英语作文的写作技巧有哪些（汇总20篇）

1.发言稿是介绍性说明文，在语言使用一定要准确简洁，通俗易懂，层次清楚，条理分明。介绍说明事物的内容关系要明确，要求逻辑性强。发言稿印版有开头语，正文和结束语三部分组成。开头语一般来说比较简单，目的就是吸引听众或读者的注意力。

发言稿的开头和结尾一般都有固定的的格式，如：

Dear friends,

I’m glad to introduce myself to you

.___________________________

That’s all. Thank you.

如果是熟悉的听众，头尾可以活泼一些，灵活一些，如：

(1)Good morning,/Good afternoon,everyone…

That’s all. Thank you.

( 2 )Good evening!Ladies and gentlemen..

That’s all. Thank you.

2.正文是发言稿的主体，主要是提供论点和相关的论据等，论点要明确，论据要充分有力。发言稿的正文常见形式：

第一部分：开门见山提出本人要谈的问题及对问题的看法;

第二部分：说明理由，常见的关联词有：First of all , Secondly, Finally等;

第三部分：照应开头，总结全文。最后可以做简明扼要的总结，也可以谈自己的希望或看法等。常见的句式有：In short, In a word…等。

3.发言稿的语句表达要直接面对听众，尽量不要用复杂啰嗦的句子，更不要采用深奥难懂的句子。话要说的准确易懂，最好用大众语言。除了要求以简单句为主的同时，可以适当穿插一些复合句结构。由于文章要求以简单句为主，所以不要把文章写成单句的罗列，适当的使用关联词承前启后，可以使文章前后连贯，浑然一体。

发言稿的时态一般以现在时态为主。

常用句型

1.I’d like to tell you something about our school.

2.Let me give you a brief introduction about our school.

3.Please allow me to introduce the travel arrangements to you.

4.It’s my honor to say a few words to welcome you.

5.I am sure we will benefit a lot from the lecture.

6.Personally, I think it’s a good idea for us to have daily exercise.

7.In my opinion,…

8.Personally,…

9,In a word,…

10,However,…

Directions:

Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about 100 words,providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming”instead.

Do not write the address.(10 points)

参考范文：

Notice

Welcome you to this university and this new-bulided library. I am a libraian in our university and will give you relevent information about the library.

To begin with, there is circulation desk in the circulation hall so that you can borrow and return books more quickly and conveniently. Besides, the hours of loan books is during 9:00-17:00 from Monday to Friday so that you can take best advantage of the library. Moreover, the computer room in the library is big enough for you to search for some academic information charged by the hour so you must ensure that some money is left in your ID card.

I hope you will find the above information useful and I would be ready to discuss the matter with you to further details. If you have any questions about the library, please call 123456or send messages to 123456@abc. Wish you a good time during your colledge life.

请注意

欢迎你来这所大学和这个new-bulided库。我是一个libraian在我们的大学会给你有关信息图书馆。

首先,在循环大厅有循环桌子,这样您就可以借并返回书更快更方便。此外,小时的贷款是在9:00-17:00从星期一到星期五,这样您就可以最好的利用图书馆。此外,在图书馆计算机房对你来说是足够大的去寻找一些学术信息按小时收取所以你必须确保一些钱留在你的身份证。

我希望你会发现上面的信息是有用的,我准备和你讨论此事进一步的细节。如果你有任何问题关于图书馆,请致电123456或123456 @abc发送消息。祝你一段美好的时光在你科莱奇的生活。

事业单位综合写作被很多考生称为事业单位路上的“拦路虎”。纵观事业单位考试发展历程，作文也是事业单位考察的题型之一。下面是小编收集的事业单位写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、标题

要求：简明扼要，抓住材料的主旨;从小切入，切忌假、大、空;长短合适，最好不要加副标题。

比较好的题目

[例] “旅游田”需要“文明”灌溉、“处处留意皆民生”、“圆城市低收入家庭安居梦”、

比较差的题目

[例]“以政府监管促进市场规范化”、“加快推进以民生为重点的社会建设”

二、正文

就文章的第一部分简单的举例：

方法：开篇点题，陈述现象、阐明危害和解决好的意义

[例] 随着我国经济持续快速发展，养老问题日渐凸现出来，在社会经济和国家安全中的位置越来越突出。养老问题主要表现在人口老龄化加剧，社会赡养问题突出，421家庭的无奈等。 目前产生的诸多养老难问题逐渐进入人们的视野，已引起人们的高度关注，成为社会的热点问题，引起强烈反响，如果该问题不能得到及时和妥善地解决，直接影响到人民群众的根本利益，必影响到经济的发展，社会的稳定，影响到党和政府在人民群众中的光辉形象，进而影响到建成小康社会和构建社会主义和谐社会。

三、社会热点素材积累

对于社会热点的话题要做到积累记录总结，例如：

医疗体制改革：医疗卫生服务特殊性和群众必需性，不同于其他服务行业;以药养医，药厂和医院自主经营，自负盈亏，独立核算;医疗制度不完善，管理不到位;医疗服务市场化，利益驱动;医风医德有待提高;群众社会医疗保障体系不健全;农村医疗卫生事业欠发达，投入不够，条件差，设备少，水平低，缺少专业人才，缺少重大疾病预防，控制机构和卫生监督机构等。

三农问题：即农村、农业、农民问题。城乡二元化的历史原因;农民与城镇居民待遇不同;社会保障体系没有覆盖到农民;看病难，就业难，上学难，三难为题在农村体现尤为突出;农民工流动频繁，职业不稳定，收入相对较低，文化素质、安全意识、自我保护意识普遍不高;农村公共服务缺乏，农业受气候影响极大，收益难以实现保障，入不敷出等。

贫富差距：区域性差异、行业性差异、城乡间差异、个体间差异;宏观政策、市场机制、法律体制不健全、制度不规范导致;不公平现象等。

事业单位考试中综合写作能力具体考察形式变化多端，不一而足。中公教育提醒各位考生，基本的逻辑结构很容易掌握，但关键是需要广大考生养成经常观察生活、留心现象、分析热点的能力，如此方能灵活自如地应对事业单位考试中的重点和难点题型，取得高分!

1)主语从句

It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy。

It is well-known that…

It is self-evident/ conceivable / obvious / apparent that…

It goes without saying that… It is universally acknowledged that…

It is / that

2)宾(表)语从句

We cannot understand why he was so cruel to his roommates。

The problem is not who will go, but who will stay。

3)定语从句(限定性和非限定性)

As is shown/ demonstrated/ illustrated/ depicted/ described…in the cartoon/ picture/ graph/ table…,

There are many reasons why I want to study in your university。

It is estimated that tens of billions of pounds is spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste。

4)状语从句(时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等)

When the man is enjoying the cigarette, the smoke becomes a monster (怪物) which will devour him。

Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of computers。

5)分词短语做定语或状语

Prof. Kang came to our university, giving us a lecture on how to acquire English better。

6)倒装句

Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem。

Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots。

7)被动句

Some measures should be taken to deal with the problem。

He is said to have accomplished a lot of great deeds。

Many people believe that…(It is believed that…)

8)设问句

Do you still remember the boy who cried wolf for several times so no one would trust him?

9)比较

1.The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B。

3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that.。。

4.It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim that.。。

5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages。

6.Like anything else, it has its faults。

7.A and B has several points in common。

8.A bears some resemblances to B。

9.However, the same is not applicable to B。

10. A and B differ in several ways。

11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects。

12. People used to think ..., but things are different now。

13. The same is true of B。

14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks。

15. It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are .。。

10)原因

1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation。

A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem)。

2. The answer to this problem involves many factors。

3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that.。。

4. The factors that contribute to this

5. The change in ...largely results from the fact that.。。

6. We may blame ...,but the real causes are.。。

7. Part of the explanations for it is that .。。

8. One of the most common factors (causes ) is that .。。

9. Another contributing factor (cause ) is .。。

10. Perhaps the primary factor is that …

11. But the fundamental cause is that .。。

想成为下一个海明威吗?或许只是想在校刊有自己的豆腐块，让自己的博客富有动人文字?小编收集了10条技巧提高你的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

阅读优秀的作品：这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

随时随地记下你的灵感：随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

随便涂鸦：面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生，千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是：开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

先计划，再写： 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个：Snowflake Method.

创新： 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

修改： 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

简明扼要： 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

获取别人的反馈： 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜：就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

好开头和结尾： 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

写好作文是语文考试中的重中之重，下面是小编整理的最新高考作文满分写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、审准话题

审题是作文成败的第一关，差之毫厘，谬以千里。应试时应慎重。审题准确，作文就有可能踏上成功之路;审题失误，写得再好，最多也只能得一半左右的分数。就近几年的“话题作文”而言，审准题意就是要对作文试题上展现的“材料、提示语、话题、作文要求”(即通常所说的背景语、启发语、话题语、强调语)的各个部分仔细审读揣摩，全面确切地理解文题的所有含意，这是理解话题作文的关键。具体方法为：第一步，读“背景语”和“启发语”，巧借“启发语”的提示，弄清“背景语”的隐含意义，弄懂题目要求写的就是“话题语”。第二步，弄清“强调语”有哪些要求，即弄清立意、文体、拟题、字数等要求。第三步，应围绕“话题”组材、选材，扣住话题的实质。为确保“符合题意”，在写作时，尽可能在开头点，中间提，结尾扣，这样，写就平稳的扣题文应该不成问题。

二、选妥文体

“文体自选”，不是多种文体的综合，而是为考生提供选择最擅长文体的自由。一旦选择了某种文体，写出来的文章就应该具备这种文体的特征，从而做到“符合文体要求”，而不是“四不像”。那么怎样选择文体呢?这就要根据作文的“提示语”和“要求”来考虑。若需要通过自己忆、记、闻，或涉及写人物、事件、景物、场面时，一般应选择记叙文;若需要介绍、说明事物的形状、性质、成因、关系、功用时，就应选择说明文;若需要阐述主张、表明观点，自然选择议论文。如果有的内容兼用几种体裁都可以时，就要根据自己的实际需要确定采用的文体。但不管采用什么样的文体，都要因文而异、因人而异，要充分发挥自己的优势，展示自己的才华。比如，擅长形象思维，会编故事，善于记叙、描写的同学，可选择记叙文，甚至可以选小说、童话等文学体裁;擅长推理，逻辑思维强的同学，则可选择议论文。

三、立意创新

古人云：“意高则文胜。”高考作文立意，正确是前提，但要达到我们所说的“成功”，则还要力求“深邃、高远”。判断一篇作文的立意是否深邃、高远、有创新，可从以下几方面来看：①文章有没有在深度上有所建树，在某个方面或某些方面是不是有超越大众化的见解，甚至创见。②有没有对自然、社会和人类的关注。③有没有深远的历史感与现实感。④有没有预见性。⑤有没有健康的审美情趣与高尚的情操。⑥有没有哲理性的思考……考生要在考场上写出令人耳目一新的佳作确非易事。文章要想出新，立意必须新奇。首先，要有超越一般的眼光，有时代责任感，意志坚定，情趣高尚。其次，要有历史感和预见性，能透析事理，升华哲理。再次，要从多角度联想，对同一事物从不同角度进行思考，寻求多种答案，从中选择最新最佳的角度来立意。此外，还要从个人独特的生活经历中选取素材，写别人所未写，立别人所未立。

