中考英语大常见错误解析【20篇】

一.不一致(disagreements)

所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等.

例1. when one have money ,he can do what he want to .

(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么.)

剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致.

改为：once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)

二.修饰语错位(misplaced modifiers)

英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解.例1. i believe i can do it well and i will better know the world outside the campus.

剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末.

三.句子不完整(sentence fragments)

在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生.

例1. there are many ways to know the society. for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on .

剖析：本句后半部分＂for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句.改为：there are many ways to know society ,for example ,by tv ,radio ,and newspaper.

四.悬垂修饰语(dangling modifiers)

所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如：at the age of ten, my grandfather died.这句中＂at the age of ten＂只点出十岁时，但没有说明”谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather,如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了.改为：

when i was ten, my grandfather died.

例1. to do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短语“to do well in college”

五.逻辑主语不清楚.

改为：

to do well in college, a student needs good grades.五.词性误用(misuse of parts of speech)

“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等.例1. none can negative the importance of money.

剖析：negative系形容词，误作动词。

改为：

none can deny the importance of money.

六.指代不清(ambiguous reference of pronouns)

指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：

mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.

(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)

读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：

mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.

例1. and we can also know the society by serving it yourself.剖析：句中人称代词we和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为：

we can also know society by serving it ourselves.

七.不间断句子(run-on sentences)

什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。

例1. there are many ways we get to know the outside world.剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“there are many ways.”以及“we get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。

改为：

there are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.或：there are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world

八.措词毛病(troubles in diction)

diction是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。

例1. the increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.

(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)

剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)”应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。

改为：

the abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.

九.累赘(redundancy)

言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：

in spite of the fact that he is lazy, i like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：in spite of his laziness, i like him.例1. for the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.

剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。

改为：

diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.

十.不连贯(incoherence)

不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。

例1. the fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.

剖析：the fresh water与逗号后的it不连贯。it与things在数方面不一致。

常见联词

表层进

first, firstly to begin with/second, secondly to start with/third, thirdly what’s more/also and then/and equally important/besides in addition/further in the first place/still furthermore

last but not the least/next besides/too moreover/finally

表举例

for example for instance/to illustrate as an illustration/after all/表解释

/as a matter of fact/frankly speaking/

雅思考试作文写作技巧与应注意事项

in this case namely/in other words

表总结

in summary in a word/in brief in conclusion/to conclude in fact/indeed in short/in other words /of course/it is true specially/namely in all/that is to summarize/thus as has been said/altogether in other words/finally in simpler terms/in particular that is/on the whole to put it differently/therefore表强调

of course indeed/above all most important/emphasis certainly in fact

表让步

still nevertheless/in spite of all the same/even so after all/concession granted naturally/of course

表比较

in comparison likewise/similarly equally/however likewise/in the same way/

表转折

by contrast although/e same time but/in contrast nevertheless/notwithstanding on the contraryon the other hand otherwise/regardless still/though yet/despite the fact that even so/even though for all that/however in spite of/instead

表时间

after a while afterward/again also/and then as long as/at last at length/at that time before/besides earlier/eventually finally/formerly further/furthermore in addition/in the first place in the past/last lately/meanwhile moreover/next now/presently second/shortly simultaneously/since so far/soon still/subsequently then/thereafter too/until until now/when.

[雅思考试作文写作技巧与应注意事项

Its almost the end of April. Summer has come to us in my city. In south,

summer always comes earlier than north. It has been hot for about half a month.

The highest temperature reached 37 degree. Now, there are much less people in

the street. People are not likely to go out during the summer. Its so hot

outside. Swimming is the most favorite activity in my city. The pools are always

full filled with people. Parents often take their children to swimming pool at

night. Personally, I do not like summer, because its too hot and the sunshine

is strong. I sweat a lot and that makes me very uncomfortable. Therefore, summer

is tough time for me and I always expect winter to come.

A friend is indispensable to life. He will help you when you are in need of help, when you need to understand to understand you; When you need comfort comfort you...

Sometimes I think a real friend just have trouble with each other to help each other; When you dont have my stationery to lend you a pen, a piece of paper, read a book with you... , in fact not the case. Since the onset of the one thing I didnt know she is my best friend. She long not fat or thin, he is a little tall, she is very cheerful, is a kind of little girl, she is a year to get along with my deskmate -- Du Xueqing.

Remember once, the math teacher sent us a comprehensive mathematics examination paper, paper hair down, I like a hungry Wolf was feeding quickly "vies to answer first. A problem suddenly stood in my way, I brood, how also cant think, I think both of us are good friends, she will borrow my notes, I will gently move the bench into her move over there, secretly glanced at, she has to write the answer GongGongZhengZheng papers. And I took one look at the math teacher, she is batch job to us! Ha ha, Im qiao xi. So I used my arm gently touched Du Xueqing, I wrote a note to her again, but she didnt even look at, it threw the note to me, also ruthlessly stare at me, her own answer.

