金钥匙，让他们打开心扉去看、去说、去发现、去体会。

再次，鼓励。美国教育学家巴士卡里雅博士宣称:“把最差的学生给我,只要不是白痴,我都能把他们培养成优等生。”他的妙方就是赞扬和鼓励。中学生有强烈的自尊心和好胜心,有渴望得到肯定和赞扬的心理需求。教师要善于抓住这一点,在作文教学中鼓励学生,挖掘出他们不竭的创作动力。因此,教师都要用赏识的眼光发现学生的优点和特长并给以及时的肯定和鼓励，这样学生期待肯定和赞誉的心理得到满足,就会有了写好作文的自信,就会有希望。

学生的每一篇作文,不管成功与否,都是他们苦心经营的结果,他们劳动的付出都渴望得到承认,因此要善待学生的劳动成果。作文讲评中巧妙的运用评语激励学生或在课堂上有针对性的赞扬,会极大的点燃学生的写作愿望,他们就会投入更大的写作热情,尽量去写好每一篇作文。这样,赞许和鼓励,会更大地开发学生的写作潜能,给他们创设轻松愉悦的写作环境,消除了作文难的心理障碍,学生就乐写、善写,逐步写出较为成功的作品。。

总之，语文是一门综合性很强的学科，而作文教学在语文教学中又起着举足轻重的作用。在实际教学中，需要我们每一位语文教师在教学实践中不断地总结，不断地探索，去找到一条能真正体现本人教学风格，而又卓有成效的方法，实践教书育人的总体目标，使语文的工具性和人文性得到充分的体现。

[初中作文课教学反思

Yesterday, my parents were not home. And I had to stay at home by myself for one day and one night. I was very happy at first, because there wouldnt be anyone criticizes my behavior. I can do whatever I want. But later I felt desperate. There was nobody cook for me, asked me to do things or criticized me. I felt empty and desperate as the house is only me. When the night fell, I was afraid. The computer games or the cartoons couldn’t attract my attention. I hate living alone.

昨天，我的父母不在家。我得自己一个人呆上一天一夜。我一开始很开心，因为没人会批评我的行为了。我可以做任何我想做的事。但后来我感到很郁闷。没人给我做饭，没人叫我做事情也没有人批评我。整个房子只有我一个人，我感到很空虚和郁闷。当夜幕降临的时候，我就开始很害怕了。电脑游戏或动画片都无法吸引我的注意。我讨厌一个人生活。

所谓散文，从广义说，是与诗歌、小说、戏剧相并列的一种文体；从狭义说，是一种自由、灵活，短小精悍，表现真人真事真实感情的文体。感情充沛没有感情就不称其为散文。散文对作者主观感情的要求是所有文体中仅次于诗歌的。散文一般的写作规律是：对事物、人生、景物突然有了感悟，感悟深入升华，敷衍成文。这感悟就是散文的意味之本，是散文的中心立意。可是要表现这样的中心立意，就是抒情。所以好的散文，记叙、议论都带有强烈的感情，字里行间都渗透着感情。以下是高中散文写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一、精于立意

散文的立意其实就是散文的感悟，有感悟才有散文的写作。散文的立意要求独特，就是说作者的感悟是体现作者的独特情志、独特感受、独特体验的感悟，是他人所不能产生的精神产生。依靠对生活的深入观察、感受、理解。散文立意只要从生活实际出发，凭着鲜明的感受，敏锐的观察能力，同人民同时代共同跳动的脉搏，深厚的感情，丰富的想象，深沉的思索，就会感到我们生活中洋溢着的是诗意。这诗意，是使我们心灵受到触动的东西，使我们眼睛豁然开朗的东西，思想突然升华的东西，感情更为纯洁的东西，它就是诗的灵感。我们要为自己的散文立意去努力捕捉这各心灵的颤动，思想的闪光点。

二、善于构思

构思是写作者对生活素材进行去粗取精、去伪存真、由此及彼、由表及里的加工、提炼的过程。如何寻找线索：散文的材料是很散的，每一个材料都是一颗珍珠，但这些珍珠互相之间有内在联系，我们要寻找一根线，用笔作针，将这些散落的珍珠穿起来，成为一串光彩夺目的珠圈、项链。

哪些东西可以作为线索：（六种常用的线索）一是感情线索。我们的感情在生活中发生变化，如由厌恶到喜爱，或从厌恶到喜欢，就可以用这条感情的线索把一些似乎没有关联的材料联结起来。如杨朔的荔枝蜜。二是事物线索。把发生在不同地点、不同时间、不同情况下的事件组合在一起。许多托物咏志的散文就是以物为线索的。三是人物线索。如写某一个人物在不同时间、不同地点的活动，可以用这个人物作为线索串连起来，也可以用另一个人物把不同时间、不同地点、不同人物、不同内容的事物串连起来。这个人物还可以是写作者本人我。四是思绪线索。如面对某一事物、景物沉思暇想，通过联想和想象，把有关的材料组织在一起，表达原定的主题思想。五是景物线索。通过景物描写，在写景中融进写作者的思想感情。六是行动线索。如游记以游程行踪为线索。

三、创造意境

散文的意境是情与景的交融，是意与境的统一，是作者浸透了时代精神的主观感情、意志与自然环境和社会环境的统一。散文的这种意境，应是诗的意境，即所谓诗情画意。散文应该创造出一种淡雅、闲静、情景交融的意境。巧于布局：不少散文的布局都要巧设文眼，开头往往似谈家常，结尾则加以深化，画龙点睛，并且首尾呼应，通体一贯，有机结合。明于断续：散文要散得起来，除了选材要有技巧之外，就是在叙写上要注意断续的技巧。是于断续，才能使散文的行文上挥洒自如。

四、感情具体

散文以感悟为灵魂，但感情是什么，得在文章中说明白。有些散文含蓄，不明说感，但文章中的景致、人物、事件均可以指向感悟。感悟的清楚明白如同记叙文的主题一样，要明白畅晓，让人觉得可喜，引人思考，同时要清楚的出现在文章中。散文和记叙文的最大区别：散文中所写的人生、自然、事件、景物等，都从自身感悟出发，是作者对事物特殊意义和美的发现。这种发现是知觉、思维、感觉的综合思维结果，体现了作者的深思妙悟，是散文的情、理、意、味。而记叙文是记录生活中的人和事，并不从作者的感悟出发。