四、美化语言

语言不仅是作文思想内容的载体，更是阅卷者产生美感的契机。语言是否有亮点，是否有出彩之处，将直接影响印象分的判给。所以，在写作中要用自己最好的语言，让阅卷者在愉悦中对你的作文产生一种“偏爱”。怎样的语言才是最好的语言呢?活泼的、有灵气的、富有表现力的，能给人以审美享受的，能感染人打动人的语言才是最好的语言。美化语言的方法主要有：①可用修辞手法装扮，使之富有韵味。比喻、排比、对比、夸张、比拟等修辞手法的综合运用，可以收到新颖含蓄的奇妙功效。②可用变化的语言装扮，使之摇曳多姿。如采撷新词新义为文章增添鲜明的时代气息;创新语言，在汉语语言规则允许的范围内作新意搭配，使语言显得奇崛;变动语序，加强表达效果，令语言焕然一新;变换句式，长长短短、整整散散、节奏变化，语言的韵律美自然生成……③可用流行话语装扮，使之灵动活泼。同时，能起到化平淡为神奇的功效。④可用智慧的话语装扮，使之更有内涵。智慧的话语(包括幽默的话和蕴含哲理的话)，在作文中恰当运用，不但使文章增添分量，更让埋头苦批的阅卷老师开心笑一回，实实在在地轻松一回，从而会不经意地给你记上一功。⑤可用古诗词装扮，使之尽显才气。可直接引用穿插在行文中，为文章增色添辉;或间接变用，机智地使它适合行文的要求;也可在它触发下写出诗情画意或意蕴深厚的文字来。

五、注重文面

文面是给评卷者的第一印象。作文卷面情况的好坏，直接影响着评卷老师的情绪。有的考生文章写得不错，卷面却东拉一下、西抹一下，让人见了就没有好感，无形中加大了失分因素。所以我们在写作中必须注重文面质量。具体地说做到“三清”、“三适”、“三要”、“三不要”。“三清”就是卷面清洁，字迹清楚，笔画清晰;“三适”，就是书写认真，快慢适可;字写在方格中间，大小适中;均匀落笔，轻重适度。“三要”，就是时间要控制在一小时以内，每小节前要空两格，字数要达到规定要求。“三不要”，就是用吃得准的字，不要写错别字;用规范字，不要写繁体字或不规范的简化字;标点符号应灵活运用，不要一逗到底。

六、拟靓标题

题好一半文。标题是文章的眼睛，是让阅卷老师慧眼为之一亮的第一点。遇到“题目自拟”的作文话题，最好不要直接引用话题做标题，要尽力展示个人才华，尽量拟出让阅卷老师“一见钟情”的好标题，为获取高分奠定基础。好的标题应该是准确、简洁、新颖、别致，耀眼夺目，富有文采。拟题方法主要有①巧用修辞，如《让孤独飘飞》。②引用诗词、歌曲，如《我心中，你最重》。③改装名作，如《道德苦旅》。④术语嫁接，如《心灵比色卡》。⑤妙用标点，如《学生上网：喜耶?忧耶?》。⑥巧用数字，如《父爱“二十三”》。⑦巧借公式，如《天赋+努力=成功》等。但不论怎样拟写，都要注意锤炼词语，切合主旨。

七、合理选材

在作文中，材料往往承载和反映作者的思想、情感、观点，因此，应选择具有文化气息、蕴含人生哲理、闪耀情感光华、积极健康、引人向善、启人心智的材料。具体来说，应做到两点。一要精当。所谓“精当”，是指所选用的材料能有效地恰如其分地表现主题，没有偏离之感，没有叠加之嫌，更没有虚假之疑。二要“新颖”，即所选材料应具有时代气息，能反映社会的“热点”与“亮点”，有生活色彩，有个性特征，有独到的发现等。从范围及方式上，选材可收揽古今、链接中外、紧扣时政要闻、钻探书籍、“播放”影视、“过滤”生活。总之，要根据话题，用大视野去搜寻，大浪淘沙般筛选，选出有深意、典型、鲜活、切合主旨的材料进行写作。

八、巧妙布局

布局关系到文章的整体质量，所以写作时应认真勾画文章经纬，做到“结构完整”，力求“构思精巧”。①可采用“题记+正文”的形式，结构全文。好的题记具有意蕴丰厚、情味绵长、语言精美等特点。巧设题记可以开宗明旨，可以创设情境，也可以展露才情，它能一下子拨动阅卷者的心弦，对你的文章顿生好感。②可采用“母题+标题”的形式。把一个大的话题或意旨切分成三至四个既有内在联系又各具独立性的部分，并配以精当的小标题，既可以收到化整为零、各个击破的写作实效，也可以给阅卷者以结构清晰、脉络分明的良好印象。③可采用“引言+正文”的形式。好的引言，能升华思想感情的火花、生活哲理的闪光和人生意义的感悟，起到画龙点睛的作用。④也可采用数字化分节，一目了然，自然流畅。此外，语段上要错落匀称，长短相间，也能使文章体现一种建筑美。

九、精心开篇

古人云：“通篇之纲领在首段，首段得势，则通篇皆佳。”因而，我们必须精心开篇涂彩，力求让阅卷老师一见倾心。作文毕竟是个认识美、发现美、感悟美和创造美的过程及其具体的体现，阅卷老师只有从你文章的开篇中获得审美意趣，才能在这种情感的作用下给你高分。开头方法常见的有：①开门见山，开宗明义。②描写环境，引出人物。③特写镜头，勾人心魄。④设置悬念，引人入胜。⑤编述故事，饶有情趣。⑥设疑发问，促人深省。⑦欲扬先抑，步步为营。⑧巧引名言、歌词、谚语等。但无论哪种开头，都要以新颖独到、别致小巧的简约文字，提纲挈领，自然引起下文。

：

一、审准话题

审题是作文成败的第一关，差之毫厘，谬以千里。应试时应慎重。审题准确，作文就有可能踏上成功之路;审题失误，写得再好，最多也只能得一半左右的分数。就近几年的“话题作文”而言，审准题意就是要对作文试题上展现的“材料、提示语、话题、作文要求”(即通常所说的背景语、启发语、话题语、强调语)的各个部分仔细审读揣摩，全面确切地理解文题的所有含意，这是理解话题作文的关键。具体方法为：第一步，读“背景语”和“启发语”，巧借“启发语”的提示，弄清“背景语”的隐含意义，弄懂题目要求写的就是“话题语”。第二步，弄清“强调语”有哪些要求，即弄清立意、文体、拟题、字数等要求。第三步，应围绕“话题”组材、选材，扣住话题的实质。为确保“符合题意”，在写作时，尽可能在开头点，中间提，结尾扣，这样，写就平稳的扣题文应该不成问题。

二、选妥文体

“文体自选”，不是多种文体的综合，而是为考生提供选择最擅长文体的自由。一旦选择了某种文体，写出来的文章就应该具备这种文体的特征，从而做到“符合文体要求”，而不是“四不像”。那么怎样选择文体呢?这就要根据作文的“提示语”和“要求”来考虑。若需要通过自己忆、记、闻，或涉及写人物、事件、景物、场面时，一般应选择记叙文;若需要介绍、说明事物的形状、性质、成因、关系、功用时，就应选择说明文;若需要阐述主张、表明观点，自然选择议论文。如果有的内容兼用几种体裁都可以时，就要根据自己的实际需要确定采用的文体。但不管采用什么样的文体，都要因文而异、因人而异，要充分发挥自己的优势，展示自己的才华。比如，擅长形象思维，会编故事，善于记叙、描写的同学，可选择记叙文，甚至可以选小说、童话等文学体裁;擅长推理，逻辑思维强的同学，则可选择议论文。

三、立意创新

古人云：“意高则文胜。”高考作文立意，正确是前提，但要达到我们所说的“成功”，则还要力求“深邃、高远”。判断一篇作文的立意是否深邃、高远、有创新，可从以下几方面来看：①文章有没有在深度上有所建树，在某个方面或某些方面是不是有超越大众化的见解，甚至创见。②有没有对自然、社会和人类的关注。③有没有深远的历史感与现实感。④有没有预见性。⑤有没有健康的审美情趣与高尚的情操。⑥有没有哲理性的思考……考生要在考场上写出令人耳目一新的佳作确非易事。文章要想出新，立意必须新奇。首先，要有超越一般的眼光，有时代责任感，意志坚定，情趣高尚。其次，要有历史感和预见性，能透析事理，升华哲理。再次，要从多角度联想，对同一事物从不同角度进行思考，寻求多种答案，从中选择最新最佳的角度来立意。此外，还要从个人独特的生活经历中选取素材，写别人所未写，立别人所未立

四、拟靓标题

题好一半文。标题是文章的眼睛，是让阅卷老师慧眼为之一亮的第一点。遇到“题目自拟”的作文话题，最好不要直接引用话题做标题，要尽力展示个人才华，尽量拟出让阅卷老师“一见钟情”的好标题，为获取高分奠定基础。好的标题应该是准确、简洁、新颖、别致，耀眼夺目，富有文采。拟题方法主要有①巧用修辞，如《让孤独飘飞》。②引用诗词、歌曲，如《我心中，你最重》。③改装名作，如《道德苦旅》。④术语嫁接，如《心灵比色卡》。⑤妙用标点，如《学生上网：喜耶?忧耶?》。⑥巧用数字，如《父爱“二十三”》。⑦巧借公式，如《天赋+努力=成功》等。但不论怎样拟写，都要注意锤炼词语，切合主旨。

五、合理选材

在作文中，材料往往承载和反映作者的思想、情感、观点，因此，应选择具有文化气息、蕴含人生哲理、闪耀情感光华、积极健康、引人向善、启人心智的材料。具体来说，应做到两点。一要精当。所谓“精当”，是指所选用的材料能有效地恰如其分地表现主题，没有偏离之感，没有叠加之嫌，更没有虚假之疑。二要“新颖”，即所选材料应具有时代气息，能反映社会的“热点”与“亮点”，有生活色彩，有个性特征，有独到的发现等。从范围及方式上，选材可收揽古今、链接中外、紧扣时政要闻、钻探书籍、“播放”影视、“过滤”生活。总之，要根据话题，用大视野去搜寻，大浪淘沙般筛选，选出有深意、典型、鲜活、切合主旨的材料进行写作。

六、巧妙布局

布局关系到文章的整体质量，所以写作时应认真勾画文章经纬，做到“结构完整”，力求“构思精巧”。①可采用“题记+正文”的形式，结构全文。好的题记具有意蕴丰厚、情味绵长、语言精美等特点。巧设题记可以开宗明旨，可以创设情境，也可以展露才情，它能一下子拨动阅卷者的心弦，对你的文章顿生好感。②可采用“母题+标题”的形式。把一个大的话题或意旨切分成三至四个既有内在联系又各具独立性的部分，并配以精当的小标题，既可以收到化整为零、各个击破的写作实效，也可以给阅卷者以结构清晰、脉络分明的良好印象。③可采用“引言+正文”的形式。好的引言，能升华思想感情的火花、生活哲理的闪光和人生意义的感悟，起到画龙点睛的作用。④也可采用数字化分节，一目了然，自然流畅。此外，语段上要错落匀称，长短相间，也能使文章体现一种建筑美。