I was very angry, also gave her a hard stare, literally write an answer to go on to do some of the questions below.

After school, I strode along, holding her far behind, can sit at the same table trot caught up with me, come to my house for my topic, until Ive learned so far.

Looking at her hurriedly ran home, I was moved to tears. I know she is my true friend!

朋友是人一生中不可缺少的。他会在你需要帮助的时候帮助你，在你需要理解的时候理解你;在你需要安慰的时候安慰你……

我有时会认为真正的朋友只是在对方有困难的时候互相帮助;在你没带文具时借你一只笔、一张纸、和你同看一本书……，其实不是这样的。自从那一件事发生后我才明白她才是我最好的朋友。她长得不胖不瘦，个子有点高，她很开朗，是个善良的小女孩，她就是和我相处了一年的同桌——杜雪晴。

记得有一次，数学老师给我们发了一张综合性的数学卷子，卷子发下来了，我像饿狼吃食一样快速“抢答”。突然一道题挡住了我的去路，我苦思冥想，怎么也想不出来，我想我们俩是好朋友，她一定会借我抄的，我就轻轻的把凳子往她那边移了移，偷偷的瞥了一眼，她已经把答案工工整整地写出了卷子上。我又看了一眼数学老师，她正在给我们批作业呢!哈哈，我窍喜。于是，我便用胳膊轻轻的碰了碰杜雪晴，我又写了一个纸条给她，她却连看都不看，就把纸条扔给了我，还狠狠地瞪我一眼，捂住她自己的答案。

我很生气，也狠狠瞪了她一眼，随便写了一个答案就接着做下面的一些题了。

放学后，我大步流星地走着，把她远远地甩在后面，可同桌小跑的追上了我，来到我家为我讲题，直到讲到我明白了为止。

看着她急匆匆跑回家的身影，我感动地流下了眼泪。我明白了她才是我真正的朋友!

教给大家十个字，搞定初中英语写作，帮你拿到一等文。

问：“哪十字？”

“结构+要点+逻辑+语法+亮点！”

结构：中考最流行的结构就是三段式，深受各地区中考英语写作阅卷老师的喜爱。为什么尼？因为这种结构十分清晰。“观点——要点——总结”让人一目了然。三段式的第一段：简单明了，开门见山，不超过2句话，如，我们想表达小强很强壮，第一段直接说 XQ is extremely strong. 观点明确，这一句足矣。第二段：分2-3点说为什么他强壮。1. 每天吃10顿饭，He has ten meals everyday! 详举吃的是什么。2. 每天运动2小时，He does exercise 2 hours a day! 详举做了什么运动。第三段：经过第二段的论证，可以得出结论。但请注意，不能完全照抄第一段，要有升华。也可以提出希望和建议等。如，How strong and robust XQ is! I hope to be? him one day!

要点：实际上中考英语写作就等于两个字，翻译！因为中考英语写作一般会给出几个要点，要求必须在文章中有所体现。文章写的再好，只要缺少要点就会扣分。所以要点，也就是文章的第二段内容，要做到全，围绕中心。

逻辑：这里的逻辑实际指的就是逻辑词。最常用的就是表示递进的，转折的，总结的逻辑词等。递进：除了first, second, third, finally 等还可以使用高级点的，如first of all(首先)，in addition, whats more, moreover(都是另外的意思)，in a word, all in all（表示总结的）。转折：but, yet, however等。真正有经验的阅卷老师会很注意这些逻辑连接词，因为这些词体现了这个文章的思路。

语法：其他几点都不是硬性的要求，不那样做不能说是错，只能说是不好，但是语法却是硬性的。如，单词的使用，时态等。

亮点：当我们将前八个字都做得很完美的时候也只能得到一个二等文的上。要想得到一等文，最后两个字，亮点至关重要。大家设想如果我们是阅卷老师。有两篇写人美丽的作文摆在我们面前，都是结构清晰的三段式，要点都很全，都用了一些逻辑词，都没有语法错误，但是A篇只用了beautiful,good- looking,B篇却用到了attractive，charming，catching等，我坚信正常人都会给B篇高分的。这些高级一点的词汇，词组，句型便是我们得到一等文的最有力的绝招。所以，以后写英语作文要养成一般词汇限量用的好习惯。

只要把这十个字都搞定了，那么初中英语写作就一定能搞定！

Since I went to college, I feel so excited about the new chapter of my

life. I have imagined the campus life for so many years. Now I finally come to

this stage. I have much time after class, so I need to learn to deal with it.

After two years’ struggling, I find the right way to spend my time.

The first thing for every college student is to learn major knowledge. In

China, so many students think college time is used to play instead of study, so

they skip class. This is a big mistake. College is the stage for students to

master practical skills, which decides what kind of job they will work on. So I

study very hard from Monday to Friday. I don’t want to miss the important

knowledge.