散文的取材十分广泛，人间万像、宇宙万物、各色人等、宏观微观无不涉及，而这些材料一旦出现在文章中，就立即刻上了作者的主观感悟，代表着作者的人生经验、观点感受。所以，同样的材料，不同的作者所看到的内涵是不同的。这里，我们把散文的取材叫形，把作者的感悟叫神。

散文的文体特点就是：形散神聚。即所有的材料经过作者巧妙的构思联想，这些看似无关联或关联不紧密的材料（形散），但它们都指向同一主旨。这就是散文形散神聚的好处，可以让文章活泼灵动，变化多端散文的写法较其他文体更活泼自由，不拘一格。常见的方式是抒情，即使是记叙，也是带有强烈感***彩的。散文常把记叙、抒情、议论等融为一体，夹叙夹议。散文的结构追求自然而然的境界。在材料选取上，一般运用联想手法。

总体来看，抒情的散文有时气势磅礴，有时低吟轻唱；记叙的散文如诗如画，曲径通幽；议论的散文情真意切，精彩纷呈......但是不管作者怎样安排文字，怎样组织材料，归根结底还是为了表达他对人生或自然的特殊感悟。入笔细微，以小见大。一般的散文写作，我们可以从细小的方面入笔，做到以少胜多，以小见大。实际上，生活中的一件小事，一涕一笑；事物中的一枚叶片、一粒沙土......都可以体现出大的主题。对于一个有心人来说，这些小的事物同样可以写出好的文章。夹叙夹议，感情真实。不论何种感情，都要真实的表现出作者的状况。散文因为有对生活和事物的感悟，就得有夹叙夹议的的表达方式。

散文具有记叙、议论、抒情三种功能，与此相应，散文可分为记叙性散文、抒情性散文和议论性散文三种。

⒈记叙散文

以记叙人物、事件、景物为主的散文，称为记叙散文。

记叙散文叙事较完整，写人人物形象鲜明，描写景物倾注作者的情感。这类散文与短篇小说相似，但又有明显的区别。就叙事而言，散文所述的事件不要求情节完整，更不追求曲折变化，而小说对叙事的要求要较散文高得多；另外，散文在叙事的时候需要饱蘸情感，小说的情感则主要由人物体现出来，不须作者明确抒发。就写人而言，小说要求努力塑造典型人物形象，典型人物是作者虚构出来的。而散文中的人物则是在真人真事的基础上，进行某些剪裁加工，注重对人物进行写意式的描绘。

根据该类散文内容的侧重点不同，又可将它区分为记事散文和写人散文。

偏重于记事的散文以事件发展为线索，偏重对事件的叙述。它可以是一个有头有尾的故事，如许地山的落花生，也可以是几个片断的剪辑，如鲁迅的从百草园到三味书屋。在叙事中倾注作者真挚的感情，这是与小说叙事最显著的区别。

偏重于记人的散文，全篇以人物为中心。它往往抓住人物的性格特征作粗线条勾勒，偏重表现人物的基本气质、性格和精神面貌，如鲁迅藤野先生。人物形象是否真实是它与小说的区别。

另外，这类散文中还有一种偏重于描写景物的一类，这种散文描写一地的景物，除一些风土志以外，主要是游记性散文。它的内容十分广泛，山川景色、风俗民情、名胜古迹都属记游范围。游记散文最主要的特点是：作品所描写的景物必须完全真实，不允许夸饰和虚构；但又不是照相似的实录，而是作者融情于物，达到情景交融。

⒉抒情性散文

主要用以抒发作者主观情感的散文叫抒情散文。

富有情感是所有散文的共同特征，但与其他散文相比，抒情散文情感更强想象更丰富，语言更具有诗意

抒情散文主要用象征、比兴、拟人等方法，通过对外在形象的描绘来传达作者的情思，因此借景抒情和托物言志是这类散文最常用的手法。而直抒胸臆的方法，在文章中可以出现，但通篇用此一法者并不多见。

托物言志式散文，即象征性散文，作者将情感融于某个具有象征意义的具体事物，借助象形联想或意蕴联想把主观情感表现出来。如杨朔的多数散文，矛盾的白杨礼赞等。

借景抒情的散文，将感情寓于景物之中，赋景物以生命，明写景，暗写情，做到情景交融，情景相生。如朱自清的荷塘月色、刘白羽的日出等。

⒊议论性散文

以发表议论为主的散文称为议论散文。

它与抒情散文一样注重情感的抒发，不同的是议论散文重于理智，抒情散文重于感情。

它又不同于一般的议论文，用事实和逻辑来说理，而主要用文学形象来说话，是一种文艺性的议论文。

它既有生动的形象，又有严密的逻辑；既要以情动人，又要以理服人；融形、情、理于一炉，合政论与文艺于一体。鲁迅先生的杂文、陶铸的松树的风格等都是典型的议论散文。

三年级学生的作文写不好，关键在于老师。老师要精心设计，悉心指导，激发他们表达的欲望，教会他们表达的方法。

一、在教学实践中实行一套指导方法。

第一步以本为据，总结写作方法。课本是范本，课文是范文，每次作文指导，细心的老师要从课文中寻找出切合学生实际的写作方法，作为科学依据，文本结合让学生效仿训练。第二步出示“下水”范文，进一步印证课文中的写作方法，让学生明白运用这种写作方法并不难，很容易掌握。第三步，点拔指导，让学生明确应用这种写作技能最容易出现的几种毛病，进一步加深印象，进而掌握这种写作方法。第四步，当堂作文，强调学生实际运用新的写作方法，这样就有效地避免了学生抄袭他人习作的现象。第五步，习作改评，紧扣指导重点，凡能正确运用新的写作方法作文的学生，尽可能给予满分鼓励。当然，这种教学模式不一定科学，大家可以根据各自的教学实际，总结出既结合学生实际，又有个性特点的教学规律来指导作文的实际教学。

二、精心撰写下水作文，体验学生写作的甘苦。

在学生看来，教科书是专家、名家的文章，太神秘，且高不可攀。如果教师能运用新授的写作方法写1-2篇下水文给学生以示范，那效果就大不一样了，定然会使学生产生一种新鲜感，感到运用新的写作技巧其实并不难。因此教师写下水文不但可以释除学生的神秘心理，激发学生的写作热情，同时也可以使教师体验写作的甘苦。还能使教师经常地练练笔，