七、精心开篇

古人云：“通篇之纲领在首段，首段得势，则通篇皆佳。”因而，我们必须精心开篇涂彩，力求让阅卷老师一见倾心。作文毕竟是个认识美、发现美、感悟美和创造美的过程及其具体的体现，阅卷老师只有从你文章的开篇中获得审美意趣，才能在这种情感的作用下给你高分。开头方法常见的有：①开门见山，开宗明义。②描写环境，引出人物。③特写镜头，勾人心魄。④设置悬念，引人入胜。⑤编述故事，饶有情趣。⑥设疑发问，促人深省。⑦欲扬先抑，步步为营。⑧巧引名言、歌词、谚语等。但无论哪种开头，都要以新颖独到、别致小巧的简约文字，提纲挈领，自然引起下文。

八、写好结尾

“编筐编篓，重在收口”。作文也一样，不可轻视。写得不好，会使文章结构松散，黯然失色;写得好，则可以使文章结构严谨，大添异彩，从而收到“回眸一笑百媚生”的效果。总的来说，文章结尾应简明有力，留有余韵，让人流连忘返。就内容而言，可采用启迪人心的结尾、诗情画意的结尾、促膝谈心的结尾、照应开头的结尾、激励号召的结尾、卒章显志的结尾等;就形式而言，可采用问句式、引用式、抒情式、点睛式、呼告式、比喻式、反复式、排比式等不同形式的结尾。具体要根据文体、内容和需要决定。但不管使用什么样的结尾，都要使主旨更鲜明，结构更严谨，内容更富有文彩、更有创新意识，使文章更具魅力、更吸引人。

九、美化语言

语言不仅是作文思想内容的载体，更是阅卷者产生美感的契机。语言是否有亮点，是否有出彩之处，将直接影响印象分的判给。所以，在写作中要用自己最好的语言，让阅卷者在愉悦中对你的作文产生一种“偏爱”。怎样的语言才是最好的语言呢?活泼的、有灵气的、富有表现力的，能给人以审美享受的，能感染人打动人的语言才是最好的语言。美化语言的方法主要有：①可用修辞手法装扮，使之富有韵味。比喻、排比、对比、夸张、比拟等修辞手法的综合运用，可以收到新颖含蓄的奇妙功效。②可用变化的语言装扮，使之摇曳多姿。如采撷新词新义为文章增添鲜明的时代气息;创新语言，在汉语语言规则允许的范围内作新意搭配，使语言显得奇崛;变动语序，加强表达效果，令语言焕然一新;变换句式，长长短短、整整散散、节奏变化，语言的韵律美自然生成……③可用流行话语装扮，使之灵动活泼。同时，能起到化平淡为神奇的功效。④可用智慧的话语装扮，使之更有内涵。智慧的话语(包括幽默的话和蕴含哲理的话)，在作文中恰当运用，不但使文章增添分量，更让埋头苦批的阅卷老师开心笑一回，实实在在地轻松一回，从而会不经意地给你记上一功。⑤可用古诗词装扮，使之尽显才气。可直接引用穿插在行文中，为文章增色添辉;或间接变用，机智地使它适合行文的要求;也可在它触发下写出诗情画意或意蕴深厚的文字来。

十、注重文面

文面是给评卷者的第一印象。作文卷面情况的好坏，直接影响着评卷老师的情绪。有的考生文章写得不错，卷面却东拉一下、西抹一下，让人见了就没有好感，无形中加大了失分因素。所以我们在写作中必须注重文面质量。具体地说做到“三清”、“三适”、“三要”、“三不要”。“三清”就是卷面清洁，字迹清楚，笔画清晰;“三适”，就是书写认真，快慢适可;字写在方格中间，大小适中;均匀落笔，轻重适度。“三要”，就是时间要控制在一小时以内，每小节前要空两格，字数要达到规定要求。“三不要”，就是用吃得准的字，不要写错别字;用规范字，不要写繁体字或不规范的简化字;标点符号应灵活运用，不要一逗到底。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

一、说明文的特点

说明文是一种对事物作客观说明的一种文体，目的在于给予读者知识。中学生对说明文的写作最感头痛，往往举步维艰。其实，说明文的写作并非像同学们所害怕的那样，只要理顺了头绪，把阅读说明文和写作说明文结合起来，以阅读课文为写作借鉴的范例，多观察、多分析、多练习，就能逐步学会选用恰当的说明方法，正确而有条理地说明事物的特征

第一，要写好一篇说明文，首先得分清说明文和记叙文的区别。说明文的写作是授人以知，让人明白，记叙文写作目的是以情感人、让人动情。说明文只是说明事物的特征，阐明原理，介绍知识，说明是手段。说明文与议论文的区别，主要在于说明文的目的主要是说明，议论文的目的则主要是说理；说明文要求把实体事物或抽象事理本身的情况说清楚，议论文则要求提出个人对议论对象的看法或主张

第二，要完成一篇说明文，须将说明文的特点烂熟于心。说明文的特点主要有说明性、知识性、科学性、实用性。只有很好地掌握了说明文的这些特点，才能将说明文写好

第三，须将说明文的类型分清楚，如果从内容上而言，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文，如果从表达方式上分，可以分为平实说明文和科学小品文事物说明文：以具体事物为说明对象，将事物是怎样的作为说明重点，对事物的状态、性质、功能、构造、发展变化等特征，进行科学说明。事理说明文：以事物的发生，发展变化以及相互联系的成因等为说明对象的说明文，说清怎么样和为什么，使人不仅知其然，还要知其所以然平实性说明文：是指用平实、简洁、明白的语言对事物的外形，内部结构，功用及种属关系加以较客观的说明，用词造句一般不带感情色彩和主观倾向，很少使用描写，更少使用修辞手法

［例文］ 水

在地球上，水是分布最广的一种物质。可以说，地球上到处都是水的寓所。地球上到底有多少水呢？有人粗略地估计，认为整个地球的水量，包括空中、地上、地下的水，总共将近14亿立方公里。

水是无色透明的液体，可为什么大海是蓝的，而湖水是碧绿的呢？原来这是阳光给它们染上的。阳光中的红光、橙光和黄光这些较长的光波被不同深度的水吸收了，蓝光、紫光和一部分绿光的波长较短，一遇到水面便四面散开或反射回来。所以湖水蓝中透绿。海水更深，散射、反射的蓝、紫光更多，就泛碧蓝色了。

比较纯净的水加热到100℃就会沸腾，降低到0℃以下就要结冰。在高山上，只要加热到80℃以上水就会沸腾；海平面上，只要72℃左右水就沸腾；矿井里，水到100℃以上才沸腾。

在大自然中，水无时无刻不在动，不在变，但万变不离其宗，它基本存在三个地方：空气里、地下、地表；它的基本形态是三种：气态、液态和固态。

［评析］这篇给人第一印象是散，其主要毛病是没有按一定的中心组织材料、安排顺序，只是东抓一点，西抓一点，一个方面才说了几句，又急急忙忙去说另一方面。结果是哪一方面都没有说明白。

世界上万事万物，都有其自身的质的规定性，一个事物的特征是区别于其他事物的标志。我们要说明一个事物，必须抓住这事物的特征，才能把被说明的事物准确地清晰介绍给读者，让人们对这事物有确切明白的了解。但事物与事物间的情况又各不相同，有的事物的形态、性质、发展等比较单纯，我们说明这类事物时，不妨将面展得开一点；有的事物的形态、特点等复杂而多样，往往有很多方面的特征。我们在介绍这类事物时，不可能在一篇说明文中面面俱到，只能根据需要，一次谈一两个特征。写这类事物的说明文时，更应该注意把握一个明确的说明中心，并以此安排说明顺序。水这篇主要毛病就是没有抓住一个要说明的中心，并以此组织材料、安排顺序，从而给人的感觉就是散而乱，什么问题均没有说明白。比如水是一种液体，并且具有无色、无嗅、无味的特征，可以这样来说明：

［例文］ 水

水是什么样的物体呢？

水是液体。石块和木块有一定的形状，无论放在桌子上或者盒子里，它们都不会改变自己的形状，都是固体。水就不同，放在圆杯子里就成为圆形，放在方盒子里就成了方形，它没有一定的形状。

水是无色透明的。有人说水是白色的，这话错了。拿水同牛奶比较一下就会明白，牛奶才是白色的，水是什么颜色也没有的。如果把一根筷子插入牛奶里，我们就看不见它。再把一根筷子插入清水中，我们能够透过清水看见插入的筷子。

水是无嗅、无味的。怎样来区分无色透明的烧酒和水呢？光凭肉眼是毫无办法的。只要闻一闻，尝一尝就能正确无误地区分了。烧酒有酒的气味和味道，而水却什么气味，什么味道也没有。

因此，在正常的情况下，水是无色、无嗅、无味的液体。

［评析］这篇说明文抓住了水是无色、无嗅、无味的液体这一特征为的中心，围绕这个中心组织材料，选择了比较说明的方法，拿水同木块、石块比形状，拿水同牛奶比颜色，拿水同烧酒比气味、比味道。相互比较以后，水的特征得到了充分的显示。

在说明事物过程中，为了突出有些比较抽象、陌生，一时难以讲清的事物的特点，增强说明效果，常常要采用比较的说明方法。有比较才有鉴别，比较是人们在认识事物中常用的一种思维方法，把大家熟悉的事物或通俗易懂的道理去和抽象的、陌生的作比较，使大家对事物有所了解，让读者产生由此及彼、由表及里的理解过程，最终充分认识事物的特征。这是因为事物的特征往往可以在同另一事物的比较中显现出来。这里需要指出的是，比较的先决条件是要找出比较事物之间可以值得比较的共同点，然后方能通过比较的方法来同中求异，说明事物的各自特点。换言之，在进行比较时，必须有相同之点才能作比。就拿上文说吧！在就物体的形态来比时，把水和石块、木块相比；就物体的颜色来比时，把水和牛奶来相比。倘若反过来，把水和牛奶放在一起比形态，把水和烧酒放在一起比颜色，岂不引起一片混乱！另外，还要注意到；被比较的事物是说明的对象，用作比较的事物是应该大家相当熟悉和非常具体的。比如上面选用的牛奶、石块等都是熟悉的和具体的，所以大家容易理解、容易接受。如果用作比较的事物比要说明的对象还要难以理解，是陌生的、是抽象的，那么，根本就无法达到说明的目的。

作文练习题

一、（某物）的自述

二、青少年吸烟害处大

三、写一篇说明文，向低年级同学介绍你学得较好的某门课程的学习方法，或是你所擅长的某种技艺、运动，注意综合运用各种说明方法。字数在600字以上。

提示《（某物）的自述》，这是填空式半命题。题面中的自述，规定说明是以第一人称的身份作自我介绍，而作自我介绍的又是某物，这就是说，要求用拟人化的手法介绍某物，要写得人格化，富有情趣，生动活泼。

