英语作文的写作技巧有哪些20篇

一、思想内容应深刻

思想内容深刻是作文得分关键。今年我市高分作文大多是内容丰富，见解深刻的作文，考生或阐述对生活的感悟，或表达自己对生活独到的见解;而那些得分较低的考生作文，内容则显得空洞贫乏，缺少实实在在的内涵，仅仅是凑一些字数，敷衍成一篇非常乏味的“政治式论述题”。因此考生在写作文时一定要结合自己的实际生活阅历，运用自己的眼光去深入思考、提炼作文的主题，表达自己的生活感悟，展示自己的思想境界，写出一篇实实在在的文章，切不可蜻蜓点水一带而过，更不可架空文章。

二、篇章结构应完整

结构完整，这是中考作文最基本的要求。一篇未及完篇的作文，无论语言多么优美，观点如何新颖，也只能归入三类卷，所以在中考作文时一定要避免无结尾作文的出现。如果实在没有时间，也应结合作文的开头急就一个作文结尾。

其次，中考作文一定要做到主题集中，作文应围绕同一主题作深入阐述，切忌东拉西扯，主题涣散甚至无主题。

另外，作文篇幅也应控制在600~700字之间，作文太短了，会让人觉得内容单薄，太长了又会让人感到厌烦。

三、切入角度应新颖

要想在众多的考生作文中脱颖而出，赢得阅卷老师的青睐，作文切入角度的新颖不失为一条行之有效的途径。今年我省的中考作文为半命题作文，大部分的考生都是从题目的提示语中选择一个词语填入题中，如写珍惜拥有的“亲情”、“青春”、“幸福”等，这样的文题当然可以，但写的人多了，阅卷者难免会觉得乏味，如果作文语言不是很精彩，那么你的作文就很难得到高分。但有些考生就很聪明，他们舍弃了这些考生常用的话题，而另辟蹊径，有的写珍惜拥有的“挫折”，有的写珍惜拥有的“对手”等，这样新颖别致的文题就很能引起阅卷老师的注意，如果言之成理或描述得当，则很容易得高分。

四、表达形式应多变

有些学生在写作文时不懂分段，一篇作文就老三段——开头、中间、结尾，甚至全文就一段，这就使得作文显得非常呆滞，难以引起阅卷老师的重视而得不到高分。

而今年我市中考作文形式多样，从体裁上看，有记叙文，有抒情散文，有日记体作文，还有诗歌、戏剧等。在表现形式上，有以题记式开篇的，有以后记式结篇的，还有的将全篇分成几个小片段，每个片段冠以一个小标题，几个片段构成一个有机整体的。这样，多变的形式为作文获得高分加上了一个有力的砝码。

因此学生在平时作文训练时应有意识的加强文体训练，多吸取别人作文的成功经验，努力使自己的作文在形式上不拘一格。

五、语言表达应有味

语言项是作文主要采分点。考生在平时的作文训练中，应尽量提高自己的语言表达能力，并力争形成自己的语言风格。

今年我市中考作文在语言表达上可谓异彩纷呈：有俏皮幽默的，有老成持重的，有清新亮丽的，有古朴典雅的……优美有味的语言让阅卷老师拍案叫绝，也为作文获得高分提供有力保障。

尽管语言优美是较高要求，需长期努力训练方能得到，但我们在平时作文训练时注意提炼语言则很必要，也很有效。语言是作文的外在表现形式，阅卷者在判你作文时首先就是看你的语言，语言不够精彩就可能失去得高分的机会，因为中考阅卷时间紧、任务重，每篇作文在阅卷者眼中停留的时间一般只有一分钟左右，在这么短的时间内，阅卷者是不可能细细琢磨推敲你的作文的，如果你的作文开头就显得很拖沓，写了一大段还没写到点子上，那么你的作文可能就要面临得低分的命运了。