The second thing for college students is to join the after-class

activities. Joining the activities can not only learn more skills, such as dance

and sports, but also can make friends. Campus is like a small society. Students

need to learn to make connections with other students, so that they can win more

chances. I learn a lot from my new friends and know how to communicate.

My college life is wonderful, I learn both knowledge and social skills.

Dear David，

I am afraid that you will think me unpardonably negligent in not having

answered your letter dated 7, December sooner, but when I have told you the

reason, I trust you will be convinced that the neglect was excusable. When your

letter arrived, I was just in Hong Kong. As my family could not forward it to me

during my absence, it has been, therefore, lying on my desk until the moment

when I took it up. Now the first thing I have to hasten to do is to write to you

these few lines to express my deep regret.

I enjoyed many pleasant sights during my trip. I shall be pleased to give

you an account to of them when I see you next.

Sincerely yours,

Tom

成也萧何，败也萧何

西汉的萧何是汉高祖刘邦的重要谋臣。他曾向刘邦推荐了善于用兵打仗的韩信做大将军，使之为汉朝的建立立下很大功劳。后来有人向刘邦的妻子吕后告发韩信谋反。吕后想把韩信召进宫来，又怕他不肯就范，就同萧何商议。萧何设计以庆贺平叛胜利为理由，骗韩信进宫。韩信一进宫，就被吕后以谋反罪名杀于长乐宫钟室。民间因此有“成也萧何(韩信成为大将军是萧何推荐的)，败也萧何(韩信被杀是萧何出的`计谋)”的说法。

成也萧何，败也萧何比喻事情的成败、好坏都由一个人造成。

When it comes to success, different people have different opinions about

what makes it come true. Some people regard hard-working as an essential quality

to success while others believe being clever would lead to success. From my

point of view, I think perseverance and hard-working are indispensable for those

who want to make an achievement.

Firstly, perseverance let people step closely towards success. Most people

want to make a big difference to prove their value. People who set their goal

and keep moving would make their dream come true. However, there are some people

who set their goal but they stop at the difficulty would fail in the end. I

think the difference between success and failure is perseverance. If we have

perseverance, even if we are not clever, we will make a great difference, but if

we not, we are doomed to lose. As we all know, Edison is a great inventor in the

world. However, before he invented the bulb, he kept trying for tens of

thousands of times to find a suitable wire. Let us imagine, if he gave up at the

999th, then how he couldn’t become so successful. So, I strongly believe that

perseverance produces success.

Secondly, there is also a kind of people who are born with cleverness, I

think they are lucky. Nevertheless, if they don’t make a hard work on their way

to their goal, they, absolutely, will become loser. Whether we are gifted for

intelligent, we must be hard-working so as to success. I regard hard-working as

an efficient approach to be successful because I believe ‘pains and gains’. As

for those who do not make great efforts on work, failure follows. In old times,

there is a clever boy who can make excellent poem when he can talk. When his

father found the little child’s cleverness, he just let the child make poems to

show around while never let the boy learned anything. When the boy grew up,

people forgot him because he lost the ability to compose poems and became

ordinary as others. From this matter, we can see that only by hard-working can

we get knowledge and make a good future.

Anyway, I think perseverance and hard-working are both important in our way

to success for they enhance us and produce success.

时光就像沙漏一般，一点一滴地流逝。岁月留给我们的年华很多，但能给我们为中考奋斗的时间却越来越少。

人生就像高楼一般，需要一点一点地用努力去搭建。奋斗了，才会无悔!面对日益迫近的中考。我们此时不奋斗，更待何时!

第一难关·体育

三年前，我们是新生班。时间过得真快，转眼我们已走进毕业班。现在，体育中考即将到来。这是中考的第一道关卡。而我，每次跑步时，心里总想着：“偷一会儿懒吧!”以至于我对自己没有信心。如今，中考给我的时间并不多。我到周末或有空时，便会练习跑步、跳远等体育项目。时间虽然很紧张，但更应努力奋斗!至少，我不愧对自己，我也不后悔!

第二难关·文综

在中考里，文综占了半壁天下。这些科目里的试题，有的需要掌握方法，灵活运用;有的则需要认真背记，加强积累。语文、英语、政治、历史等学科都很重要，许多知识都需要去记忆、去背诵。自从寒假开学后，我便有了一个习惯，早上五点起来背书。每天早上回顾一遍，晚上再看一遍，我心里才踏实。需要记忆的东西常常会遗忘，等到中考时再背就来不及了，所以我必须努力!

第三难关·理综

相对于文综来说，理综的题目相对是灵活的。它不需要去太多的记忆，而是需要大量地练习。练习时间来自于课堂学习和课余生活。而课堂远远不够，要去课下努力。“人的差异在于业余时间。”双休日，我可以抽出一天中的五小时来练习，坚持每天查资料做不懂的题，不断去练习。常言道：学好数理化，走遍天下都不怕。可见理科的重要性。我相信，持续努力让我离目标越来越近!