至于究竟是介绍哪一种物，这可以由作者自己确定，题目对此并无限制。作者确定某物，主要从自己对某物的熟悉，了解的程度决定，应量力而行，不要硬写自己不熟悉、不懂的内容。动手写作之前，还应该认真地收集、查阅有关资料，或向有关人员作些了解，力求对自己所要介绍的某物了如指掌，以免犯知识性、科学性的错误。

写《青少年吸烟害处大》这篇说明文，要抓住青少年这个年龄层次，阐释吸烟害处大的所以然。

一是要避免泛泛而谈，只是一般地说说吸烟害处大，而不是强调吸烟对青少年为什么尤其有害，这就离开了题目的中心；

二是要避免杂乱无序，只是东一点、西一点地说吸烟害处大，而不是按照事理本身的逻辑安排结构，这就不能言之有序；

三是要避免想当然，只是凭自己的道听途说、一知半解去说吸烟害处大，而不是言之成理、言而有据地作科学阐释，这就不能以知益人。

因此，要写好这篇说明文，一定要抓住青少年吸烟害处大这些关键进行具体、详细的说明；要按照由一般到特殊、由浅到深、由近到远的顺序安排结构；要综合运用举例说明、比较说明、数字说明等方法。还要准确运用专门术语。

写一篇说明文，向低年级同学介绍你学得较好的某门课程的学习方法，或是你所擅长的某种技艺、运动，注意综合运用各种说明方法。字数在600字以上这不是一个具体题目，只是对这次写作说明文的一些要求。

这篇说明文的读者对象──低年级同学。

这篇说明文的写作目的──把自己的经验介绍给低年级同学。

这篇说明文的说明重点──怎样学好某门课程。具体来说有：自己对这门课程特点的认识；学习这门课程的过程中行之有效的一些方法；值得注意的一些问题等等。

这篇说明文的说明方法──可综合运用一些说明方法。如下定义、举例、比较、图表、数据等说明方法。

这篇说明文的篇幅──600字以上。

因为是向低年级同学介绍，因此，语言要尽量准确、简明、平实。尽量用深入浅出的话来阐释，举例要结合教材。

因为是向低年级同学介绍，因此，说明顺序要明晰、头绪要简单，如可以采用先总说、后分说、然后再总说的结构、也可以按照自己对这门课程规律性认识的顺序来写。

修辞手段一般主要用于文学性写作中。但在大学英语的英文写作中有时也需要运用一定的具有英文特征的修辞手段，而且运用得好，会使语句生动从而增添语句亮点。因此，掌握一些一般常用修辞手段对于实现语句亮点也是非常必要的。对于大学英语写作来说，主要应该掌握以下修辞手段，又称语句辞格，包括结构辞格与语义辞格。对比、排比、重复、倒装等为结构辞格，转义、双关、矛盾等则为语义辞格。

1.对比正反对比就是要巧妙地运用对称的英文句式来表达互为补充的意思，因此恰当地运用反义词语往往是必不可少的。如果一旦所要表达的内容具有这种情况，就应尽力选用这种对称的句式并选用适当的反义词语来加强语句，实现语句的亮点。

1)如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达：

Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit.(注：句中rich in与ragged in，goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。)

2)如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达：

The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages.(注：句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对比的关系和效果。)

3)如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：

They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important fact.(注：句中have noticed与have ignored，a grain of truth in the statements与a more important fact具有正反对比的关系和效果。)

4)如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达：

It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.(注：句中negative与positive具有正反对比的关系和效果)

5)如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友，又有与我们很为不同的朋友”，可以这样表达：

We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.(注：句中similar to与different from具有正反对比的关系和效果)

2.排比英文中有时也使用排比句式，这种句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感到单调。例如，如“读书使我们聪明，锻炼使我们强健”，可以这样表达：

Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong. 3.重复英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。英文的重复又根据被重复词语在语句中的位置分为句首重复、句尾重复、首尾重复、尾首重复等。

1)如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，可以这样表达：

Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.(注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的now it the time to)

2)如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：

We long for success and we are working hard for success.(注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的for success.)

3)如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：

I am convinced that we can succeed，and Iam convinced that we must succeed.(注：and所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed)

4)如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达：

We are now living in a new era，and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.(注：and之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复，重复部分为a new era.)

4.倒装这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语法结构所限定的，没有自由选择的余地，只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。这里所说的倒装是指修辞性语义结构倒装，是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首(或句尾)的特殊位置。例如，如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：

Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances. 5.转义转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。

1)如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：

What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.(注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特点是使用了like一词)

2)如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：

Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.(注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词)

3)如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：

I am reading Shakespeare.(注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的)

4)如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：

A hand is needed here.(注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人)

5)如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”，英文可为：

A great misfortune crept over the whole city.(注：此句采用拟人。拟人的特点是将事物人格化)

6)如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”，英文可为：

This is really a great stupid idea.(注：此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说，具有讽刺意味)

7)如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可为：

I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy.(注：此句采用夸张。夸张的特点是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词)

写得好的话拿高分(前面的试题无大失误的前提下)会领先其他考生一大截分数，要是写砸了那么对这次的语文考试总分是极其不利的。下面是中考语文作文写作的八大注意事项。

1、作文题目要审清

在作文题目中，决定作文中心立意点的词语称为主题词。研读题目，找出主题词，进而挖掘主题词所蕴涵的思想、情感就显得尤为关键。

如题目“我也衔过一枚青橄榄”，作文题中的主题词是“青橄榄”，青橄榄的特点是先酸涩后甘甜，就如同我们成长过程中历经磨难方能采摘到的成功果实，推敲出这一点，文章的中心立意点恐怕也就不言而喻了。但是，审题到这里，远没有结束，我们还必须进一步探究题目中的“我”、“也”、“一枚”等词语的作用。“我”，说明文章该以第一人称写，写自己的经历，“一枚”，说明只要写一次收获。

只有将这些因素综合起来考虑，我们的审题过程才算完整，题意才有可能理解正确。

2、切入角度要新颖

要想在众多的考生作文中脱颖而出，赢得阅卷老师的青睐，作文切入角度的新颖不失为一条行之有效的途径。

如写“告别”，很多同学写告别家人、告别同学、告别朋友等，这样的文题当然可以，但写的人多了，阅卷者难免会觉得乏味，如果作文语言不是很精彩，那么你的作文就很难得到高分。

但有些考生就很聪明，他们舍弃了这些考生常用的话题，而另辟蹊径，有的写“告别青春”，“告别幼稚”等，这样新颖别致的文题就很能引起阅卷老师的注意，如果言之成理或描述得当，则很容易得高分。

3、文章点题要适当

中考作文要有更鲜明的点题意识，一般都能注意在作文的开头和结尾点题，在文章的主体部分必须有意识地点题。

按表达方式的不同，大体可分三类。

1、通过抒情点题。

2、通过描写点题。

3、通过议论点题。

考场上，由于时间紧、任务重，考生宜在文章内容流转交汇之处，不失时机地点明题旨，回扣题意，才能大大加深阅卷者对作文思路清晰、中心突出的印象。

4、卷面书写要工整

卷面脏乱不堪的作文会让阅卷者望而生厌，难得高分，而且很多考区都把卷面书写列为得分项，由此可见对卷面书写要求之高。中考作文字迹要工整，卷面要整洁，这就要求考生在平时要养成一种良好的习惯。

写作时细心些，少写或不写错别字，如遇确实要修改的地方，千万不要在错误的地方肆意涂抹，你可以用小括号把错的地方括起来再用笔在错的地方轻轻地画一条横线，这样你的卷面就不会很差了。

5、思想内容要深刻

在作文的思想内容上，不外乎“真、细、活”三个字。具体来说，“真”，就是写自己的真情实感;“细”，就是把主要的情节一定要写得细致;“活”，就是要在节骨眼上用一两句话传神。

如何做到这三点要求呢?即要学会“大中取小”、“小中见大”。

1、“大中取小”，即有一类作文题目十分宽泛，可写的材料很多，写这类题目要善于缩小，把众多材料浓缩到一点，找准切人点，还要善于化抽象为具体，加上适当的限制或设置副标题，这些都是写好大题目的好方法。

2、而“小中见大”，则是指题目小而具体要写出有深刻意义的主题，比如“今日家事”就应从一件家庭琐事反映社会变革的重大主题。

6、下笔之前要提纲

提纲要确实反映自己的思路，即在头脑中要有一个你这篇文章的大概写作思路。

写之前要考虑好三点：选用哪些材料，怎样组织材料，和怎样连贯全文。

提纲不需要细写，只需要画个层次即可。做到条理清楚、层次分明、简明扼要、突出文章每一部分的要求。至于文章细部的安排，可在写作过程中进一步落实。编写提纲没有固定格式。

7、文章标题要漂亮

”题好一半文“，标题应在作文之初就开始认真考虑，并且下工夫琢磨。

好标题的首要条件是：

1、切旨。标题要吃透材料精神，反映其主旨。

2、切体。拟题要合乎体裁。

在此基础上，标题还要炼新求美求趣。

可巧引流行歌曲，可运用拟人、比喻、反复、设问等修辞格，可套用流行语，可引用电影名、名句或成语，还可采用散文化或诗化语言。

8、开头结尾要精彩

文章的开头和结尾最忌讳出现套话、空话，作文的开头可以感情色彩适当浓一些，或者是开门见山地直接表达感情、立场，并为下文做铺垫。

有的同学在开头设置悬念，采用倒叙的写作手法，以达到引人注意的效果，这些都是可以尝试的。

：

英语写作是学生学习的一个盲点，缺乏对写作的专门训练和反思，老师的工作量大，造成作文讲评大多数时候只谈现象，因此学生学得也不具体、不深入，忽略写作技能的提高，甚至误认为只要句子结构正确，无单词拼写错误就应该得满分。同学们应该走出对英语写作认识上的误区。那么怎样才能写出一篇优秀作文，而在中考中获取高分呢？

一、写作决窍

总体把握，要点齐全；人称时态，逻辑清楚；

关键词汇，动词第一；组词成句，结构完整；

组句成文，连词增色；此路不通，绕道迂回；

字迹工整，留好印象；从句适量，高分有望。

1.认真审题。审题包括要点、格式、词数以及此篇文章要传递给读者什么样的信息，告诫读者什么(即写作目的)。

2.确定文体和时态。确定文体后，根据不同文体的特点和要求进行组织材料；同时确定出该篇文章的总时态与时态的变化。

3.写完要点，但不随意发挥。

4.先草稿，后抄写。

一篇优秀的作文，除了要在立意、构思、语言上吸引读者、感染读者、打动读者外，也不可小觑开头艺术。犹如一台丰富多彩的文艺演出，很讲究闪亮登场，要紧紧地抓住观众的心，从而使其欲罢不能，才能使其为之叹服。尤其是考场作文，倘能别开生面地开头，给阅卷老师耳目一新之感，很能调动老师的评阅积极性，往往就因这好开端而使你的作文得分上升一个得分档。记叙文开篇的写作技巧有哪些？下文是小编整理的相关内容，欢迎阅读参考!