因此，考生在写作文时开头应简洁，并迅速入题，尽量做到语言表达的生动精彩。作文中间段落每段开头的语言应简洁生动，并尽量在每段开头用优美的语句概括本段内容或紧扣作文主旨。作文的结尾更要注意锤炼语言并再扣主题，如能用画龙点睛式的句子突出中心或升华中心，则效果更好，应尽量避免使用“所以”“因此”一类的字眼作总结，因为这样很容易让人觉得你不是在写作文，而是在回答问答题。

六、卷面书写应工整

卷面是作文的门面，卷面书写洁净工整会让人赏心悦目，能博得阅卷老师的好感;而卷面脏乱不堪的作文只能让阅卷者望而生厌，难得高分。

我省从去年开始，中考命题时就已把卷面书写列为得分项，分值为8分，由此可见对卷面书写要求之高。今年我市考生卷面书写质量有很大程度提高，脏乱差的卷面数量大幅度减少。但仍有为数不少的考生卷面不够整洁，乱涂乱抹，这就直接影响了他的作文得分。

当然语文考试的书写不同于书法，只要你的字迹工整，卷面整洁就可以了。我们在平时的写作时注意养成一种良好的习惯，写作时细心些，少写或不写错别字，如遇确实要修改的地方，千万不要在错误的地方肆意涂抹，你可以用小括号把错的地方括起来再用笔在错的地方轻轻的划一条横线，这样你的卷面就不会很差了。

抒情类的作文重点就是情感的表露方式，以及感染力了，以下是小编整理的抒情作文写作常见技巧，欢迎参考阅读!

(1)述亲身经历

写作需要生活，越是亲身经历过、体验过的生活，写在文章中往往就越真实，越感动人。在构思过程中，我们要尽量从自己经历的生活中筛选素材。作为中学生，生活经历也许并不算丰富，但只要认真回忆和筛选，再进行适当的加工和组合，就一定能找到具体的材料，写出充满真情实感的作文。《我发现爸爸老了》是南通市的一篇优秀中考作文，作者写的就是自己亲眼所见的情景：小时候，为了不让我一个人孤零零呆在家里，父亲将两条毛巾平铺在装满秧苗的筐上，用那根我熟悉得不能再熟悉的扁担挑着我，在泥泞不堪的小路上送走了我的童年。当时的父亲，身材魁梧，虎背熊腰，在村里是数一数二的壮汉子;如今，父亲原先那嘹亮清脆的号子声已失去昔日的雄壮，隐约间还夹杂着几丝沙哑，原先油亮的黑发现在已染上了霜色，原先红润的面庞在已渐渐变得土黄，原先笔直的腰杆也略显弯曲……由于都是亲眼所见，印象特别深刻，写出来就有真情实感。

(2)多细节描写

真情实感离不开生动的、典型的细节，细节的多少和真实与否，反映出作者对生活的体验程度，也直接关系到文章的真情实感。如果文章中都是些笼统的、概括的叙述，即使是亲身经历过的，也往往会给人不真实的感觉。细节不细，这个“不细”，就是指它的作用不小。《我喜欢童年的竹林》是荆州市的优秀中考作文，之所以说它有真情实感，就是因为它有生动具体的细节描写，如：伸出手，扶住竹竿使劲一摇，“哗啦”一声，雪花“簌簌”地如天女散花般地飘落下来，洒到我的脖子里，凉丝丝的，滋润我“咯咯”的笑声。又如：有时，我们从家里偷出绳子，牢牢地拴在竹子上，做成秋千。摇啊，荡啊，从秋千底下，摇出我心中的歌。这些细节，不但真实，而且写得也富有诗意。