给学生以勤动笔的示范，还可以了解到学生习作实际，作文的重点、难点在哪里，学生最容易犯毛病的地方又在哪里。这样就能在备课与指导时更能有的放矢地进行突破。

三、批改作文紧扣重点，让学生收获成功的喜悦。

批改学生作文是老师最感困惑的事情，要面面俱到，教师实在感到力不从心，也难做到；要么只阅不批，只阅不改，写上批阅日期了事，这种方式是不可取的。我以为，批改作文必须紧扣指导重点进行。每次作文训练都有一个训练点，翻开学生作文，便可一目了然。对运用得法的学生，老师尽可在“眉批”栏中用简短的语言予以肯定和赞许，在“尾批”处予以总结性褒扬，在评定等级与分数时尽可能往高处靠，让学生切实感受到“我行”、“我能”。至于对运用不得法的作文大可不必求全责怪，因为训练目标比较单一，一般学生稍加提示，便会明白，因而，只须予以巧妙的点拨与鼓励，便可矫正习作的问题。至于综合性的错误，如错别字、典型病句等可用少量时间集中加以解决。

四、及时反馈评讲，让学生再生写作冲动。

农民种地有“三分种，七分管”之说，指导学生作文也应该是“三分导，七分评”，有效地评讲作文对提高学生作文水平，激发学生写作兴趣是至关重要的一环。

总之，小学作文教学是培养小学生综合素质的一个重要内容，加强作文教学有效性的研究，必须引起我们每个语文老师的高度重视。我坚信，只要我们主动地去探究，不断地去实践，认真地去反思，就不难从中总结出带规律性的作文教学法则来。

[小学语文作文的教学反思

马山中学 张芸

上周我给学生们上了节作文课。因为我的教学对象是一群初三年级的特别害怕写作文的孩子们，所以在上课前，我就在想怎么样才能最大限度地减少学生们对“写作”的畏惧感呢？我打算认真地倾听一下同学们的心声。因此在这节课的准备过程中，我向同学们提了个问题：“同学们，你们觉得写作文难吗？具体难在哪里？”鼓励同学们畅所欲言。学生们也许也许也是感受到了我的真诚，也许是少了课堂的约束，表现的特别积极。有的说：“没有内容可写”。有的说：“不知道怎么把要写的内容表达出来”。有的说：“写出来的内容像白开水，越写越没信心了”。听了学生的发言，我心里有底了。学生们在写作方面主要存在如下问题：

一、生活中不是没有写作的材料，而是同学们很少留心观察生活中值得记录的小细节，缺少了善于发现的眼睛。

二、在平时的语文学习中忽略了对写作技法的归纳和演练。

三、缺乏必要的文辞积累，文章缺乏文采。既然找准了病根，那就得趁热打铁，对症下药。

在上课伊始，我在黑板上写下了一个标题：“三句话写好作文”。学生们这下可炸了锅。有的人表示怀疑，有的人迫切想知道究竟是那三句话。在学生的“千呼万唤”中我板书了这三句话并作出了简明的解释：一、把要写的事情写清楚了。（及格）二、把要写的事情写清楚了，并有文采。（优秀）把要写的事情写清楚了，并有自己的感悟。（高分）。公布答案后，学生似乎对我的说法将信将疑。于是，我拿出了事先准备的两篇中考考场作文（《怀念葱油饼相伴的日子》、《那一刻我长大了》），请学生们当一回“小老师”评判一下文章写得怎么样。接下来同学们参与的积极性空前高涨。有的同学说：两篇文章的作者都从生活小事中感受到了真情。有的同学说：《那一刻我长大了》这篇文章，作者观察很细致，用词也特别准确，也很有文采。譬如，作者写因为天气热，补鞋子的老爷爷额上渗出了汗珠。用“渗”而不是“流”。待学生评判完毕，当我告知学生这两篇作文就是今年中考的高分作文时，学生终于信服了写在黑板上的三句话。最后，我给学生们提出了有关写作的两点希望：一、多观察，多练笔。二、从身边的小事写起，记小事，书真情。

课后，我认真地反思了这节课的教学。在课堂上我充分地调动起了学生的学习积极性，体现了学生的主体地位。同时也给了学生一些写作上的启发。但课堂有限学习无限，要想让学生们真正地爱上写作，写好作文，那是一个长期的过程，需要教会学生立足生活，感受生活！

1、有效指导。缺乏精心指导，再多的训练也是徒劳的。这几乎是常识。说到底，一在于科学序列的建构，作文教学中仅复习过程就可精心设计诸如：读题训练、材料训练、构思训练、成文训练、修改训练、应变训练。如此细密的规划，匠心独运，更有利于大大提高学生的写作能力，终身受益。二在于有效的训练指导的落实。诸如审题、立意、谋篇等写作知识在新课改的“淡化”要求之下，教学实际中已经被忽略了，作文教学更显随意和无序。读懂文题是立意谋篇的第一步。审题不到位造成作文失败的例子并不鲜见。主题不鲜明、思路不清等等问题，与作文有效的规范训练不足有很大的关系。

2、善于选择。学生的作文缺乏生气，缺乏真情，缺乏典型的实例，是因为少了一份智慧的选择。智慧的选择需要教师智慧的引领。教师引领学生去梳理、归类属于自己的生活，引领学生去回味属于自己的那一瞬间的“怦然心动的感觉”，把这些生活细节、心灵感悟形成单元形成系列。我想，学生在整理归类中、在回味感悟中也是一种情感的升华意趣的提升。让学生用个人独特的视角去看自我，去看世界，作文自然有“真意”;学生对自己的生活有了深刻的感受，作文自然有“真情”。

3、真情实感。一定要用真实实例，使作文有血有肉。基于这些反思，我一直把作文教学引导当成了重头戏，也因为自己对写作的爱好吧。所以我看了许多作文教学的资料，也尝试了一些作文教学的方法。因为我觉得让学生写好作文，第一步先是让学生敢写作文，而要写的生动感人，就必须有真情实感，要有真实的生活实例，要有自己的真实感受，不是编造。基于这些思考，因此我的作文教学是从记叙文开始的，我列了几个专题训练学生如何能把身边的小事写细写得生动感人。这当然要借助一些方法，诸如语言、动作、心理、细节等描写方法。所以我的专题就是从这些开始的。

语言教师的长处就应该拥有教育引领学生学习和动手写作的智慧，使学生的作文做到凤头、猪肚、豹尾。为今后的人生道路走得更加宽广打下坚实的基础。

这次期中考试，学生英语成绩很不理想，两极分化十分明显，部分语法知识的掌握不够牢固，尤其是个别题 反复做过几次也没能把握好，阅读理解能力和书面表达能力比较弱。具体有以下几点：