一、开门见山，直入主题。

即在文章的第一段开篇点题，或点明题目，或点及中心，使文章不拖泥带水，不转弯抹角，而是简洁明快、单刀直入。如朱自清的记实散文《背影》是这样开头的： “我与父亲不相见已二年余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。”便是开门见山：“我”思念父亲，最难忘怀他的背影，它凝聚着父子间深厚、真挚的爱。有一种浓厚的感情气氛笼罩着全文。又如朱德的《回忆我的母亲》，鲁迅的《从百草园到三味书屋》，魏巍的《我的老师》等。

二、巧设悬念，欲擒故纵。

也就是我们通常所说的卖关子。“欲说还休”，巧妙地埋下伏笔，设下悬念，能吸引读者迫不及待地要往下揭开谜底，一睹为快，故能引人入胜。如习作《“常胜将军”生死传》一文开头如下：“这常胜将军是何许人也?别忙，你且听我慢慢道来……”这一开头很新颖有味，颇能吊人胃口，然后再自然引出下文“常胜将军”生的威风，死的悲壮，并悟出一个道理“凡事都要慎重，来不得半点浮躁。”很值得借鉴。又如课文《枣核》开头的“再三托付”、“蹊跷”使人觉得如此牵挂一枣核简直不可思议，非要刨根就底，看它个水落石出不可。

三、巧引诗句，活泼流畅。

一些文质兼美的或蕴含哲理的诗句、名言、谚语等如果引得恰到好处，能为文章增色不少，使人眼前一亮、精神一振。语言亮丽优美的诗句能使文章充满诗情画意。如习作《春天如诗》开头顺手拈来一句“轻轻的我走了，正如我轻轻的来。”这是引用徐志摩的《再别康桥》中的名句，自然在引出如诗般的春天迈着轻盈的步子走来。蕴含哲理的名言名句则能使文章显得厚重、有高度。如习作《青春畅想》开头“有位哲人说过：世上有一种东西，当你拥有它的时候，可能无视它的存在，而一旦失去，才会发现它的价值。”接着便自然阐述到“青春”的话题，抒发了珍惜青春，让青春闪光的不凡的思想感情，颇能引起读者的共鸣。

四、铺陈景物，渲染气氛。

景由心造，“一切景语皆情语”。精当的景物描写能烘托人物思想感情，衬托人物性格特征，推动情节发展，使文章景中显情，情因景设，情景交融而浑然一体，便能深深打动读者的心。如课文《七根火柴》开头描写暴风雨后的草地阴沉、荒凉、寂静，展示出红军长征的艰辛，表现红军战士的坚强意志与毅力，为无名战士的英雄气概营造了悲壮气氛。又如习作《美，向我起来》记叙的是一位受伤的小女孩由悲哀、暴躁走向坚强的故事。文章这样开头：“秋深了，梧桐的叶子飘然而落，凄凉地在空中打着旋儿。天空是灰色的，空气冷冷的。偶尔飞过一只麻雀，传来的也是无奈的叫声……”极力渲染了一种伤感，映衬出下文中的主人公遭遇不幸后的落寞、悲凉。

五、娓娓道出，顺理成章。

以一种平稳的语调讲故事般地和盘托出，不显得故弄玄虚，不突兀离奇，能使读者感受到亲切、宁静。这种手法常用于记叙故事情节明显的文章中，如小小说、寓言、童话等，显得落落大方。读者便自然沿着作者的思路去感受、去思考。如莫泊桑的《我的叔叔于勒》开头道德交代故事发生的地点、菲利普一家家庭背景，娓娓叙写他们的拮据的家境，初步揭出他们爱幕虚荣的性格特征，如此，后文盼于勒──赞于勒──遇于勒──躲于勒的故事情节顺理成章，耐人寻味。又如课文《最后一课》、《皇帝的新装》、《盘古开天辟地》等。

[记叙文开篇的写作技巧

想成为下一个海明威吗?或许只是想在校刊有自己的豆腐块，让自己的博客富有动人文字?那么，你需要先把自己的文笔犀利起来。而且成为一位优秀的作家并不是一件容易的事情。下面是小编为大家整理的15条技巧提高你的写作技巧，欢迎大家阅读!

一、阅读优秀的作品：这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

二、尽可能多的写：每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。你写得多了，也就写得好了。学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

三、随时随地记下你的灵感：随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

四、专门的写作时间：每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

五、随便涂鸦：面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧!先生，千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是：开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

六、集中精神：写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

七、先计划，再写： 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴;然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲;等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个：Snowflake Method.

八、创新： 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

九、修改： 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

十、简明扼要： 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

十一、富于感染力的句子：在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

十二、获取别人的反馈： 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

十三、是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜：就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

十四、采用对话式的文体： 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅(没有叹生词)。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

十五、好开头和结尾： 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

语文考试内容所占比例在未来的学习中越来越大，那么如何让语文考试锦上添花呢?那就是在作文上花功夫。下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于小学语文写作的基础知识及技巧，希望可以帮助到大家！

(一)作文基础知识

1. 审清题意：“五审”：

(1)审清体裁(记叙文、应用文、说明文)。

(2)审清题材(人、物、事、景)。

(3)审清范围(时间、地点、人称、事件、对象具体限制)。

(4)审清主题(中心思想)。

(5)审清其他要求(附加要求)。

2. 确定主题：“四要”：

(1)主题要正确(反应生活实际)。

(2)主题要集中(一个文章不能多个主题)。

(3)主题要鲜明(明确表达自己对事物的态度和立场)。

(4)主题要深刻(深挖内涵思想)。

3. 选择材料：“四要”：

(1)围绕主题选择材料(多写与主题相关的内容)。

(2)选择真实的材料(真实可信，具有代表性和典型性)。

(3)选择新颖的材料(新人新事)。

(4)选择独有的材料(具有创新性)。

4. 编写提纲“五点”：

(1)拟好题目。

(2)确定主题。

(3)段落安排。

(4)每段的主要意思。

(5)重点段落的层次安排和内容。

5. 修改文章“五看”：

(1)是否切题。

(2)主题、思想是否明确、突出。

(3)看材料是否符合主题、内容是否具体、完整。

(4)看语言是否通顺、用词是否准确，有无错别字。

(5)看标点是否正确。

(二)看图作文 “一看二写，四要两注意”

“一看二写”：先看图，再写作文。

“四要”：仔细观察图画；展开合理想象;突出主题、抓住重点;分清主次，具体描写。

“两注意”：看清全画面内容;分清图上内容主次和表达的中心。

(三)记叙文·记事

1. 写清楚事件发生的时间、地点以及事情的发生、发展和结果。

2. 事件经过写具体。

3. 按事件的发展顺序来写。

4. 注意表达真情实感。

(四)记叙文·写人

1. 确定写作对象。

2. 确定人物的思想品质。

3. 选择典型的具体事例。

4. 抓住最能表现人物思想品质的外貌、语言、动作、心理、环境进行描写。

5. 注意表达自己的真实感情。

(五)记叙文·状物——“五要三注意”

1. “五要”：

(1)抓住物的特征。

(2)按一定顺序写。

(3)既写静态又写动态。

(4)展开想象，运用拟人等手法把内容写具体。

(5)托物言志，借物抒情。

2. “三注意”：

(1)仔细观察、抓住特征。

(2)明确中心，展开想象。

(3)根据内容，安排顺序。

(六)记叙文·写景

注意六点：

1. 抓住景物特征。

2. 注意时间、地点、气候等因素的影响。

3. 景物特点安排恰当的顺序。

4. 采用多种手法表现景物特点及变化。

5. 写出自己的感受。

6. 借景抒情。

(七)应用文

1.应用文大多以记叙文为基础，但是还要特别注意的是各种应用文的格式。

2. 常见应用文类型：书信、读后感、通知、留言条、表扬信、建议书和日记。

3. 具体格式：

(1)标题居中。(除了书信、留言条和日记没有标题，其他皆有)

(2)正文：另起一行空两格。

(3)署名和日期：先写署名，另起一行写清“*年*月*日”。

散文是指以文字为创作、审美对象的文学艺术体裁，是文学中的一种体裁形式。小编收集了散文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、时间跨度大

散文不受时间限制，前可以远涉古代，后可跨及未来，又可覆盖今天。如秦牧的散文《土地》从今的土地一片生机，追溯到秋战时晋公子重耳狼狈出逃时手捧泥土感谢土地是苍的恩赐。再如杨朔散文《荔枝蜜》，从小时候树掐海棠花被蜜蜇了一，写到现在的参观蜜蜂场。时间跨度很大，但却紧紧围绕作者要表现的主题没有让感到丝毫的散。联想极丰富，文笔挥洒自如，极有感染力。

写散文时可以根据散文的这一特点，扩大时间跨度，多充实一些有关事件，*入多组镜，来增加散文的内容和彩，使文章多姿多彩，知识强。

二、空间转换广

散文既不受时间限制，也不受空间限制，天南海北，空间宇宙，无不可以包容其中。如鲁迅的回忆散文《藤先生》，空间跨度从中到本，再从东京到仙台，又从仙台回到北京，接着又写走到厦门，空间跨度大，空间转换之多让目不暇接，但写得层次分明，详略得当。把复杂的和事放在每个空间里，有的随意点染，有的泼墨描绘，错落有致，彩斑斓。如果我们在写散文时注意到这个特点，就不大会犯单薄、贫乏的毛病。Nfj中国散文网

比如：穿越彼岸的时空，静静的守护一个梦中的梦，风风雨雨中锦缎绒棉般滑落的花瓣，牵绕盘缠的根根视线，为何，为何扯不断，理还乱

三、事件牵涉多

写散文，多数离不开事件，尤其是叙事散文，事件是散文的“硬件”。许多好的散文有一个中心事件，以及烘托连带的一些与之有关的其它事件。如袁鹰的散文《井冈翠竹》，写井冈山的竹子做过武器杀伤敌，做过竹筒盛粥，做过红军的扁担挑着中革命从井冈山走到延安，走到北京。新中立后，竹子又被派了建设社会主义的新用场……事件多得让应接不暇。

四、表达方式活

散文常用记叙、说明、抒、议论、描写等表达方式。茅盾名篇《白杨赞》，就综合地运用了多种表达方式，如文章开就记叙和描写了汽车在黄土高原奔驰看到的黄土高原的外貌，用抒和议论点明了白杨树的象征意义。这些方式的运用，有力地表达了主题，使文章势浩大，摄心魄。我们在写散文时，特别要注意综合地运用多种表达方式，使文章富有澜。

五、勾连全文巧

散文的取材，可谓“杂”有章。既使散文思路开阔，包容量大，又使散文紧紧围绕作者的意图而不“越轨”。秦牧说写散文最不能丢的是“思想的红线”。即用一个醒目深刻的思想，把看似散的一大堆材料，贯穿文。若把这一个个事件喻作“珍珠”，真可做“红线穿珠”了。

我们要如何写好散文?

如何写散文?这对于我来说就是一个难题，因为我自己的散文就向来写不好。自然，这不是说我写的诗更强些。先说散文是什么?往广说，散文是和韵文对待的，相当于英文的Prose。

小说和散文的确是极其相近的。请大家注意区分。

还有，论文也属于散文的一种。论文写不好，就流于油滑，琐碎，散漫。假若这方面要有好的就，真诚是第一，陈言之务去也很重要，而且要多读英的好作品。中过去的文集中，假若定分析，原以这类散文为多，可惜乘的太少了。这里说的散文，是狭义的散文，一般称作抒散文;五四时期，曾有“美文”“小品文”和“随笔”之称;当代又有称之为“艺术散文”。

什么是“艺术散文”?