(3)明人事要素

具体和真实是一对孪生兄弟，要使文章有真情实感，就必须写得具体。虽不能说凡具体就一定真实，但一般而言，具体的叙述往往更能让人信以为真。你简单地说某地发生一件抢劫案，听者不一定会信，假如你有鼻子有眼睛地说，把抢劫的时间、地点、受害人的单位或姓名及被抢劫的数量都说出来了，那别人就会相信。在作文过程中，要尽量写清楚相关的人事要素。人，主要是单位、姓名、年龄、相貌、性格等;事，主要是起因、经过、结果等。《为自己喝彩》是泉州市的中考优秀作文，第一段是这样的：我坐在座位上，手捧着《简?爱》，心无旁骛。忽然不知谁传来消息：“明天要体检了!”体检?我一愣，小心翼翼地探听：“测些什么?”同桌不以为然地说：“身高、体重，这些都免不了呗。”啊，我心里发虚，低头看看自己的“虎背熊腰”，想想矮矮的个儿，听着后排那两个瘦如麻杆、身材苗条的女生半真半假对自己的身段作着自我批评，真是欲哭无泪。这个开头，把什么人、正在干什么、发生了什么、问些什么、想些什么等，都通过对话介绍出来了。因而，给人真实的感觉。

(4)用生活语言

作文是用语言记录生活。作文虽然要对生活进行加工和改造，但必须力求保持生活的原汁原味，尽量有生活气息。用生活语言，就是要正确和准确地反映生活，生活是怎样的就写成怎样的，不要走样，不要变味。《我喜欢童年的竹林》一文中用了不少拟声词，仔细体味，你就会发现用得非常准确，如“哗哗”形容摇竹的声音; 用“簌簌”形容雪花飘落的声音;用“咯咯”表示我们童年快乐时的笑声;用“沙沙沙”表示风吹竹林时的响声……作者把生活中确实如此的声音准确地搬进了文章之中，让人读后自然就觉得亲切感人。用生活语言，还要特别注意人物语言，什么样的人物说什么样的话，老年人有老年人的语言结构和常用词汇，而老年人口中一般就不会有这样的词。语言要符合人物身份，要根据人物的身份、年龄、文化程度和性格特点等来写，尽量写出个性。

(5)露潜在意识

潜在意识，也叫潜意识，指的是人的深层意识，它与浅意识和表层意识相对，它是人最质朴、最本质的心理活动。之所以称“潜”，是因为它隐藏于思维的底层，不经意袒露出来。人类生活是自然界中最为复杂的现象，有许多人，在许多场合想到的意思，往往不能说，不便说，或者不该说，不敢说，有时是为了礼貌，有时是为了工作需要，有时是为了自我保护，想到的而没有说出来的话就是潜意识。每一个人都有潜在意识，而且要比浅意识活跃和丰富，但在作文时，它在很大程度上受到抑制，替代潜意识的往往是那些与心相违的浅意识，这样写出来的作文，当然就没有真情实感。因此，要想作文有真情实感，最好大胆一些，充分展露自己的潜意识，心里是怎样想的，就怎样写。《为自己喝彩》的后半部分有这样几句：晚上，我站在穿衣镜前细细地端详自己。不!我不要这张苦大仇深的脸，我拥有别人没有的优点，我上进、奋发、勇敢，知识填高了我，我有什么好自卑的呢?这几句话，一般人是不会公开对人说的，但作者把它写了出来。心里想的就是这样，写出来当然就有了真情实感。

(6)拟相应情景

作文要尽量写自己经历过的事，但有时，从自己的经历中找不到恰当的材料，有时，必须对自己经历过的事作一定的加工和改造。换句话说，作文中的事并不是自己完全或真正经历过的。这能不能给人真情实感呢?应该说，虚构也能做到有真情实感，关键是要注意这两点：一是这种事，自己虽然没有经历过,但现实生活中必定会有，别人肯定经历过;二是要模拟相应生活情景，把自己置于其中，仔细地想一想：假如我在那个时间、那个场所，遇到那样的事会怎么样呢?如果写的是一位老年男子，那么，就不妨借助自己的外公或爷爷，从他们平时的表现中想一想：假如爷爷在遇到这种事时会怎么对待?如果所写的是中年妇女，那不妨借助自己的母亲或邻居的大婶，根据母亲等平时的性格特征和行为习惯，想一想：她会怎样处理这件事?模拟生活情景，转换人物角色，能使虚构的文章多一点真情实感。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：如何写好高中作文，对于学生作文的写作基础也要好好的训练，以下是小编为大家分享的高中话题写作方法与技巧，欢迎借鉴！