1.部分学生的基础知识不够扎实，学生遗忘知识快，过去滚瓜烂熟的东西一段时间不用就忘了。

2.学生的应变能力有待提高，不能正确写出单词的正确形式。

3.理解能力不强，阅读理解失分较多，不能理解通篇大意。

4.不能熟练运用学过的句型。

造成这种结果的原因是多方面的，但最重要的有下面几方面：

1.对学生要求不够严格;部分学生偷懒。

2.没能充分调动学生的积极性;提高课堂教学效率。

3. 典型题讲解不够，训练不到位。

4.平时检查督促力度不够。

在今后的教学中，

1、继续抓好双基知识的训练，打牢基本功。

2、引导学生梳理知识，掌握语法规则，逐步引导学生灵活运用英语知识的能力。

3、培养学生上课时的听课习惯，要求学生全神贯注，要和老师同步思考出现的问题。

4、讲课时，尽量使用简明、准确、形象、生动的语言，坚持用英语教学，让学生用英语来想英语。

5、在平时要通过阅读，培养学生阅读多种文体的能力，如何从文章中获取信息的能力和运用英语解决实际问题的能力。在训练中要注意方法的多样化和灵活性，同时，启发他们学会运用多种不同的方法来表达同样的思想，逐步培养良好的英语语感。

6、设计全面、高校的课外作业，并进一步培养学生良好的书写习惯，做到整洁、规范，正确地书写;每周写一篇作文。

7、在教学过程中， 还需加大学习力度，积极研究探索教学方法并及时改变，就一定能提高整体英语水平。

身前背后，总能听到学生说：“我不喜欢写作文。”究其原因，皆因作文很难。课堂上，单纯依靠老师的语言描述，要求学生进行一定的思维创作，他们也感到很困难或无从下笔，特别是小学生，他们往往怕作文，把作文当作苦差事。如何使学生会写作文一直是我反思的一个问题。假如，我们的作文指导也像动画片一样吸引小朋友；假如，学生写作文也像玩游戏一样投入，一样有激情。那么，学生将会感受到作文课的幸福、快乐。这也是作为一名新课程下的语文老师的追求。在新课程理念的引领下，我潜心研究如何把情境引入作文课堂优化学生的心境，让学生快快乐乐地学作文，写作文。那么，如何在习作指导中，创设相关的教学情境，开拓学生写作思路，为学生习作开辟自由、想象的空间呢？这一直是我反思的内容。因此，我在教学中从以下几个方面入手进行作文教学。

观察是人们认识事物的起点，是迈向创新的第一步。如果学生对周围事物缺乏认识，硬要他们去表达，支反映则是不可能的。对学生来说认识世界的主要途径是观察。只有认真细致地观察，才能对事物有全面细致的了解，写出来的文章才会真实感人。如我教人教版小学五年级上册第三单元说明文时，学生写自己喜欢的一种水果时，我从培养学生的观察力下手，着重引导学生仔细观察水果的形状、颜色和大小，激发学生的观察兴趣，吸引学生积极参与，亲身实践，并懂得观察的重要性，学会观察的方法，养成仔细观察事物好习惯。

近30年的中国作文教学改革史，是一部成绩辉煌的历史，其显著标志是涌现出了许多有影响的作文教学流派。

重视“模仿”的作文教学流派

这一作文教学流派以“文体中心”为理论依据。上世纪初，以美国现代修辞学家希尔为代表的英美学者的“文体学”传入中国，自此以后，我国的作文教学基本上以“文体为序”、以“文体为中心”。这种以“文体为中心”的写作教学模式，其结构基本上是先记叙文后说明文，再议论文，并相对应于初中、高中作文教学。具体来说，就是初一以记叙文为主，初二以说明文为主，初三以议论文为主；高一以复杂的记叙文为主，高二以复杂的说明文为主，高三以复杂的议论文为主。“文体中心”的作文训练模式着重培养学生对每种文体的特征及模式的把握能力，通过训练掌握每种文体的写作知识、写作方法，从而形成记叙文、说明文、议论文的文体写作规范。

至上世纪80年代，著名特级教师钱梦龙等以“文体中心论”为指导，创造了“模仿---创造”的作文训练体系。这一体系着重对记叙文、说明文、议论文等文体的写作能力培养进行探索，其基本程序是“模仿——改写——仿作——评析——借鉴——博采”

这样一个由易到难的过程系列。这一训练模式在我国当代作文教学界有普遍影响，其优点是学生写作文体意识强，作文也容易入门，效果明显。但“文体中心”训练模式对我国作文教学的消极影响也较大，整个中学语文教学基本上围绕这些文体知识转，淡化了学生写作整体素养的提高，不利于学生的全面发展。

湖南特级教师杨初春的“快速作文教学法”也是“文体中心，模仿为主”这一流派中有影响的教法。不过，与“模仿---创造”不同的是，“快速作文教学法”最为关注的是学生作文的速度问题。杨初春把自己的体系概括为“五步四法两课型”。“五步”即基础训练、思维训练、技巧训练、速度训练、综合训练。“四法”即写作限期限时法、指导先“实”后“虚”法、评阅浏览自改法、训练分步达标法。

“两课型”即写作实践型课和理论指导型课。尽管这个体系很强调基础训练和思维训练，但是这个体系真正落实的是技法模式训练，概括出的写作技法有数十种。例如，在写作的“一般技巧模式”方面，他提出了“快速审题15法”、“快速构思10法”、“快速行文4法”、“快速修改4法”。在记叙、说明、议论三种文体的写作技巧模式方面，他提出“快速写景状物3法”、“快速抒情达意4法”、“快速记人记事3法”、“说理议论4法”、“快速给材料作文3法”等。这一训练模式广受学生欢迎，但受到理论界一些人士的质疑，认为是“为考而教，为考而学”，是应试教育的产物，并且“缺乏理论依据”。

笔者认为，随着现代社会节奏越来越快，快速作文的能力显得越来越重要。中国作文教学界需要重新认识“快速作文教学法”的价值。

重视“思维”的作文教学流派

“文体中心，模仿为主”的作文教学方法，并没有真正解决提高学生实际作文素质、水平和能力的问题，因为决定文章成败的并不是文体和文章模式的模仿，而是学生的写作智能，也就是作文所需要的观察、思维等心理习惯和能力。于是，作文教学界的一些有识之士在这方面进行了探索，其中常青、刘胐胐、高原、章熊等就是其中的代表。