艺术散文有广义和狭义两种概念。

广义的散文，在古代指的是一切不押韵的文章。不过，古代没有“散文”这一个名称;“散文”这个名称是“五四”时期才有的。在现代，广义的散文包括了除去诗歌、小说、戏剧、影视文学之外的一切叙事、议论、抒的文体，如秦牧在《海阔天空的散文领域》中说，“不属于其他文学体裁，而又具有文学味道的一切篇幅短小的文章，都属于散文的范围”。这样，就有了抒散文，叙事散文和议论散文等的分类。

狭义的散文则专指抒散文。

这是因为随着文体的发展，叙事散文中的通讯特写、传记文学、报告文学等，已经发展为独立的文体，各一类;议论散文则有了专门的名称——杂文，也从散文中分了出来，剩下的只有抒散文，这就是狭义的散文。

散文，是文学里的一株奇葩。中的文学里很早就有了散文的踪迹，如欧修的《醉翁亭记》，范仲淹的《岳楼记》等等。但最功的，莫过于那部《徐霞客游记》。此文虽同属于游记的范畴，但在内容和思想方面，已经脱离了那种单纯的借景抒式的文章，开创了散文新的体裁。到了近代，中更是涌现出一大批散文家。如朱自清、扬朔、艾青等，他们的作品，有的清新娟秀，有的深厚凝重。但同样之都是记录、赞叹了新中的建立，长，发展。这对于后来的散文，在风格影响甚深。

综所述，散文主要有两个方面值得注意，既体裁和风格。

先说体裁。

现在的散文体裁已经分有好几种。有随笔小札、心文字、旅行游记、叙事抒等等。随着笔者的感触不同，每篇散文的定义就有所区别。寥寥几语，尽述心事，这样的散文很精悍，与现代诗歌相得益彰;洋洋洒洒，阐述心，这样的散文很凝铸，作者一定必有深意，要结合题目去理解，才能领悟。

再说风格。

有清新的、凝重的、喜悦的、悲伤的、积极的、落寞的，数不胜数。但有一个宗旨，既文笔一定要优美，文章一定要流畅。“形散而神不散”。最后结尾，一定要有点睛之笔，突出主题，应出这篇文章的思想。其实，生如酒自斟酌，文章似茶随调和。一篇好散文的功之，只要能引起读者共鸣的，都是好文章。散文虽有它自己独特的一些规定和范畴，但只要是发自内心的文字，谁不为之感动呢?古诗中的拗句也是如此。什么是散文?散文就是剖露在纸跳跃的心灵文字!

只要是刚放完假或者是放假前夕老师一定会让学生写一篇作文，而关于写景作文除了要把景色描写清楚，还有很重要的一点那就是把中心思想交代清楚。下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于小学写景作文写作技巧，希望可以帮助到的！

⒈写景要按方位顺序，由近及远，由远及近，由上而下，由下而上，由里到外，由外到里，或由中间到四周等等有次序地描写，要主次分明，详略得当。

⒉可以按景物的类别来写，如山、水、花、鸟;瀑、石、峰、洞;亭、台、楼阁等。要写出景物的光、色、味;既要写它的静态，也要写它的动态，还可以写出它的环境气氛。

⒊要仔细观察，抓住在不同季节里景物的不同特点进行描写，不要硬编乱造，凭自己的想象来写。

⒋写景中也可以具体地写些人和事，若让人、景、事三者交融一体来写，可以使作文更为感人。

⒌写景物时不要忘掉自己与景物之间的关系，要有意识地把自己的感情、感受写进去，这样使人读了会产生一种身临其境之感。叶圣陶老爷爷写的《记金华的双龙洞》不是具有这样的特点吗?

⒍适当地、正确地引用前人描写景物的诗词歌赋，也可以为作文增色。这就需要你平时多加阅读和积累，别等用时再去找。

写景作文写作要点

景物描写在记叙文写作中往往是必不可少的。可是许多同学在写作中不懂得景物描写的特点，有的描写模糊不清，有的分不清主次，有的缺乏情感，出现了许多不应有的败笔。那么，在记叙文的写作中应该怎样去描写自然景色呢?具体来说，景物描写应注意以下三个问题：

1、写景要有顺序。

人们观赏景物都有一定的规律：或定点环顾，或边走边看。描写时也应该“顺其自然”。例如老舍先生的《济南的冬天》一文，描写济南城周围的环境时写道：“小山把济南整个儿围个圈儿，只有北边缺点口儿。这一圈小山在冬天特别可爱，好像把济南放在一个小摇篮里。”景物描写与作者的定点鸟瞰相吻合，自然清晰，形象准确。又如凡妮的《野景偶拾》一文，按照沿途所见，依次描写绕村的溪流，山梁的小路、盆地的高粱、山坡的谷穗、旷野的幽静、落日的霞光、宛如绸带的河流和公路、华美如贝雕的田野和山林。移步换形，有如移舟前进，时过景迁，景观随之改换，给人一种身临其境之感。

2、写景要有选择。

写景时应要有所取有所弃，抓住最能代表彼时彼地特征的景物加以描写，其它的景色则略写或不写。老舍先生的《在烈日和暴雨下》，为了突出天气变化的过程，就着力描写了杨柳的动态：“一点风也没有时——枝条一动懒得动;有一点凉风时——枝条微微动了两下;风大起来时——柳条横着飞。”通过杨柳的动态。显示了风的从无到有、由小到大，而对暴风雨降临时其它景象的变化，作者作了简略处理。这样，抓住特征，既形象地表现了天气变化的过程，又避免了描写的呆板重复，使得文字准确而精练。

3、写景要有情致。

人们观赏景物总是要带有某种感情的。因此，描写时也应该将这种感情一起表达出来，做到寓情于景，情景相映。鲁迅先生的《故乡》一文，反映旧中国农村衰败萧条，日趋破产的悲惨景象时，笔下的景色是“苍黄的天空下，远近横着几个萧索的荒村，没有一些活气。”而脑海中闪现出少年闰土的美好形象时，则为“深蓝的天空中挂着一轮金黄的圆月。”景物描写之中渗透着作者爱憎分明的思想感情。以景促情，情景交融，有力地深化了文章的主题。

四级作文考查的是写作的基本功，其准确用词包括三重含义：一是书写正确，即拼写和大小写等无误；二是词义正确，即所用的词确定能表达自己的意图；三是用法正确，包括词的语法搭配关系和意义搭配关系等。

选词的标准是：所选的词应该准确达意，通俗易懂，并符合英语的表达习惯。选词的重要性我们不再赘述，这里我们着重介绍由于用词不当而造成的错误现象。错误现象的成因很多，而形近词的误用是出错的重要原因之一。比如：有个美国学生在作文中这样写道：My goal in life is to be a success, and when I retire I want to devote my money to philandering。这个学生把最后一个词弄错了，他原来想说的词是philanthropy，结果意思相差十万八千里。

下面我们从句子和段落两方面，通过具体实例来说明选词在短文写作中的重要性，以及因为选词不当而造成的错误现象。

【例1】 Good study habits attributed to his performance on tests。

【分析】该句中的attributed to意为把归于；认为是的原因，用在这是不符合句意的。我们知道contribute to意为助于；促成，所以这里是因词义混淆而产生的句子的逻辑错误。

【更正】Good study habits contribute to his performance on tests。

[四级考试写作选词方法与技巧

一、人物个性的刻画

1、人物表现的要素有：

a、独有的表情 b、习惯的动作 c、常用的对白 d、思想

y、意念和欲望 f、弱点和缺陷 g、角色的好恶习性

2、这些要素的运用：

以上要素都可以当作创作的工具，这些工具一定要善于运用，你可以将这些设定条列出来，然后有表现的部分做出记号，比较重要的个性部分，应该要不断重复的表现出来，以加深读者对角色的印象。

二、配角的运用和衬托

1、所有的配角，都是为衬托主角而设定出来的。

配角的类型：正面——导师型、爱慕型、协助型

不确定——神秘型、竞争型、丑角型

负面——陷害型

2、 协助型：时常和主角形影不离地出现，有难同当，有富同享的必备角色。

导师型：给予主角正确知识和观念的辅助角色爱慕型：主角心仪的对象，通常也会是(男)女主角，对主角心境影响很大，是影响整个剧情变化的重要角色。

神秘型：对主角会有明显的正面或负面影响，绝不会自己报上名来，通常他都会被神格化。

竞争型：实力一定不主角先占优势，但本身会对主角的隐藏实力感到兴奋或畏惧，不会阻碍主角的进步，反而会促进主角的成长，成为足以和自己竞争的对手。

陷害型：通常为了得到主角拥有的某样东西，或者是本身看主角不顺眼等不同理由，经常和主角作对，也是剧情中不可或缺的角色。

丑角型：常常会扯人后腿，作出很白痴、荒唐的事，为搞笑而声的角色。

3、 每个角色都有他必要的功能，就象在线游戏一样。

在你的剧情中必须不断地制造平衡，再将平衡打破，因此角色之间的互动也就相应的重要，正面的力量太强时，就表示危机感不足;负面的力量太强时，就表示主角的地位要崩溃。在这样的堆栈下不断地制造出高潮。

三、桥段的发挥和设定

1、对比法桥段：在主角的定位上，安排另一个桥段，与主角的设定做嫉妒的反差对比，这样的方式，容易让读者有一个度量的标准，更能突现出主角的不同。

如：一个走投无路的败家子遇到一贫如洗，但对未来充满希望的主角，两者产生极大的反差，更能衬托主角，塑造他的形象。

2、堆栈法桥段：把桥段的布局事先安排到一个高度，再将主角叠到这个高度上，自然主角就不费吹灰之力到达最高的位置。

如：一个传说中的剑客，，剑术相当精湛，没有任何人是他的敌手，一些挑战他的都在三招内被斩毙。但是离奇的是，在对上一个不起眼的中年流浪汉时被一击打败了，而当众人崇拜他时出现了一个十七八岁的少年，流浪汉称他为师傅。这样的范例说明了少年可能是更厉害的角色，背后或许有很多的想象空间，看是我们已经将这少年的能力和地位等级，运用其他人的力量拉到了一个非凡的高点。

3、陷阱法桥段：运用桥段将主角慢慢逼向绝境，让读者一直为主角的危机而担心，再进行一个大的转变，使主角的位置正反颠倒，产生极大的落差，以突主角的能力。原则是，设定持续低潮的桥段，让转变过程迅速成为高潮，使主角能力加倍地突显。