摘 要：从生活体验、增加阅读量、思想角度、表达能力和文章结构等方面阐述了如何写好命题作文的方法和技巧。围绕命题作文的趋势和特点，对高中生如何写好命题作文提供了很好的参考方向。

关键词：命题作文；感悟；阅读个性；表达能力

近些年话题作文一直是高考的作文主流，可以说是称霸“考坛”，因此，是平时作文训练的重点。笔者认为，话题作文大大增强了对学生语言表达能力、分析概括能力以及个性思维能力的要求。只有敏锐的洞察力、较高的概括与表达能力以及真正属于自己的思想与体悟，才能较好地具体操作一个话题，因此，对处于对人生理解还在起步阶段的中学生来说，如何写好话题作文是一个很有研究价值的课题，在此笔者简单提供以下几点写作方法与技巧以供参考。

一、体味生活，感悟人生

我们都知道思想离不开生活，一切皆从生活中来，一切也皆将回归生活，话题作文中的话题也更是如此，它们有的是对世界本质的反思，有的是要表达人们的一种愿望或想象，在课改教材中，这一部分内容也倍受重视，更有对人生经历、生命内涵的体悟。

话题作文是要求学生对身边的一切都有敏锐的感悟力的一种作文形式，虽然它看似没有任何硬性要求，但学生的分数这些年来却呈下降趋势，这说明话题文比人们想象中的要难得多，中学生还处在人生旅程的起始阶段，必须培养自己在这个人生阶段的独特视角与感悟力。每个人只要细心观察，都可以轻易地从中领会出自己的真谛。因此，想写出一篇出彩的话题文，就必须善于观察生活、分析生活、总结生活。

二、认真阅读教材，同时尽量增加课外阅读量，从而积累词汇与语言，善于调遣各种知识储备

积累词汇的方法有许多种，当然最主要同时也是最重要的途径莫过于阅读书籍。书籍是人类的精神食粮，是千百年来人类圣哲思想的经典总汇，因此，要尽量增加自己的课外阅读量，多读些经典名著，陶冶自己的情操，认识这个世界。

有的学生课业繁重，对于课外阅读恐怕是有心无力，这也不要紧，每个学生身边都有一份非常好的阅读资料，那就是人手必备的语文教材。教材可以说是无数教育学家按照学生心理年龄与认知水平而打造出的完全符合其自身智力与能力发展的呕心之作，因此，只要能够有效地利用好自己的教材，调动多年学校学到的知识，那么成为一个有思想且能够出口成章的儒林学士则不成问题。

三、要有质疑与批判精神，只要思想积极，就要忠于自己的情感与体悟，勇敢、尽情地表达自己对世界、社会、历史、人生以及未来等的见解

这一点可以说是话题作文的本质所在，它没有固定的要求，却有最佳的选择角度，那就是理智、积极、个性、真实，而这所有的种种却又都取决于真实，如果你敢于把自己真实的想法付于笔纸，那么“文情并茂”中的“情”就可以轻易地表达了，而一篇优秀的文章也会“接近”完成。

但要注意的是个性并不等于不同，批判也并不是叛逆，两者不可混淆，不能一味地用“异于常人”作为个性的最佳代言，也切忌用叛逆来代替批判精神，这样很容易步入阅读与写作的误区。对理解文意毫无帮助，也最终会导致思维的一种批判模式，一旦这种模式在其心中根深蒂固，那么不仅会影响其阅读写作，其一生也终将活在吹毛求疵的误区中。