努力，不能只是嘴上说，更要用实际行动去证明。面临中考，剩下的时光虽然越来越紧张，但当你用心奋斗时，它就很有意义，很有价值。让努力奋斗，换无怨无悔!

语言是评判作文的一个极其重要的因素。在实际的阅卷过程当中，语法错误，尤其是较为严重的错误，是阅卷人员的主要“照顾点”，有时甚至是惟一的点;当然那样处理是有道理的，大家可以设想一下，一篇语法上漏洞百出、严重影响表达的作文又会有什么样的好内容呢?如果因为语言上的错误而导致失分，那将得不偿失。因此，认清各种各样的语法错误，尽可能地避免少犯，对于提高作文分是有极大的帮助的。现将我们在阅卷过程当中所发现的大量语言错误逐一归类，抽出其中的典型错误，以警示大家，供参考。

1。句子成分残缺不全

we always working till late at night before taking exams。(误)

we are always working /we always work till late at night before taking exams(正)

we should read books may be useful to us。 (误)

we should read books which may be useful to us。 (正)

2。句子成分多余

this test is end， but there is another test is waiting for you。 (误)

one test ends， but another is waiting for you。 (正)

the driver of the red car was died on the spot。 (误)

the driver of the red car died on the spot。 (正)

3。主谓不一致

someone/somebody think that reading should be selective。 (误)

some think that reading should be selective。 (正)

my sister go to the cinema at least once a week。 (误)

my sister goes to the cinema at least once a week。 (正)

4。动词时态、语态的误用

i was walking along the road， and there are not so many cars on the street。 (误)

i was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street。 (正)

we have little time to read some books which we interest。 (误)

we have little time to read some books in which we are interested。 (正)

i am a student who has studying in the college for two years。 (误)

i have been studying in the college for two years(正)

5。词类混淆

it is my point that reading must be selectively。 (误)

in my opinion， reading must be selective。 (正)

honest is so important for everyperson。 (误)

honesty is so important for everyone。 (正)

the old man was hit by a car when he across the street。 (误)

the old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street。 (正)

[英语作文中常见的典型语法错误分析

史蒂芬。霍金当代非常著名的物理学家。史蒂芬。霍金(StephenHawking)於1942年1月8日生於牛津，那一天刚好是伽利略逝世三百年。

霍金入读牛津大学。学士毕业后他转到剑桥大学攻读博士，研究宇宙学。不久他发现自己患上了会导致肌肉萎缩的卢伽雷病。由於医生对此病束手无策，起初他打算放弃从事研究的理想，但他不久便重拾心情，排除万难，从挫折中站起来，勇敢地面对这次的不幸，继续醉心研究。

研究黑洞、宇宙论。他的行动已经出现问题，后来由於得了肺炎而接受穿气管手术，使他从此再不能说话。现在他全身瘫痪，要靠电动轮椅代替双脚，不但说话和写字要靠电脑和语言合成器帮忙，连阅读也要别人替他把每页纸摊平在桌上，让他驱动著轮椅逐页去看。

(十四) 现当代

1、鲁迅 现代，原名周树人，字豫才，浙江绍兴人。伟大的文学家、思想家、革命家。

散文集《朝花夕拾》， 课文：《从百草园到三味书屋》、《阿长与》、《藤野先生》

散文诗集《野草》， 课文：《风筝》、《雪》

小说集《呐 喊》《彷徨》， 课文：《故乡》《社戏》《孔乙己》

杂文集《且介亭杂文》， 课文：《中国人失掉自信力了吗》

2、郭沫若 原名郭开贞，四川乐山人。诗人、学者、考古学家。诗集《女神》，历史剧《屈原》

课文：《天上的街市》《静夜》《雷电颂》

3、巴金 原名李尧棠，字芾甘，四川成都人。激流三部曲《家》《春》《秋》，爱情三部曲《雾》《雨》《电》，散文集《龙·虎·狗》，文革后作品《随想录》。 课文：《日》《月》

4、冰心 原名谢婉莹，作品歌颂母爱、童真、自然，代表作《繁星》《春水》(深受印度诗人泰戈尔影响)，《寄小读者》 课文：《纸船》《谈生命》

5、朱自清 字佩弦，散文家、诗人、学者、民主战士，江苏扬州人。课文：《春》

6、老舍 原名舒庆春，字 舍予，满族人。著名的语言大师，“人民艺术家”，小说《骆驼祥子》、《四世同堂》，话剧《茶馆》 课文《济南的冬天》

7、叶圣陶 原名叶绍钧，字圣陶，作家、教育家、编辑家。江苏苏州人。课文《苏州园林》

外 国：

1、苏俄

(1)普希金 俄国诗人，有“俄罗斯文学之父”的美称，代表作《自由颂》《致大海》《致恰达耶夫》。

课文：《假如生活欺骗了你》

(2) 契诃夫 俄国作家，与法国的“莫泊桑”、美国的“欧·亨利”一起被称为世界三大短篇小说巨匠。代表作《装在套子里的人》。 课文《变色龙》主人公奥楚蔑洛夫

(3)高尔基 苏联，“无产阶级最伟大的代表”(列宁语)，自传体三部曲《童年》《在人间》《 我的大学》，主人公名字是阿寥莎。课文《海燕》节选自《春天的旋律》的结尾部分，原题为“海燕之歌”。