常青很早就提出了“作文分格训练教学法”。分格训练所谓的“格”，是单一的基本训练单位，具体地说是把说话、写话、片断训练到篇章训练，从写人记事到写景状物，从审题立意、选材组材到开头结尾，从培养观察能力到发展语言、思维能力，把众多的作文难点分解成一个一个具体训练的基本单位---“格”。例如，把一年级的说话训练分成两大格、若干小格。两大格：第一大格，说一句完整的话；第二大格，说几句连贯的话。把“说一句完整的话”又分成五个小格：第一格，敢说；第二格，说顺；第三格，说实；第四格，说活；第五格，说准。也就是把某一年级的作文教学要求分解成若干个具体小要求进行循序渐进的训练，为命题作文综合训练准备好“预制件”。

对每一格训练都提出了要求，说明了道理。他把每种文体按观察、思维、想象、表达等五条线索系统组织成256格，每一格就是一种“语段写作公式”。例如，分格训练中的“加格”语段，有这样三种格式：

人+动作+话，人+动作+表情+话，人+动作+心理活动+话。这样的“语段写作公式”实际上是用概括出的文章内容的思维语法或一般思维模式来训练提高学生观察、思维、想像、表达的能力。从主观上看，分格训练法已经注意到写作智能的培养，也有利于推动作文教学的科学化，但是，它关注到的写作智能只是一种表层的语言思维模式，而不是写作思维过程的深层思维操作模型，因此从客观效果来看，也一定程度地限制了学生的思维和创造性。

北京著名特级教师刘胐胐和首都师大教授高原提出的“观察——分析——表达”三级训练体系，侧重于学生认识能力的培养。三级训练体系的总体结构是：观察是基础，分析是核心，表达是结果，三者是一个有机的整体。初中一年级着重进行观察训练，主要目的是培养学生的观察能力，训练方式是写观察日记、观察笔记，这一阶段侧重练习记叙和描写。观察又分为一般观察和深入观察，前者指定向观察、机遇观察、科学现象观察、日常生活观察、人物观察、内心世界观察；后者指比较观察，反复观察，观察与体验、联想、想象、调查的关系。初中二年级进行分析训练，主要目的是培养学生的分析能力，训练方式是写分析笔记，这一阶段侧重进行议论和说明的练习。

分析训练又分为“分析起步”和“分析入门”两个阶段。前者是指提出问题、给予解答、了解情况、实事求是、分析角度（条件分析、因果分析、演变分析）；后者指多角度分析、特点分析、本质分析、意义分析、分析和知识、分析与联想、分析与情感。初中三年级进行表达训练，主要目的是提高学生的表达能力。训练方式是文章结构的训练，后来增加了语感训练，采取的训练方式是进行语感随笔和章法训练，侧重于语言运用和文章结构训练。表达训练也分为“语感训练”

和“章法训练”两个阶段，前者主要包括分寸感、畅达感、情味感、形象感训练，后者主要包括角度、裁剪、层次、衔接的训练。这一训练体系符合写作“物——意——文”转化规律，是写作规律“双重转化”与“三级飞跃”的具体运用，比较符合学生的写作学习规律。

“语言与思维结合”训练模式是由北大附中章熊提出并成功实验的作文教学模式。章熊认为，各种不同的文体在语言上要求有所不同，而思维的条理性则是相同的，作文教学应该是语言训练和思维训练的结合。他认为写作训练应该包括语言练习、形式逻辑训练、想象与联想、综合与概括的训练、写作技巧的局部练习、阅读与分析练习等五个方面。这种训练体系的特点是：它不是以语言知识和思维知识为体系的核心，而是以思维训练为手段，并通过思维训练来设计训练系列，通过语言基本功的训练，开阔学生视野，培养思维能力。这一模式符合心理学、语言学的基本原理，语言与思维对应，以语言表达思维，以思维寻求语言，语言思维同步共进，能有效地提高写作能力。

重视“过程”的作文教学流派

上世纪80年代，许多有远见的语文教师意识到作文教学效率低下是不重视“写作过程”的结果，如果重视“过程训练”，必能快速提高学生写作能力，于是出现了许多重视过程的作文教学方法，其中具代表性的有以下几种模式。

“文体为纬---过程为经”训练模式。这个模式以北京景山学校周蕴玉和上海于漪为代表。他们的做法是：以各种文体的写作特点为纬线，以写作的一般能力——审题、立意、选材、布局谋篇、语言运用等为经线，精选典范作品为例文，按照单元要求设计训练方案，组成一个读写结合、分阶段、有层次的训练序列。这种作文教学体系既摆脱了“熏陶式”的中国古代作文教学方法的影响，又摆脱了“模仿式”作文教学方法的束缚，是我国作文教学开始由经验主义走向科学主义的有益尝试。但是在这种训练体系中，写作基本能力及写作过程能力的训练还处在手段地位，它仍以训练文体写作能力为基本目标。

“文体、过程双轨训练”模式。这是上世纪80年代中期中央教科所实验教材《作文》（1－6册）所设计的写作训练体系。这套作文教材以记叙文、说明文、议论文的写作训练来安排初中第一、第二、第三学年的作文基本训练，同时又按“作文过程”---列提纲、写初稿、修改、打开思路、收集积累作文材料、语言和文风、审题和构思等的训练项目来组成初中作文的另一训练线索，故可称“文体、过程平行双轨”训练模式。这是一个螺旋上升式的作文过程训练体系。

“三线并行”写作训练模式。这是扬州师范学院上世纪80年代编写的《中学作文教学设计》所创设的一种写作训练体系。所谓“三线并行”是指写作内容---写作手法---写作过程三线索的并列安排。第一条线索是“写什么”的由简到繁的序列---单纯的一事、一人、一景、一物、一番情、一种理，复杂的一事多人、一人多事、多人多事、由物及人等。另外两条线索是关于“怎么写”的：一条是写作手法---结构手法、表达手法等；一条是写作过程---立意、选材、结构、布局、表达、修改和思维能力。这个体系完全消解了文体中心论的作文教学观念，在把训练方向转向写作过程的同时，还将思维能力的训练纳入了作文训练的视野。

重视“过程”的作文教学流派是对“熏陶模式”、“模仿模式”的超越，它形成了以“过程为中心”的训练模式，是对“文体中心”作文教学思想的反思，为新课程改革提出“淡化文体，重视过程”开了先声。