四、发挥自己形象思维的特长，经常练笔，挖掘自身的述说能力，从而写出真正符合自己特点的话题作文

在现实的作文写作中经常有这样一种怪现象，有很多学生在进行写作时，心中明明已满载乾坤，等到真正落笔时却词不达意，文章显得苍白无力，这种表达能力的缺乏必须经过“艰苦”的练笔来克服。我们现在的学生一般在小学阶段就开始接触作文，而所写的作文一般都是具有强烈叙事色彩的记叙文，因此，对于一个学生来说形象思维能力在小学阶段就得到了一定的锻炼，相对于议论思辨等能力来说具有更多的优势，因此，学生只要有意识地练习写作或诵读片段式记叙文（或称作叙事散文）、微型小说、故事、童话、寓言以及抒情散文等，就能够比较轻松地增强自己的表达能力，从而达到“我手写我口”的境界。

五、掌握最基本的一种话题作文结构，即“三段式”结构

在初中阶段学生在尽量提升作文布局的同时，必须掌握话题文，也同样适用于议论文与记叙文的一种基本结构形式，那就是

“总—分—总”结构，也可以说是“凤头、猪肚、豹尾”结构。初中语文教材上的课文范文，70%以上都是这种三段式结构，熟练地掌握这种文章结构，不但可以作为写文章的基本保证，而且当学生随着年龄的增长，认知能力进一步发展，对文章的理解达到更高一层的境界时，自然就会举一反三，以此为基础写出更多优异结构的美文了。

总的来说，提高话题作文的写作能力，只有教师平时多关注社会动态，感悟生活，再综合多方面的方法和技巧，方能写出精彩，写出创新！

参考文献：

［1］何雨蓉。高考语文作文命题分析与对策研究［D］。东北师范大学，2012.

［2］郝玲君。高中作文有效教学指导策略和原则［D］。河北师范大学，2012.

第一，写作技巧是实现作者写作意图的重要条件。一般来说，作者的写作活动都具有一定的写作意图。所谓的写作意图，就是指作者打算在文章或作品中表达什么样的生活和思想内容，以及通过这种表达达到什么目的。而要使这一写作意图圆满实现，就必须依靠写作技巧。

第二，写作技巧是构成文学作品艺术性的内在因素。文学作品的艺术性，即文学作品反映社会生活或表达思想感情所达到的完美程度。这种艺术性的取得，决定于作者的世界观、创作方法和写作技巧。在具体的作品中，艺术性表现在作家在一定世界观的指导下，运用各种写作手法，创造出具有审美价值的艺术意境我典型形象，从而给读者带来审美愉悦。文学作品的艺术性虽不同于形式美，但它更多地体现在与内容和谐统一的艺术形式之中，而艺术形式的完美创造，则依靠写作技巧。

导语：英语作文是最容易拿分，也是最容易丢分的题型。写作上面有什么技巧呢?下面是yjbs作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望能够对您有所帮助。

一：开头

句子的开头方式，不要一味地都是主语开头，接着是谓语、宾语，最后再加一个状语。可以把状语置于句首，或用分词做状语等。

〔原文〕We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning.

〔修正〕Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together.

〔原文〕The young man couldn’t help crying when he heard the bad news.

〔修正〕Hearing the bad news， the young man couldn’t help crying.

二：经过

2.在整篇文章中，避免只使用一两个句式，要灵活运用诸如倒装句、强调句、主从复合句、分词状语等。

①强调句

〔原文〕I met him in the street yesterday.

〔修正〕It was in the street that I met him yesterday.

It was yesterday that I met him in the street.

②由with或without引导的短语。如:

He sat in a chair with a newspaper in the hand.

③分词短语。如:

Satisfied with the result，He decided to go on with a new experiment.

④倒装句。如:

Only in this way can we achieve our goal.

Never before have I seen such a wonderful film.

Not only should we study in the college, but also learn how to be a decent person.

⑤省略句。如:

If so，victory will be ours.

You can make some changes wherever necessary.

3.通过分句和合句，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。

〔原文〕He stopped us half an hour ago. He made us catch the next offender.