(4)苏霍姆林斯基 苏联教育家，代表作《给老师的一百条建议》《把整个心灵献给孩子》。课文《致女儿的信》

2、英国

(1)笛福 《鲁宾孙漂流记》 课文《荒岛余生》

(2)培根 哲学家 《随笔》58篇，课文《谈读书》

(3)莎士比亚 文艺复兴时期诗人、戏剧家。四大悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》《哈姆莱特》《李尔王》《奥赛罗》

喜剧《威尼斯商人》

(4)济慈 诗人 《蝈蝈与蛐蛐》

3、法国

(1)莫泊桑 世界短篇小说巨匠。代表作《羊脂球》，课文《福楼拜家的星期天》《我的叔叔于勒》

(2)雨果 十九世纪浪漫主义作家。 代表作《悲惨世界》《巴黎圣母院》《九三年》

课文《就英法联军远征中国给巴特勒上尉的信》《纪念伏尔泰逝世一百周年的演说》

(3)都德 《最后一课》 主人公：小弗朗士 韩麦尔先生

(4)布丰 毕生精力经营皇家花园，用40年时间写成36册的《自然史》 课文《马》

(5)法布尔 生物学家，《昆虫记》被誉为“昆虫的史诗”，他被鲁迅赞为“讲昆虫生活的楷模”。《绿色蝈蝈》

4、美国

(1)海伦·凯勒 聋哑盲女作家，1964年获得“总统自由勋章”，致力于救助伤残儿童、保护妇女权益、争取种族平等。作品《假如给我三天光明》，课文《再塑生命》，再塑她生命的老师是莎莉文。

(2)杰克·伦敦 “美国无产阶级文学之父”，“美国的马克思”，作品《热爱生命》。 课文《热爱生命》

5、其他

(1)奥地利 茨威格 擅长写人。课文《伟大的悲剧》，《列夫·托尔斯泰》(选自《三作家》)

(2)丹麦 安徒生 童话作家 课文《皇帝的新装》《丑小鸭》

(3)印度 泰戈尔 亚洲第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的人，文学巨匠。主要诗集《园丁集》《新月集》《飞鸟集》 课文《金色花》

(4)波兰 玛丽·居里 一生中两次获得诺贝尔奖，物理学家、化学家 课文《我的信念》

(5)黎巴嫩 纪伯伦，诗人、画家，《浪之歌》《雨之歌》

中国古代文化常识

一.地理山川

1.阴阳(阴：山北水南，阳光不易照到之处;阳：山南水北)

2.江河(古代"江"专指长江，"河"专指黄河)

3.关内、关外(汉朝前，"关"特指函谷关;明清时以至现在称东北三省为"关外"。

4.山东、山西("山"特指崤山，后来有时指太行山。

5.古今地名 (大都--北京 大梁、汴梁、东京、汴京--开封 京口--镇江 金陵、建业、建康、江宁、石头诚--南京 临安、钱塘--杭州 姑苏、吴郡--苏州 淮上、江都、维扬--扬州 会稽--绍兴 长安--西安 奉天--沈阳 直沽--天津)

6.五岳(东岳泰山 西岳华山 中岳嵩山 南岳衡山 北岳恒山)