重视“兴趣”的作文教学流派

针对学生大都怕作文、恨作文的心理，许多优秀教师开始从心理学的角度对作文教学改革进行思考，于是诞生了一批以增强作文兴趣、作文乐趣为宗旨的作文教学模式。下面简要介绍几种产生较大影响的体系。

“兴趣作文”教学法。这是上世纪90年代中央教科所中学语文教研室申报的一个题目为“农村兴趣作文教学训练体系研究与实验”的课题。这个训练体系的目的就是运用激发学生兴趣的方法改变目前农村学生害怕作文的心理。这一课题在全国进行了大规模的实验。

“广义发表”作文教学法。这是将学生的作文用多种形式发表来激发学生作文兴趣的一种教学方法。发表方式多种多样，有全班宣读、学校广播站广播、利用手抄报或校园报刊发表乃至公开出版，等等。

“活动作文”教学法。“活动作文”训练模式又称“现场演示”

作文教学法或“题型作文”教学法。它是由上海大学李白坚教授提出的一种作文训练模式。李白坚在2000年第1期《写作》杂志上介绍说：

“演示作文教学法是一种以小学五、六年级及初中一年级学生为教学对象，以在作文课上设计可记叙的生动、活泼、有趣的游戏演示活动为作文内容，通过游戏演示活动，激发学生情绪，诱导学生在轻松愉快的氛围中完成从思维到文字的转化，并大规模提高思维创造力及写作水平的作文教学法。”李白坚的作文教学体系是一个“大作文”训练体系，包括小学、初中、高中三个阶段。其中小学部分称“快乐大作文”，初中部分称“趣味大作文”，高中部分称“创新大作文”。

在教学方法上，小学的“快乐大作文”运用的是“现场演示”的作文教学法，而在初中和高中的训练则运用“题型作文”教学法。所谓“题型”，就是“题目类型”，相当于问题、话题，是复合性、开放性、活动性的概念。题型作文向生活汲取素材，更依靠课堂现实活动创设情境。题型作文本质上可以理解为“活动写作、写作活动”式的作文，或者“游戏性”作文。“活动作文”模式主张“训练大于理论”、“训练先于理论”、“活动大于技法”、“活动先于技法”、“实践大于理论”、“实践先于理论”。这一模式的最大价值在于真正激发了学生作文的兴趣，产生了写作的动力，在此基础上产生了写作的心理思维活动，从而完成了写作任务，符合“趣味性”教学原则，符合“活动课程原理”。

除了以上四大流派之外，颇值得一提的是“新概念”作文。1998年由上海《萌芽》杂志社等发起的“新概念作文大赛”催生了新世纪新的写作训练模式。“新概念作文大赛”组委会《征文启事》中说，“新概念”提倡“二新一真”：“新思维”---创造性、发散性思维，打破旧观念、旧规范的束缚，打破僵化保守，无拘无束；“新表达”---不受题材、体裁限制，使用属于自由的充满个性的语言，反对套话，反对千人一面，众口一词；“真体验”——真爱、真切、真诚、真挚地关注、感受、体察生活。这一模式是“新时期”作文教学改革的“先声”，是对传统作文教学的“扬弃”。它为中小学生写作学习探索出了一条新路：表达真情性、真感受，自由写作，放飞心灵！

What is art? When people think about this question, they will naturally

think about all kinds of musical instruments or the great paintings in the art

museums. Art seems to so far away from the ordinary people, but I don’t think

so. Art is everywhere. For example, the delicious food that is made by our

parents is the great art, and the value of the food is to bring people the great

joy when they have a taste of it. The scenery around us is the visible art, when

we appreciate it, our mood become eased. Art is something that brings people the

positive value for me, so art is around everybody. If we take time to slow down

our pace, then we can enjoy art from life and feel the comfortable

lifestyle.

我们知道申论考试中大作文写作是必考题型，但有些申论试卷中除了有大作文写作，还有小作文写作，如演讲稿、工作汇报、倡议书等，字数一般在400-500字之间。

为提高考生的申论水平，国家将陆续给出材料及答案解析，供广大考生练笔。

【给定资料】

某考察团一行实地察看了A村级道路、村民房屋、绿化等公共设施设备建设的优秀成果。随后还参观了A村新希畜牧有限公司花猪原生态养殖园、当地某农业大学创业园等项目。据了解，A村共有17个村民小组，1045户，总人口4000人。八年来，支村两委一班人，先后引进了8个特色项目落户南洲村；吸引50多名大学毕业生、转业军人、归国华侨相继来村创业就业。2014年，A村人均年收入突破2万元。

【作答要求】

假如你是B市政府秘书，也参加了这次考察，请总结出A村建设的经验成果对本市新型乡村建设有哪些意义与启示。

要求：阅读材料，联系实际，调理清晰，不超过450字。

【参考答案】

A村通过合理布局，科学发展，取得喜人成果，对我市新型乡村建设的意义与启示有以下几点：

一、坚持规划引导。八年来，A村支村两委一班人结合地方实际情况，科学规划引导，建成村级道路、村民房屋、绿化等公共设施设备，并结合当地特色，发展农产品，建立完善产业链，提升地方竞争力。

二、注重体制创新。多年来，A村发展重视创新突破，把科技变成脱贫致富的源动力，不断运用先进科技和传统农业相结合，做“绿色文章”，发展花猪原生态养殖园 。

三、重视人才扶持。A村在改善环境、发展经济的同时重视人才扶持，吸引大量优秀人才来村创业就业，形成了经济发展吸引人才，人才聚集促进经济增长的优势局面。

四、产业发展规模化。A村经济发展“麻雀虽小，五脏俱全”，在经济发展的同时注重统一规划，合理布局，完成一批有市场竞争力的产业项目，如，生态养殖园、大学创业园。

在今后我市的新型乡村建设中，我们可以结合自身特点，吸收A村发展中的有益经验，力争把我市乡村建成新型美丽乡村。

【作答要点】

申论小作文写作难度仅次于大作文写作，考生备考时一定要重视起来。

首先在格式上要符合题意，有些小作文写作有其固定的格式，如倡议书写作就要有标题、称呼、正文、结尾、落款。考生在下笔前一定要考虑好字数，除了正文还要为其他部分写作留出空间。而发言稿、演讲稿就没有固定的格式要求。

其次，在内容上要与题目呼应，如汇报类小作文写作要求有些是汇报工作经验，有些是总结归纳问题情况。

最后，在语言上要严谨准确简练。

[申论考试作文写作教学

Currently,self-confidence has become the order of our life, which improves the theorythat nothing is more valuable than self-confidence.