〔修正〕He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offender.

〔原文〕We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced.

Some told stories. Some played chess.

〔修正〕After a short rest， we had great fun singing and dancing， telling jokes and playing chess.注意使用不同长度的句子，要结合使用，不能只用短句或只用长句。

4.学会使用过渡词。如:

①递进: then(然后)， besides(还有)， furthermore(而且)， moreover(此外)等。

②转折: however(然而)， but(但是)， on the contrary (相反)， after all(毕竟)等。

③总结: finally(最后)， at last(最后)， in brief(总之)， in conclusion(最后)等。

④强调: indeed(确实)， certainly(一定)， surely(确定)， above all(尤其)等。

⑤对比: in the same way(同样地)， just as(正如)， on the one hand…on the other hand(一方面……另一方面……)等。

相似的比较： similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较： on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …,

5.注意使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。如:

〔原文〕A new railway is being built in my hometown.

〔修正〕A new railway is under construction in my hometown.

6.避免重复使用某一单词或短语。如:

〔原文〕I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

〔修正〕I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

I like reading while watching television appeals to my brother.

三、 结尾

1、 All in all, what really matters is, in fact, that……(比如说到和谐社会 All in all, what really matters is, in fact, that we should build our society a harmonious society.)

2、 Therefore, it’s not difficult to draw a conclusion that……

3、 As a result , we should take effective measures to do sth.(我们必须采取一些有效的措施来做些什么)

4、 From what has been discussed above , we may conclude that ……

5、 Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.

技巧一：首尾呼应，凸显主旨

(首)都说生活的船不能没有理想的帆，都说生活的理想就是为了理想的生活，而理想的生活中最快乐的时光，便是梦想的花季。

(尾)花季中，我希望自己能永远记住先哲的那句良训：生活的船不能没有理想的帆。生活的理想就是为了理想的生活。(选自湖荆州中考满分文《把梦想带给花季》)

技巧点拨：首尾呼应是考场作文中最实用的方法之一，一般情况是作者先在开头提出文章的中心，然后在结尾时再次强调，照应开头，从而使文章的中心鲜明突出。你看，在上例中，小作者运用首尾呼应的方式，以优美的诗一般的语言凸显了文章的主旨――理想的生活中最快乐的时光，便是梦想的花季。

(首)有一种光华，笼罩着中华民族的精神家园;有一种火苗，跃动在民族灵魂的奥林匹克山上;有一种烈焰，温暖了绵远的文明情思，那就是友善!

(尾)我们不能因为屡受伤害就失去与丑恶斗争的信心，因为我们需要守卫我们的精神火种――友善!(选自河南中考满分文《守卫精神的火种》)

技巧点拨：这是一篇考场议论文的开头与结尾，与上例相比，此例为简洁明快，开头提出论点，迅速入题，结尾再次反复，呼应开头，加强了论证的力度。

技巧二：言为心声，呼唤号召

让我们大家行动起来吧，把爱心带给他人，带给那些失学儿童，带给那些孤寡老人……带给身边的每一个人。当你把爱心献给他人时，你也获得了莫大的幸福。要相信，只要人人都献出一份爱，世界将变成美好的人间。(选自湖北荆州中考满分文《把爱心带给他人》)

二十一世纪，我们是祖国的春天，我们不是我们的父母，热情奔放是我们的性格，我们不需要守那些规矩，打破陈规，让我们脑中的那团热情火燃烧得更猛烈，把我们的笑声、爱心串在一起，让全世界笼罩在爱之中。要笑就笑个痛痛快快，要哭就哭个歇斯底里，不要压抑自己，不要让那陈旧的观念束缚着，不要随便改变自己，请记住我的名言：“我就是我，给我一点阳光就这么灿烂。”(选自福建省中考满分文《给一点阳光就这么灿烂》)