比如：原本一直处在被欺负困境的主角，到最后才让读者知道，原来是主角一直在“大智若愚”，使得后期敌对方突然处在了下风。

四、善用伏笔

伏笔是作者为了表现某段重要的剧情，在先前便设了相关的桥段或提示，到故事进行了一个程度后，再将这个桥段或提示呼应出来的手法。

伏笔就象是一个隐藏的炸弹，它让剧情产生更多的变化，它的表现方式可能只有出现一次的画面，也可能是一段不经意的桥段，甚至有可能是一句对白;伏笔的埋设，不要和伏笔的呼应脱离太久，这样，读者的记忆可能会消失，而失去了伏笔的意义;伏笔的描述也可以是连续性的，在一个个段落中埋下伏笔的一个片段，最后在全部组合起来，这样方式的可以让伏笔体现的时间不断向后延伸。

1、伏笔离不开主题这是一个不变的原则，故事的重点只有一个，所有的因素都要因这样的原则而产生，伏笔的内容不要和主题无关，否则不但达不到效果，也有可能削弱了故事的力量。

2、不要使用过多的伏笔过多不同的伏笔，反而会让读者搞不清楚状况，失去了伏笔的意义，除非是有连贯性的伏笔，做连续性的埋设;过度的买弄伏笔，也会让故事的主题变的模糊不清。

3、成为转化的力量与高潮的爆发点伏笔的设计，目的是出乎读者的意料之外，这样的设计，也是剧情中转变的一种方式。伏笔的揭晓和呼应，时间点相当重要，这也牵涉到剧情的节奏问题，如果我们能善用伏笔，并在高潮点爆发，这是最好的表现方式。

4、记得收尾对伏笔的埋设，我们一定要相当的清楚，否则会变得虎头蛇尾，到最后突然小时了却没有清楚交代;前头埋伏了几个复辟，到最后就一定要相互呼应几个伏笔，如果我们的剧情太过复杂，建议最好能做笔记，再在编剧过程中不断地提醒自己，以免剧情结束后有所遗漏。

五、剧情的节奏

1、过山车原理我们说平淡的戏，可能提不起读者的兴趣，但是都是高潮的戏也会让读者过度紧张，变得麻痹;假设剧情的高低，就像一条起伏的曲线，我们可以分析出一个原则，就是高低起伏越大的剧情，达到的效果就越惊人，就像是游乐园的过山车一样，高低落差越大的段落，乘客尖叫的声音也就越凄惨，刺激的过程越高。我们可以称这样的原理叫做过山车原理。

2、剧情的拍子但是这里我们还要补充的是节奏。

如果高低起伏是坐标上的Y轴，那么X轴的部分可以说是拍子;音乐中一个小节可以是一拍，二分之一拍，也可以快到八分之一拍;节奏的快慢，相对的影响到人的情绪起伏，慢的拍子，给人平稳的情绪，而越快的拍子，则给人紧张的情绪，这样的原理也适用在剧情的结构上。

这里，大家应该注意到了，为什么说艺术是相同的原理，这个节奏同样的也可以体现在美术作品、书法、颜色及符号上等，都是同样的原理。

3、运用快慢的搭配来控制读者的情绪

a、平稳剧情搭配慢节奏 b、冲击剧情搭配快节奏

六、吊读者的胃口

很多新人编的故事常犯的错误，就是直肠子一路通到底，想说什么就说什么，很多不错的点子，还没有酝酿的过程，就直接演出来了。上面已经说了很多的激发，目的是在增加我们可以表演的手法，将我们想表达的重点，酝酿到最佳时机再爆发出来。明白地说，小说就像作家与读者的斗智，当我们安排的剧情，在一开始就已经被读者知道结局的话，读者还有想看下去的欲望吗?

1、让读者上钩

其实作者就是故事的主宰，你就是神，可以决定剧中任何角色的命运;同样的，你也可以决定你最精彩的点子，要在什么时候出现，只要是读者最想知道的答案，你就肯定不能太早让读者知道，但是每个过程却透露出一点点片段的信息，让读者急着想知道，又不能知道，然后便慢慢地被你的剧情牵着走。

2、最佳时机谜底揭晓

而让读者知道解答的时机，就像是在钓鱼一样，拉杆的时间点一定要准确，当鱼上钩时，太早拉了，诱饵还没有进到鱼嘴，鱼会跑掉;太晚拉了，诱饵已经被吃了，鱼也会跑。太早将答案说出，读者对你的需求还没形成，效果会打折扣;而太晚将答案说出来，读者失去耐心也会跑了。收放之间一定要掌握好，如果没有信心的话，不妨多让几个好友看看，给予一些意见，作为你修正的参考。

七、掌握主题

小说最重要原则应该就是掌握主题。当我们在进行创作时，无论有什么再好的点子，都应该以不偏离主题为最高原则。

觉得什么好就加入什么，没有想法就不断地假如其他的想法，这样的编剧方式是不正确的。我看到不少的小说都偏离的主题，常常是因为有了突发灵感，或许是没有好的想法，编不下去，就加入很多与主题不相干的进去，违背了主题。

1、如何不偏题

如果是能够加分的灵感，那是求之不得，一定要加进去，如果没有任何可以结合的可能，那么，就请将这个想法储存起来，说不定可以作为下一部作品的创意，。如果真的想不出点子，建议你回到原点，看看你先前的设定，只要之前的工作都做足了，一定可以从中找到一个方向的，你也可以在看看已经完成的剧情，是否有什么地方是忘了交代，或者可以延伸的;以读者的角度，反复地在你的作品中观察找寻可以接续的方向，也是一种方法;再不然，你就搁下笔，离开你的作品，做些其他的事情，让自己放松一下，因为可能你已经钻进牛角里无法自拔。

2、多线架构的使用原则

有时我们也会使用难度较高的多线架构，这样的编剧手法需要比较熟练的经验，对于大长篇的剧情，多线构架也变得必要，因为出现的人物越来越多，要交代的故事也不会仅限于一个故事，多线架构的注意重点大致如下：a、前后呼应：故事的主构架是固定的，在剧情当中会出现分支的剧情，但是记住，分支剧情最后必须在归于主题上，，否则会变成无法收尾。

b、主次分明：就是主题在分支架构出现后，逐渐被分支架构取代，分支架构变成主架构，这就是主题产生偏移，也是我们最当心的忌讳。因此，我们必须分清架构的主从系，才不至于编到最后反客为主。

C、懂得割爱：志气那也提过，有时候我们回有太多的点子，巴不得全部都挤到一部作品上。其实，当我们的剧情已经相当扎实的时候，就不要再画蛇添足，这会让读者产生麻痹，或者边得难以阅读。太复杂的剧情，通常也不太容易被大众接受，毕竟，小说是一种大众化的商品，我们要符合的对象也是一般的读者，因此，有时候割爱是必须的，保留一些好的创意，做瑕疵长做的题材。

八、制造高潮

平淡的剧情未尝不是一种表现的形式，如果你能将故事说的很平淡，却有撼动人心，那你的功力可就非比寻常了;平淡的手法其实也暗藏高潮，只是埋藏的很好不被看到罢了，对于创作的新人来说，高潮起伏的剧情会远比平淡的剧情容易处理多了，我们要先学会如何制造高潮，待经验丰富之后，再慢慢学者如何将高潮暗藏在剧情中。

读者在阅读你的作品时，总是在期待着你制造的高潮，你精心的规划，漫长的经营，为的就是将剧情中最精彩的部分，深刻地表现出来，感动读者的心，让读者为你哭为你笑。但如果没有表现好，这个作品其实就算失败了。

1、集中所有力量为了高潮：当剧情顺利的进展了，我们就要集中所有的注意力，制造出剧情中的高潮，我们应当集中所有的技巧，在关键的高潮点爆发出来，这样的剧情才会深入人心。

所谓的技巧，如：时间的流动、节奏、吊胃口、创意、主线、人物、场景、伏笔等

2、多不如好：剧情中的高潮不要放在架构上无关紧要的地方，其实也等同于不要偏离主线，等同于前面所有经营的方向不要偏离主题，这样的效果才能扎扎实实地呈现出来。

3、出人意外：另外，高潮的表现方式，希望哪个不要太过公式化，以往见过的各种表现方式是可以供作参考，但是最好我们能在多用点心思去变化，虚则实之，实则虚之，在与读者的斗智过程中，尽量能出乎众人的意料之外，才会让读者惊叹，总之，多想一点，就会有所不同。

4、持续的高潮：持续性的高潮是否是一种忌讳呢?我们希望与众不同，就必须要脱离框架，有时，忌讳的使用也是非常手段，能够达到非常的效果，如果我们在前期积蓄的能量是足以发挥到第二甚至第三次的高潮，那么，我们使用持续的高潮又未尝不可。

但是使用连续高潮时，须注意对读者的刺激性会产生麻痹，因此，该收的时候就要收，适可而止。

九、人性是故事的心脏

这里以漫画为题材来讲述这个道理。

有不少画技超高的作品，却不是最热门的作品，而有些热门的作品画技却相当平庸，道理其实简单，画面只是吸引读者第一印象的要素。就像是我们在街上见到一个帅哥一样，通常会不自觉地看上一眼，只能说是喜欢，但是要真正爱上他，甚至一生一世，那你就会考虑他的内在了。如果他像个木头人虚有其表，可能放在你身边一星期你都会觉得碍眼。因此，除了吸引读者的第一眼之外，如何留住读者完整地看完你的作品而不觉得厌倦，就是决胜的关键了，想想看那些连载数十册的漫画巨着，是如何留住读者的心长达十年以上的光阴而不变，更是为之而疯狂地追捧。

(写到这里，我突然想到前几年，就是漫画作品《棋魂》很红的那段时期，中国的围棋协会，不知道叫什么来这，忘名了，只知道他在中国的围棋界享有很高的知名度，在他新出的围棋小说中却大量地抄袭《棋魂》这部作品，结果使他在上海签名会时被大量的《棋魂》迷臭骂，更是有人流着泪当着他的面撕掉他的小说。这是何等的痛心啊!中国的名人尽抄袭了日本的作品，作为《棋魂》迷的读者(包括大部分的漫画迷)，是无法忍受的!结果他的网站论坛被骂的帖子超过 10000页，每天骂人的帖子接近1000页的数字增长。想想看，当是一部漫画作品就有那么多人的拥戴，这需何等的魅力。我想问问看，中国有几部的小说能达到这种效果?还有部《海贼王》的漫画，我看连载起码有个12年以上，拥护、支持它，为它而疯狂的漫迷有多少啊!他的销售书册有好几次位居日本漫画榜首，为什么?说白了，就因为是它可以让人大笑，也可以让人大哭的动漫作品，人物个性鲜明，故事发展令人匪夷所思，紧紧扣住“人性”来描述的作品。)

答案其实很简单，就是人性!我们必须给予剧中的角色有独特的性格，运用这些强烈的角色，将人性完整的表达出来。我们必须能控制读者的情绪，引发读者的人性，让读者该哭时狂哭，该笑时狂笑，这也就是戏剧的独特魅力。

因此设计选题时，人物也是担任相当重要的部分，有些好的题材，其实也是在人设前就已经成功了。记住设定选材时，也将人物与人性的表达重点预设进去。任何作品吸引读者目光的地方不是单纯的画技、华丽的语句，而是动人的故事，而动人的故事往往是由人性表现出来的。

十、同中求异

很多的经典题材或是成功的作品都是值得吸收参考的，世界上没有被创作出来的题材似乎已经很少了，对于我们的创作来说，经常会发现一个很多的创意题材，可能在很久以前已经有人做过了，或不久之后市面上出现雷同的题材，令你十分惋惜，这种撞车的情形是常常发生的。试想，当你的作品被忍耐怀疑有抄袭嫌疑的时候，你是不是会觉得无辜呢?