二.地 名

要注要注意古代方位、地名和现代不同的地方。

(1)六合：指天地四方(即上、下、东、南、西、北)。

(2)八荒：人为东、东南、南、西南、西北、北、东北八个方向。茺为荒远之地。八荒指远离中原的地方。

(3)九州：古代分天下为九州，即兖州、冀州、青州、徐州、豫州、荆州、杨州、梁州、雍州。

(4)山东：指崤山以东。

(5)江南：泛指长江以南。

(6)江左：即长江以东。

(7)江表：长江以外，指江南。

(8)河北、河南、泛指中原之地，即黄河流域一带。

(9)五岳：东岳泰山、南岳衡山，西岳恒山，中岳嵩山。

(10)南京又名建业、建意古代方位、地名的廉洁和现代不同的地方。

(11)开封又名大梁、汴州、东京。

三.官 名

古代职官情况异常复杂，而且各朝都有变化，可以中央、地方两方面大致掌握。

中央官职：皇帝下有丞相或称宰相佐理国政，统领百官。中央一般设六部分管政务，即吏部，户部，礼部、兵部、弄部、工部，部长官称尚书，副职为侍郎。

地方官职：大政区称郡、州或称省，长官分别称郡守、太守(或刺史)、巡抚。

基层政权称县，县官称县令或知县，间乎大政区和县之间高州(或府)，长官称知州(知府)。

四.纪 年

纪年有：

(1)按王公即位年次纪年(如：赵惠文王十六年)，

(2)干支纪年法(如：以辛亥三月二十九日围攻两广督署之役为最)，

(3)年号纪年法(如：德右二年二月十九日)，

(4)年号干支兼用(如：咸丰庚申，英法联军自海入侵)。季节，一季三个月顺次称孟、仲，季，如盆春(一月)，仲春(二月)，季春(三月)。每月的特殊日子有特定称呼，第一天叫"朔"，最后一天叫"晦"，十五叫"望"，十六叫"既望"。一昼夜分十二时辰，用十二地支称呼，每时辰两小时。每夜分五更9鼓)每更两小时。此外，鸡鸣指早上三、四点，日出时叫旦、晨、朝，黄昏，人定即亥时相当晚上9-11时。夕、暮、黄错，人定即亥时相当晚上9-11时。

五.古代节日及有关习俗

元旦

正月初一，亦称元日，有祭神贴桃符的习俗。相传东海度朔山大桃树下有神荼、郁垒二神，能食百鬼。古人用桃木画二神像，悬挂在门口来驱鬼。五代开始在符上写联语，后来演变成春联。王安石有《元日》诗："千门万户瞳曈日，总把新桃换旧符。"

上元

正月十五，亦称元宵、元夕、元夜。古代习俗在上元夜张灯为戏，所以又称灯节。宋朱淑真《生查子?元夕》："去年元夜时，花市灯如昼。"

社日

农家祭土地神的日子。汉以前只有春社，汉以后开始有秋社。春社在春分前后，秋社在秋分前后。社日这一天，乡邻们在土地庙集会，准备酒肉祭神，然后宴饮。王家《社日诗》"桑柘影斜春社散，家家扶得醉人归。"

寒食

清明前二日，即冬至后一百零五天，有时是一百零六天。相传起源于晋文公悼念介之推，介之推在绵上之山隐居，晋文公为逼他下山放火，他抱树而死。晋文公便下令这一天禁火寒食，以后演变为寒食节。每逢寒食节，人们要禁火三日。元镇《连昌宫词》："初过寒食一百六，店社无烟宫柳绿。"

清明

清明节的习俗主要是踏青和扫墓。杜牧有《清明》诗："清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。"

上巳

原定于三月上旬的一个巳日，所以叫上巳。曹魏以后，这个节日固定在三月三日。早先，人们到水边去游玩采兰，以驱除邪气。后来，演变成水边宴饮，郊外春游的节日。杜甫有《丽人行》诗："三月三日天气新，长安水边多丽人。"

端午

五月初五，又称"端阳"、"重五"，"端"是"初"的意思。据说屈原在五月初五投江，人们争渡去救屈原，后来演变成划龙舟的传统。人们还投粽子到江里，以保护屈原的遗体，又有了吃粽子的传统。唐以后端午成为大节日，朝廷有赏赐。杜甫有《端午日赐衣》："端午被恩荣。"

七夕

农历七月七日。民间传说此日夜间牛郎织女鹊桥相会，妇女们结彩楼，陈酒脯瓜果于庭中，以乞巧。和凝《宫词》："阑珊星斗缀朱光，七夕宫嫔乞巧忙。"

中元鬼节

农历七月十三或十四，每家就会请祖先，烧自己做的纸钱。传说十五祖先要到阴府开东洋大会

中秋

八月十五日。八月十五在秋季的正中，所以叫中秋。此时秋高气爽，月光最美，为赏月佳节。苏轼《水调歌头》："明月几时有，把酒问青天。"韦庄《送秀才归荆溪》："八月中秋月正圆，送君吟上木兰船。"

重阳

九月初九。又称重九。古人认为九是阳数，日月都逢九，称为重阳。古人认为此日带茱萸囊登山饮菊花酒可以免祸，于是便有了这一天登高饮酒的习惯。王维《九月九日忆山东兄弟》："遥知兄弟登高处，遍插茱萸少一人。"

腊日

腊是祭祀名，岁末祭众神叫腊(所以十二月叫腊月)。古代十二月初八是腊日，村人击细腰鼓，作金刚力士来驱逐瘟疫。杜甫有《腊日》诗："腊日年年暖尚遥，今年腊日冻全消。"

除夕

一年最后一天的晚上。除是除旧布新。一年的最后一天叫"岁除"，那天晚上叫"除夕"。除夕人们往往通宵不眠，叫守岁。苏轼有《守岁》："儿童强不睡，相守夜欢哗。"

From this incident，we can see that there are still more things to be done。

Firstly，the government needs everything possible to ensure the quality of

products，particularly the safety of food as this concerns everyones

life.Secondly，as for the producers，it is very important for them to be morally

honest. They should never try to pursue profit or economic growth at the expense

of health and life of people. Thirdly，we consumers must attach importance to the

things we eat and develop an awareness of how to protect our legal rights if

cheated。 Only in this way will we be able to build a more secure and harmonious

society.