技巧点拨：考场作文讲究情感真挚，要写出自己对真善美的呼唤，对假丑恶的鞭挞。这种情感不仅局限于自己，还可以在文章结尾发出真挚的呼唤，号召大家一起去追寻真善美，一起去鞭挞假丑恶。上面小作者真情呼唤，言为心声，表现了自己美好未来的向往之情。第二段小作者言词急切，个性十足，表情达意毫无遮掩，向所有的同龄人发出了真情的呼唤，有力的突出了主题，给读者以强烈的心灵震撼。

技巧三：巧妙发问，引入深思

自然的色、自然的香、自然的味、自然的美，这一切都源于自然。自然是伟大的。是神奇的。它与生活是那么的近，那么的紧。品味自然，不就同品味生活了吗?

技巧点拨：一篇好的文章做到言有尽而意无穷，要具有哲理启发性。如同欣赏一支优美的乐曲，曲虽终但余音缭绕，给人留下无穷的韵昧。你看，在上面一段文字中，作者在结尾巧妙发问，引发读者思考，将文章的意蕴加以深化。体现出作者思考的深刻性与独特性。

不同的话有不同的影响，不同的角度有不同的视野，不同的哈哈镜有不同的成像，不同的心情会有不同的行动，不同的花有不同的花香和样子，不同的评价造就孩子不同的命运。何必要让自己狭小的视角不公地评价一个人、伤害一个人，何必要熄灭风中的烛光，何必要让所有的孩子都成为一个模子里刻出来的无个性的模型?(选自湖北省中考满分文《哈哈镜中的我》)

技巧点拨：这段结尾针对老师的评语表达了自己的看法，先用排比句的形式说明每一个学生都有自己的个性，老师不必磨灭学生个性，最后再以问句结束，启示人们进行思考，深化了文章的内涵。

技巧四：引用佳句，多姿多彩

“野芳发而幽香，佳木秀而繁阴，风霜高洁，水落而石出”，2017年来，生活让我懂得了放弃!为了我的理想，为了更多的人可以读书，我必须放弃!(选自广州中考满分文《从天空想到的》)

想到这里，我又记起了一位名人说过的一句话：“身边的书多着呢，只要发觉，肯定会学到很多……”(选自陕西中考满分文《阅读身边的人》)

明日歌中说：“明日复明日，明日何其多，我生待明日，万事成蹉跎……”希望大家能把握今天，创造出美好的明天。(选自四川内江中考满分文《创造美好的明天》)

佐拉说：“人生――只有两分半种的时间，一分种微笑、一分种叹息、半分种的爱……”在我看来，在我陶醉于欣赏母亲的梳妆中，那一分钟的微笑不是勉强，那一分钟的叹息之后不再是叹息，而是爱的传递，母亲将她对生命的爱，对生活的爱，对亲人的爱融于平日的点滴中，我忘情天其中了……(选自吉林省中考满分文《陶醉》)

技巧点拨：古今中外，名言佳句很多，作文结尾之时，若能巧妙引用，定能使文章增色许多。这里列举几例分别引用了诗文佳句、名人言论，既增添了文采又加深了文章的意境。效果很好，同学们应加以学习，此外，引用的范围可大些，如俗语、谚语、流行歌词等均可引用。

技巧五：抒情议论，气势不凡

其实宁静就是那么简单，一个浅浅的微笑，一句贴心的话语，一颗能包含一切的心灵，足以使一张紧绷的脸松弛开来，让笑容在人们脸上轻轻地绽开，那笑容就如徜徉在天边的云朵，轻轻地点缀着那片蔚蓝的天，清新而自然，(选自广州中考满分文《从天空想到的》)

春光似海，青春如花。青春是美丽的，美丽的青春在于奋斗，在于拼搏。愿天下的人们都能让自己的青春绽放出花一样的馨香!(选自吉林省中考满分文《花样年华》)