我们如何在信息和创意不断爆炸的年代中找到自己的定位，或者是在已经成功的题材中发现新的课题。即便是再经典的题材，因为时空的转换，和创作者成长环境的不同，也有机会出现不同的表达方式和新的内涵，因此，找出成功作品的骨架、精神及精彩的要素，加入自己新的想法及个人的特色重新包装，不难找出好的作品方向。

十一、格局的创意

不知道大家有没有看过电影的一些影视分析，大家都说张艺某的片子都是大格局，能做到像张艺某一样大格局的人为数不多的。

1、点型创意：这类型的创意，通常只用于一个小细节上，不适合做太长的延伸，在创作上是属于点缀的作用。

点型创意是一个独立的创意类型，她可以单独的存在，也可以任意地置入到剧情中需要的部分。

类似一句有趣的对白，或是一个搞笑的动作，这样的创意也能转换成为角色的口头禅或习惯动作。

在一个好的剧本里面，点型的创意是随时存在的，因为他就像一张完美的家具的装饰一样，让读者随时随刻都体会到作者的用心。

这样的创意是不具备延伸性的，我们在发想的阶段，如果是长篇的故事，则必须将这样的创意记录下来，无需放进故事骨架当中，因为发想阶段，筛选出重点是相当重要的，必须时割舍这样的创意也没有关系。

2、关键型创意：这类型的创意是属于剧情中重要桥段或转折点上的关键，他会影响到故事的延伸发展和呼应前头的伏笔，这样的创意也有可能形成一个短篇的故事关键型创意的特点就是他只为了某个单一的目的所产生的点子，不同于典型的创意，他的框架足以发挥到一个简单完整的故事。

关键型创意在长篇的故事当中，可以是一个段落的重要环节，数个关键型创意，便足以架构出一个长篇的故事。

发想时的重点，在于出人意料的情节转变，目的在于短时间内压缩读者的情绪，或引读者的注目。

长篇故事开场时的关键创意更是重要，因为读者在前几回的反应，决定了你这篇作品的后续生命，如果没有在一开始就运用关键型创意吸引住读者，后续的故事再精彩都可能徒劳无功。

3、架构型创意：也就是足以支撑个长篇故事或单元性故事的主要架构创意，这样的架构也就是我们所说的故事骨架，而故事骨架的好坏取决于构架型创意是否够力。

关于创意，除了及时捕捉突如其来的灵感之外，平时的积累也是很内重要的，拥有了一定的积累，对日后的创作会非常有帮助。

当以上所提到的创意灵感充分集合之后，才能构思出有趣深动的故事情节。

十二、发想创意的方法

1、市场分析法：观察目前市场上流行的素材，若是现有的素材大多已开发，则可运用两种以上的流行素材结合成为新的创作题材，这类的手法常常出现在偶像剧的创作上。小说也一样，奇幻的故事可以结合武侠，都市的故事可以结合奇幻等等!

首先，我们必须先关注流行的信息，针对你有兴趣的题材，开始收集相关的资料，做基本的功课，最好也能到相关的场所实际体验，并与相关的人物进行访谈，会让创作的内容更贴近现实，当然，若是该题材是你亲身的经历将会更好，因为很多细节的部分描写更为主动。

2、趋势发想法：未来的世界一直是科学家们努力研究的方向，以往这样的想象都仅能从想象力丰富的脑袋中挖掘出来，庆幸的是现在这些对未来的预测我们也能在各类媒体中轻易地得知，而且也极可能的被实现，因此，除了以现在有的环境当作创意发想的方向之外，我们也可以多注意未来的趋势方向，越遥远的未来，想象的空间也就越大。

3、逆向思维法：一般人的思考模式会依寻自我或前人的经验甚至书本上的资料作为依据，而这样的方向也往往让创意受到了局限，尚若问题和答案在同一个圆圈的两个点上，而两个点又极为相近，如果依照经验，必须要绕完一圈才能获得答案，那么反过来走，可能答案就近在眼前了。

另外，与常人的思考逻辑完全相同，也就等同于没有新鲜感，没有刺激性。如果违反常人的思考方式，你可能就会轻易地找到的全新创意。

4、欲望满足法：其实许多创作都在满足人们对现实环境的不满足。人会有很多欲望，但是这些欲望大部分人一生都很难达成，小到希望能知道明天考试的答案，希望哪个同桌讨厌的小胖不要再欺负我：希望有一个超级帅哥或美女当你的异性朋友，等等。

现实生活达不到的事，人们希望能由幻想来满足自己。

十三、最后要注意的

永远觉得不足，在创作中不断地修正。

作为一个创作者，应该有求新求变的精神，因为读者不断地成长，市面上的作品也会不断地推陈出新，如果没有挑战的心态，作品便会变的陈旧，而渐渐脱离市场，你也会慢慢也退居幕后。

记住保留一种心态，就是永远觉得不足，也只有不足才会想要进步，也才会不断地吸收成长，你认为的高有多高，宇宙的尽头到得了吗?人类永远是渺小的，学习永远都不会结束。而在创作中，也不要自满，随时检视自己的作品是否还有更好的可能，因为作品面对的是各式各样挑剔的读者。特别是新的写手，很容易会被一些花言巧语的评语捧得天花乱坠，不能自我，还真以为自己写得很好了。我们面对的评语无论好坏，都必须朝不断创新、不断学习、不断超越自我的方向努力，这也应该是创作者的坚持。

读后感，就是读了一本书或一篇文章，或读了一段话，或读了几句名言后，把具体感受和得到的启示写成的文章。所谓“感”，可以是从书中领悟出来的道理或精湛的思想，可以是受书中的内容启发而引起的思考与联想，可以是因读书而激发的决心和理想，也可以是因读书而引起的对社会上某些丑恶现象的抨击。读后感的表达方式灵活多样，基本属于议论范畴，但写法不同于一般议论文，因为它必须是在读后的基础上发感想。要写好有体验、有见解、有感情、有新意的读后感，必须注意以下几点

首先，要读好原文。“读后感”的“感”是因“读”而引起的。“读”是“感”的基础。走马观花地读，可能连原作讲的什么都没有掌握，哪能有“感”?读得肤浅，当然也感得不深。只有读得认真，才能有所感，并感得深刻。如果要读的是议论文，要弄清它的论点(见解和主张)，或者批判了什么错误观点，想一想你受到哪些启发，还要弄清论据和结论是什么。如果是记叙文，就要弄清它的主要情节，有几个人物，他们之间是什么关系，以及故事发生在哪年哪月。作品涉及的社会背景，还要弄清楚作品通过记人叙事，揭示了人物什么样的精神品质，反映了什么样的社会现象，表达了作者什么思想感情，作品的哪些章节使人受感动，为什么这样感动等等。

其次，排好感点。只要认真读好原作，一篇文章可以写成读后感的方面很多。如对原文中心感受得深可以写成读后感，对原作其他内容感受得深也可以写成读后感，对个别句子有感受也可以写成读后感。总之，只要是原作品的内容，只要你对它有感受，都可以写成读后感。

第三，选准感点。一篇文章，可以排出许多感点，但在一篇读后感里只能论述一个中心，切不可面面俱到，所以紧接着便是对这些众多的感点进行筛选比较，找出自己感受最深、角度最新，现实针对性最强、自己写来又觉得顺畅的一个感点，作为读后感的中心，然后加以论证成文。

第四，叙述要简。既然读后感是由读产生感，那么在文章里就要叙述引起“感”的那些事实，有时还要叙述自己联想到的一些事例。一句话，读后感中少不了“叙”。但是它不同于记叙文中“叙”的要求。记叙文中的“叙”讲究具体、形象、生动，而读后感中的“叙”却讲究简单扼要，它不要求“感人”，只要求能引出事理。初学写读后感引述原文，一般毛病是叙述不简要，实际上变成复述了。这主要是因为作者还不能把握所要引述部分的精神、要点，所以才简明不了。简明，不是文字越少越好，简还要明。

一、注意段首句式的变化

图画作文的段首句往往是"如图所示"或"从图画中可以看出"之类，下面为经常采用的一些句型：

As is shown in the picture, 和As can be seen from the picture,是经常能看到的首句话，但是模板迹象过于明显，所以应该稍加升级，比如添加一些结构和修饰语：

It is of considerable interest to see in the bizarre picture that…

当然还可以添加一些引出话题的句子：

No one can skip the issue of…(图画表现出来的意图)。Just as what is illustrated in the above drawing,…

二、适当用被动替换主动，这样能更客观地反映事实。

句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attent

ion should be paid to. ) 举个经典结尾的例子：It is, therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. By doing so，its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively。

三、一句话用不同的句式来表达

为了加强同学们对语法知识在写作中的灵活应用，下面给出一句话的14种句式及语言

调整的效果，内容上没有太大差异，但是请同学们仔细辨别每句话所侧重的句式：

1.使用表语从句

The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard, and being shocked at the message. The reason is that the billboard is advertising a "sale of the dead bodies"。

2.使用介词短语

In the picture, two people are reading the announcement and they are being shocked at the message of "a sale of dead bodies" on a billboard。

3.使用疑问句

The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. Why are they so shocked? The reason is that the billboard is advertising a "sale of the dead bodies"。

4.使用原因状语从句

The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. As the billboard is advertising a "sale of the dead bodies"， they are shocked at the message。

5.使用结果状语从句

The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. The billboard is advertising a "sale of the dead bodies" so that they are shocked at the message。

6.使用时间状语从句

In the picture, while the two people are reading the announcement on the billboard about "a sale of the dead bodies"， they are being deeply shocked。

7.使用分词短语

In the picture, reading the message of a ‘sale of the dead bodies" advertised on the billboard, the two people are deeply shocked。

8.使用主动语态

In the picture, the announcement on a billboard advertising a "sale of the dead bodies" shocks the two people reading it。

9.使用There be 结构

In the picture, there is an announcement on a billboard advertising a "sale of the dead bodies" and shocking the two people reading it。

10.使用倒装句

On a billboard is an announcement advertising a "sale of the dead bodies". The two people reading it are being shocked。

11.使用定语从句

In the picture, the announcement on a billboard which advertises a "sale of the dead bodies" shocks the two people reading it。

12.强调句

In the picture, it is the announcement on a billboard advertising a "sale of the dead bodies" that shocks the two people reading it。

13.虚拟语气

In the picture, were it not for the announcement on the billboard advertising a "sale of the dead bodies"， the two people would not be so shocked。

14. 尽量复杂作文中的句式

It is of considerable interest to observe in this bizarre caricature that a couple of citizens, reading an announcement issued on the billboard, are taken aback as a result of the astounding message which informs people of a "sale of dead bodies"。

句中使用的词组包括：be of considerable interest, a couple of, taken aback, as a result of, inform sb. of

长句采用的特殊语法包括：宾语从句+分词结构做插入语+分词作后置定语(issued)+被动语态+原因短语+定语从句。