Honesty is long-lasting virtue of people all over the world. Likewise, it

is also one of the deeply-held values of the Chinese people. Some people believe

that in the market economy, honesty tends to be obsolete. In my opinion, honesty

will never be out of date no matter what the situation might be.

Firstly, honesty has been treasured and honest people have been respected

through history in all parts of the world. People everywhere would regarded

honesty as a virtue and hate a dishonesty person. Secondly, honesty is the basis

of interactions among people. People should treat each other sincerely and open

their hearts to each other. Only in this way can the relationship among the

people be natural. Thirdly, in the market economy, some people try to get more

money at the cost of honesty. To them, a best businessman is one who can cheat

most tactfully. Even in this kind of society, honesty is deeply valued by most

people.

We can see that not only in history, but also at the present day, honesty

was and is valued by the majority of the people and the virtue will not perish

so easily.

桑德斯上校退休后拥有的所有财产只是一家靠在高速公路旁的小饭店。饭店虽小，但颇具特色，与众不同。可最受欢迎的、也是客人最爱吃的一道菜就是他发明烹制的香酥可口的炸鸡，仅此就给他带来了一笔可观的财富。多年来，他的客人一直对他烹制的炸鸡赞赏有加。可是令他万万没想到的是，由于高速公路改道别处，饭店的生意突然间也一落千丈，最后只好关门歇业。被逼无奈，桑德斯上校决定向其他饭店出售他制作炸鸡的配方，以换取微薄的回报。

在推销的过程中，没有一家饭店愿意购买他的配方，并且还不时地嘲笑他。一个人在任何年龄被人嘲笑都不是件令人愉快的事，更何况到了退休的年龄还被人嘲笑，这就更令人难以接受了。而这恰恰发生在了桑德斯上校身上。他不但被人嘲笑并且接连不断地被人拒绝，可见这些经历对他的影响有多么巨大。但他始终没有放弃，在没有找到买主之前，他开着车走遍了全国，吃住都在车上，就在被别人拒绝了1009次后，才有人终于同意采纳他的想法，购买他的配方。从此后他的连锁店遍布全世界;也被载入了商业史册。这就是肯德基的由来。

人们为了纪念这位桑德斯上校，就在所有的肯德基店前树立一尊他的塑像，以此作为肯德基的形象品牌。俗话说：“神枪手是一枪一枪打出来的!”缺乏坚持不懈的毅力或者认为自己不能得到自己想要的东西，这两者都是阻碍大多数人勇于改变的关键原因。如果你能够紧紧抓住自己的目标不放并坚持不懈，那么很快你就会超过大多数人。记住，是你掌握着自己的生活。如果你一心想达到一个目标，就一定会有办法取得成功。

开头部分:

How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.

结尾部分：

With best wishes. I’m looking forward to your reply. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.

英语念起来干枯无聊，我偶尔往前面望去，有一排同学没事可做，竟然搞起敢死队的工作——在英语老师的眼皮子底下看漫画书，晕。更为巧合的是――竟然都是坐在一排的人！怀疑是不是串通好了的呢。

敢死队员1号：小心翼翼型

这位队员一边看着书，一边虎视耽耽地望着老师。瞧，他刚翻一页，就抬头看看老师，接着又翻一页，然后有抬头望望老师，这样重复循环，真不知道他把内容看进去没有。看见老师的目光没有扫向他，他赶紧抓住机会连翻几页，然后突然抬头，盯着老师。

敢死队员2号：动作怪怪型

这位队员可有点怪了，看着书，一会儿掏掏鼻子，一会儿打打哈欠，一会儿摸摸耳朵，一副惟恐天下不乱的样子，好像不让老师发现他的举动就不甘心似的，真是个怪人。

敢死队员3、4号：谈天说地型

这两位同学有些不把老师放在眼里了，边看书边聊天。我隐隐约约听见他们说冒险岛OL，说漫画内容，说小说，说娱乐咨询，就连老师和同学的目光扫向他们，也无济于事。

敢死队员5号：边学边看型

这位同学好像有些明白学习的重要性，看了几分钟的书，马上立起来听老师的讲课。课上一半时，老师为了扫查班上的敢死队，把同学们一个叫起一个问问题。这下可让这群敢死队员们开始惶恐不安了，他们连书都顾不着看呢。而这位队员呢，看一会儿就学学，这一招算是对他的MISS了。