如今，自信已经融入了我们的生活中了，这也就证明了没有什么能够比自信更有价值。

Itis obvious that self-confidence means trust in one’s ability. If we are full ofself-confidence, we’ll have creative power to live and work, helping us successor dreams come true. On the contrary, if we have no confidence in ourselves,there will be little possibilities for us to win. We’ll always face failure.

很明显，自信意味着对一个人能力的信任。如果我们充满自信，我们在生活和工作中就会有创造力，帮助我们成功或者实现我们的梦想。相反，如果我们对自己没有信心，我们取胜的可能性就很小。我们总是要面对失败。

What’smore, no one can deny another fact that self-confidence gives us light when wewalk in the dark and courage when we face stumbling blocks. Withself-confidence, we can achieve goals in our life.

再者，没有人能否认这样一个事实，当我们游走在黑暗时，自信能能给予我们光明，当我们遭遇不顺时，自信能给予我们勇气。有了自信我们可以实现生活中的目标。

[高中英语作文：自信的重要性

Hope Project is a Chinese public service project organized by official organization. It aims to help children go back to school, build Hope Primary School and improve rural conditions in poor regions.

In many poor areas in China, there are many school age children cant go to school because their families do not have enough money. As a result, they have to stay at home and help their families do the farm work. We often say that knowledge changes fate. Therefore, only study can help them go to the outside world and change their lives, even change the poor condition of their hometown. Through the Hope Project, much money and books and other materials can be collected to improve the poor conditions.

That makes children can share more resources to get knowledge. Besides, many people in city have a chance and channel to show their kindness. The most important and meaningful is that they can help those children who are desperate in need.

希望工程是由官方组织举办的中国公益项目。该项目旨在帮助孩子们重返校园，建立希望小学以及改善贫困乡村地区的条件。

在中国，很多贫困地区的适龄儿童由于家里没有足够的钱不能去上学。因此，他们不得不待在家帮助家人做农活。我们常常说知识改变命运。因此，只有学习能够帮助他们走出外面的世界，改变他们的生活，甚至是改变他们家乡贫困的现状。通过希望工程，我们可以收集到资金、书籍以及其他材料以改善贫困的现状。这样一来，孩子们就可以分享更多的资源，学到更多知识。

除此之外，城市里的很多人就有机会和渠道显示他们的善良。最重要且有意义的是他们可以帮助那些极需帮助的孩子们。

[希望工程高中英语作文

Today, the world is globalized and more and more foreigners come to China

to seek for business cooperation. Many years ago, a non-profit organization

named the second Saturday of July as the International Day of Cooperatives. Its

purpose is to call for more cooperations between countries.

With the development of Internet, the world gets smaller, because the

communication between countries has increased. America is the superpower all the

time, but during recent times, there are so many business cooperation between

Chinese people and American people. It is known to all that China’s market is

full of vitality, so there is no doubt that cooperation between countries will

be the main trend.

The cooperation happens all the time and it promotes the working

efficiency. People can share the information and technology. They learn from

each other, so as to gain the precious experience and make progress. China is

the future, so more and more foreigners learn mandarin. They want to find a

place here and make their achievement. We also can gain a lot when we work with

them.

The Spring Festival,Chinese New Year,is the most important festival for all of us.All family members get together on New YearEve to have a big meal. At the same time,everyone celebrates to each other.At about 12 oclock,some parents and children light crackers.The whole sky is lighted brightly.We may watch the fireworks excitedly.How busy it is!

On the first early morning of one year,many senior citizen get up early and they stick the reversed Fu or hang some couplets on the front door.Some houses windows are sticked on red paper cuttings.The Chinese New Year lasts fifteen days.

So during the fifteen days,we always visit our relatives from door to door.At that time,children are the happiest because they can get many red packets form their parents,grandparents,uncles,aunts and so on.

The last day of the Chinese New Year is another festival.It names the Lantern Festival.So the Chinese New Year comes to the end

作文教学历来是小学语文教学中的难点。我在教学实践中发现：作文教学的难点其实在于学生无素材写。无素材可写的原因之一，就在于教师在教学中没有把作文教学植根于生活的土壤之中。在两千年前我国古代教育家、思想家孔子就说过：“不观于高崖，何以知颠坠之患；不临于深渊，何以知没溺之患；不观于海上，何以知风波之患”。孔子的话形象生动地阐明了知识与生活实践之间的关系。由此可见，知识从生命开始，与生活同行。生活是作文创作的源头活水。作文与生活是血肉相连的。我们语文教师要引导学生利用课堂上的“知”到生活中去广泛地应用，在用中学，在学中用，以此提高学生习作的兴趣，提高作文教学的效率，提高学生的作文素养。

一、作文教学要体现生活

“体现生活”是新课程的一大特点。贴近生活，让语文教学生活化，是重塑语文教学人文精神的重要途径。作文教学是语文课程中最具生命个性的教学层面，是具有个性的学习主体运用语言文字进行表达和交流的重要方式，是学生放飞情感，表明态度，实践人生价值的体现。新课标要求写作教学“要为学生的自主写作提供有利条件和广阔空间，减少对学生写作的束缚，鼓励自由表达和有创意的表达”。基于这一理念，我认为，作文教学要培养学生热爱生活、敢于表达的能力，要解除羁绊于学生作文情感的条条框框，为学生提供体验生活的机会。学生让学生在开放中放胆作文，弘扬人性，放飞情感，写真实的生活，述生动的情感。

二、让生活成为习作的来源

生活，永远是作文创作的源头活水。在日常生活中听、说、读的活动总陪伴我们左右。我认为引导学生“多读、多听、多想、多说、多记”是提高作文能力的重要途径。作文教学生活化，就是强调学生在教师的引导下，关注生活，扩大信息接受量，让源头活水滋润学生的心田。让学生在日常生活中，情不自禁地学习作文、应用作文。“生活处处皆作文”，报刊杂志要看，广播电视要听，中外名著要读，名胜古迹要赏，山川河流要游。从打电话到接待客人，从写留言条到写申请书，从看电视广告到看电器说明书，无一不是听说读写能力的运用。教师要引导学生在生活中“多读、多听、多说、勤写生活随笔”，努力把习作自然而然地由课堂扩展到生活天地。生活有多广阔，习作就有多广阔。