敢死队员6号：理直气壮型

这位同学可是班上的霸王级分子了（注：别乱想，不是我啊），他可是一人之下，几十人之上，谁敢对他不敬，他的落雷马上就落在你头上了，（注：我已经欠了他3顿打了，要不是我能帮他弄电脑作业，我早就魂飞天了）因此每人敢告发他。不知是她的好运还是老师放水，他这样看了一堂课，竟然都没半点被批评，真太不公平了！！

谁知道，老师从天而降，为了抓住敢死分子，居然来个背后突袭，到所有座位后边地毯式搜索。5名敢死队员唰地一声，在同一时间内放下书，装起乖乖。只有敢死队员6号稳如泰山，而老师的目光明明瞄准了他，可老师却好像在放水一样，竟纵容他在自己眼皮子底下活动，真气死人了！而其他5位的敢死队员便无机可乘，只好乖乖停课，唯独6号占了便宜。

However mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun it and call it

hard names. It is not as bad as you are.

It looks poorest when you are richest. The fault-finder will find faults in

paradise. Love your life, poor as it is.

You may perhaps have some pleasant, thrilling, glorious hours, even in a

poor-house. The setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-house as

brightly as from the rich mans abode; the snow melts before its door as early

in the spring. I do not see but a quiet mind may live as contentedly there, and

have as cheering thoughts, as in a palace.

So many children take what their parents do for them for granted, they

haven’t realized the meaning of being grateful. So they always get angry with

their parents, because they don’t get what they want. According to the news that

a little girl went out of the house and refused to go home because her parents

did not give her enough pocket money. I was so shocked to hear it, I would never

ask much from my parents, because I knew they were not easy to make a living and

I am always feel so thankful for what they offer me. Even the one who gives me a

hand when I am in need, I would remember him and when I have the chance, I will

return. A grateful heart makes us a kind person and create a harmonious

environment.

Since we went to school, we have been educated to be polite, no matter to

the young or old people. People follow the manner rules and have a nice

communication between each other, but some people ignore the rules and they

treat their rude behaviors as something cool. Today, people advocate the

individuality, so the young generation wants to do something different and catch

peoples attention. For example, they dont care other peoples feeling and

criticize others as they like, or just interrupt when other people is talking,

they just show what they want to say and they believe they are special and cool.

This is very rude behavior that they dont respect others and have the wrong

idea about individuality. We can do something special on the base of respect

others and follow the rules, or we are just the rude people.

【文题设计】

阅读下面的文字，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。(60分)

小树问大树：“你吃什么才长得这么大呢?”

大树说：“我每天吃青山一座，白云两片，蜂鸣与蛙唱四两，早晚各吃晨曦与落日一遍，有时也吃些鸟粪、腐叶，喝点朝露和山泉。”

小树：“吃这些你的体形就这么完美和谐?”

大树：“这还要感谢风雨雷电。风为我做身材的修饰，雷为我劈去放肆，雨为我洗去尘土，电为我斩去高傲。”

小树又问：“为何有的树木长得枯黄又干瘦?”

大树说：“因为我们各自的菜单不同。他们选择吃的是愤事，是抱怨，是黑暗，因此就不能青翠光鲜。”

请联系自己的经历、体验谈谈你的感悟或见解。题目自拟，诗歌除外，文体不限。

【审题指导】

这是一则多角度立意的材料作文，命题意在引导学生反思自己的成长过程，发现、体悟生命的价值，珍重生命。

审题的突破口在于三问三答的内涵，尤以大树的回答为要。针对小树关于怎样成长得健壮、完美的问题，大树的回答是：要吃青山、白云、蜂鸣、蛙唱-----大自然的精华，比喻生活中良好的物质营养与精神营养;要吃鸟粪、腐叶-----吸收后可转化为成长所需的营养(如批评);要经受风雨雷电的的洗礼——在挫折中经受磨练;拒绝阴暗的情绪――拥有乐观向上的情趣。这就为我们提供了四个写作角度。

除此还可以有如下两种立意：

1、成长需要各种营养(物质营养与精神营养如：书本知识、师长教导与传授的经验、艺术、体育等方面)材料中第一第二观点

2、要选择正确的人生态度(乐观、坚强等)材料中第三第四观点

错误立意：

1、选择人生路不同，命运便不同。

2、感恩。

3、学会包容、容忍。

4、谈环境与命运的关系。

5、关于知足、完美、和谐的话题。

【题目荟萃】

1、在困难中成长

2、选择生命的芬芳

3、用微笑来面对人生的风霜雨雪

4、心有阳光

5、用歌声迎接黎明

6、选择生活的菜单

7、以挫折为梯

8、让快乐永驻心间

9、痛并快乐着

10、用一缕树魂看人生

11、不经风雨，怎能“参天”

12、阳光总在风雨后