家庭生活是日常生活重要的部分，家庭是小社会，在这其中学生品尝了成长过程中的苦乐酸甜，也体味到了亲情的可贵。然而，许多学生认为每天都和父母接触，实在没有什么让人激动的事情。在这时，教师要采取多种形式，引导学生去细心观察、用心感受家庭中让学生动情的东西。如让学生回家参加家务劳动，学习劳动技能，和父母一起体会劳动的甘苦；父母节日或生日的时候，给父母送上自己亲自做的礼物等等。体验亲情，积累写作素材。还可以让学生和父母每周谈一次心，把成长的困惑告诉家长，把成长的成果和家长一起分享。学生在与父母的交流中，享受到了亲情，也为学生的学习奠定了情感的基础，同时也积累丰富的习作材料。有了丰富的习作材料，学生将必克服作文无话可说，无事可写的难题。

三、让语文教学生活化

作文是语文知识的实际应用，语文是否学的好、学的扎实，是作文成败的前

提。“语文教学生活化”就是把语文教学植根于生活的土壤中，在生活中学习语文、应用语文，学好语文。四五年级的学生，课外阅读能力提高了，并学会了做读书笔记。在每节课的组织教学时间里，我指名一、二位学生将课外书中抄录的好段落、好句子念或背给大家听。。一方面，更多的学生主动去阅读课外书，另一方面，写作水平有了较大提高。目的在于拓宽学生的视野，做生活的有心人，并为写作提供素材。渐渐的，学生在生活中养成了会听、会想、会说的习惯。充分利用班级举行的各种活动学习语文。如班委选举，上台作竞选演说；运动赛场，小记者在行动；新年到了，让学生写《新年的快乐》??班级的这些活动“语文化”，真可谓一举多得：学生既是在实践语文，又是在搞班级建设；教师既是在进行语文用法训练，又是在进行班级教育。每月学生独自出一份手抄报。由于学生平时能留心班级生活中的闪光点，一篇篇感情真挚，内容鲜活的文章，由此诞生了。对学生而言，这些手抄报是他们小学时代的成长纪念册；对老师来说，则是班级生活与语文素养和谐统一的结晶。生活处处皆语文，语文无处不生活。让生活成为语文学习的动力和参照吧，同时让学生通过对语文的学习去关注生活，获得各色人生经验，品味各色别样人生，书写心中的篇章。

选修课(Selective Courses) This term our school laid down a new rule about selective court. For the first two weeks, we may sit in as many classes as we like before we decide on which courses to choose. We jumped for joy. The first week I attended classes for four evenings on end and found out that most of the teachers took it serioualy. They were busy in "winning votes" for fear, that later on no one would attend their lectures.

For example, the teacher of Modern Literature of Taiwan said, "Actually the flrst two hours of my lecture were only a prelude. The real contents have not been involved. In the furore, we shall discuss such famous writers as Qiong Yao, Xi Murong, etc, and such famous aetresses as Lin Fengjiao, Lin Qingxia etc. We have lots of vedio-taped films to watch. These are confined only to those who co-major in this court." See, after all, the last sentence is the core of everything he said.

The teacher of Appreciation and Critics of Modern Opera said, "We have a variety of contents and the teaching method is changable. For instance, l may choose one act from a play and let you perform it in class. If you do a good job, you can put on the play at the school theater festival. Also, we shall arrange for you to watch current plays. The school is in charge of the traffic and tickets, Of course, only those who co-major this course are eligible." You see, the most important thing comes at last through twists and turns.

[新年计划初中英语作文三篇

Zeng Qiao is one of my friends. She is a beautiful, outgoing and good-tempered girl. She smiles frequently. I think it’s her smile that makes her beauty. We live in the same dormitory, so that we always stay together, no matter going to classroom or having dinners. At first, I don’t like her very much, because she is always talking. It seems that she can’t stop open her mouth. I am a little bit quiet and introverted, so I seldom talk to others. But gradually, I find that she can have influence on others by what she says. Zeng Qiao likes sharing interesting things with others. For example, she likes telling us her funny stories of her childhood or her former classmates. She always tells me that I should be more extroverted and learn to talk to others. Under the influence of her, I communicate with others more frequently and I find that it feels so great. I am so grateful that I can have such a good friend.

从事初一作文教学过程中，发现学生厌烦写作文的现象非常普遍。造成厌烦心理的原因很多，也很复杂。但分析起来，根本原因还在教师身上。教师学是否高、艺是否精、业是否有道、品是否端正、责任心是否强?往往就决定了学生的兴趣和爱好的方向和程度。为此，解决学生的厌烦心理，首先要从教师入手。

(一)敬业精业，授课精彩。要努力认真钻研教材，精心构思、设计课堂环节，力争每一堂课都是精品。让学生感到听老师讲析作文或课文就是一种享受，以自己全身心地投入来感染和引导学生。精湛的艺术，高尚的品格，本身就具有极强的吸引力。久而久之，学生就会在这种氛围中逐渐萌发对文学、对写作的兴趣。

(二)教师下水，现身说法。身教胜于言教。教师的一举一动，比千言万语还要有说服力和感召力。长期的作文教学中，凡是要求学生写的作文，我都坚持与学生同题写作，平等研讨，共同修改。本人的写作水平也有了较大提高，在省级、市级各家报纸、杂志发表诗歌、散文、消息、通讯百余篇。更重要的是，我的这种做法使学生感到写作不再那么难，作家也不是高不可攀。“作文其实就是写身边的人和事，抒发自己对生活的感悟。好的作文必须要有独到的思想和艺术见解。”学生对作文一旦有了全新的认识，就会彻底打消畏难、厌烦心理。

(三)典型引导，正面鼓励。对学生要多鼓励、多表扬，不说打击和挫伤学生积极性、自信心的话;不做打击和挫伤学生积极性、自信心的事。坚持多从学生的作文中找评析范文，不求完美，但求有独到之处，力争每学期绝大多数学生的作文都有被选做范文的机会。同时，注意在学生中培养写作爱好者。本人所教学生中有多名在省、市级中学生征文竞赛活动中获得一、二、三等奖。榜样的力量是无穷的，学生的写作成就鼓舞了其他学生的写作热情，许多学生纷纷表示，也许将来我也能成为一名作家。继而实现了教师教得顺手，学生学得轻松的喜人局面。

总之，随着课程改革的深入，对语文教师的要求也更加严格、全面。需要教师具有丰厚的文化底蕴和良好的职业道德，更要有对教育事业、对学生赤诚的爱。很难想象，一个对现实生活冷漠、对学生漠不关心的教师会写出情真意切的作品，会培养出品格高尚具有良好素质的人才