技巧点拨：这两段文字发于心，出于情，运用排比、比喻修辞，以优美的文字抒发内心真实情感，并配以适当的议论，使文章结尾气势不凡，强劲有力。

技巧六：景物烘托，情景合一

风停了，暴雨也结束了，太阳重新露出了笑容，两代人的那扇玻璃也被那片残阳熔化了。太阳在远处逐渐隐去，消失在一片晚霞中，两者混为一体，没有距离。(选自广州中考满分文《雨中品读》)

技巧点拨：这段结尾的特点十分突出，景物烘托的作用也很明显，小作者通过对雨后景物的描写暗示了两代人之间情感隔阂的消失，情与景有机地结合在了一起。含蓄隽永。余味无穷。

此刻，一缕阳光从外面射进病房，我感到自已真像一棵受伤的小树沐浴着它。呵，成长的路上，虽然风云莫测，但是阳光毕竟很好!我想。(选自湖北省仙桃市中考满分文《在阳光下成长》)

技巧点拨：这段结尾突出阳光的作用，将阳光与成长结合在一起，暗示自己成长道路虽不平坦但充满阳光，表达出一种乐观向上的情绪。既照应了主旨，又显得情韵深厚。

文章摘要：经过我的一个个发明人类的社会将会更加美好?要是煮熟了放在碗里，像泄了气的皮球一样软软的。中考作文写作技巧及方法天兵天将不是很威风吗。谁叫他敬酒不吃吃罚酒呀；By——熙瑞。”“大姨允许你玩一会儿。月眼睁睁的看着雨倒下了，就倒在自己身前；你不会让老师失望的，对吧。

1.严谨的布局：

正所谓万事开头难，不过只要开了个好头，这篇作文就会很好写了。

凤头：是文章的首段，是阅卷老师首先入眼的地方，一定要做好整篇文章的中心把握，要做到下文与首段上下连贯，紧密结合，要通过开头使下文有可写之处，开头要达到让阅卷老师耳目一新的效果。例如，巧用排比，比喻，拟人等修辞手法，并且通过这些修辞手法，而统领全文主旨。

猪肚：在一篇上好的文章中，分段都会恰到好处，而当文章中只有一大段或两三段时，这篇文章即使文采再出众，也不会有太高的分数，因为阅卷老师在中考判卷时，每三分钟就要判出一份作文，工作量相当大，如果不善于分段，阅卷老师可能失去耐心，从而看不完，就会草草的给出分数。所以，在我看来，一篇文章至少要分6-8个段，但不是一行或几行一段，而是要看起来像豆腐块，一块块整齐的排列在一起，使文章紧中有松，松弛有度。要看上去整篇文章是一个整体，而不是零散的。

豹尾：在文章的最后处，应当让主题更突出鲜明，升华主题思想，使豹尾抽起来!或让人感到峰回路转，柳暗花明或更进一步的特殊效果。在文章末尾，应当再次点题，紧扣中心思想，让贯穿始终的中心思想继续延伸，引人深思。特别是要在结尾处，与开头形成呼应，对比，递进等等，来引发阅读老师的共鸣!

2.细腻的文笔：不管是记叙，议论还是散文;不管是写人写事还是写景。都要用细腻的文笔呈现出来，使文章中点更突出，让阅卷老师在看试卷的过程中，有深思，放慢阅读速度和重复阅读的情况出现，让阅卷老师身临其境，从而使文章更具灵性。

3.贯穿始终的思想感情：在一篇布局格式上很得当，错落有致的文章上，还必须要有一条贯穿始终的思想路线，这条线就像鱼的脊椎一样重要，这条线一定要清晰，明确，千万不可含混不清。

把握好这几点，一篇好的中考作文已经大致成型，不过要想在中考中脱颖而出，这仅仅是开始。

苏东坡的名句：“横看成林侧成峰，远近高低各不同”，告诉我们善于变换角度，会见到不同的景象。文章的“变脸”在于根据题意在视角上做到寻找与选择的问题。首先是要寻找感觉和记忆，选取那些能激起写作冲动的材料。其次是选择角度，如果你对每个视角以及具体内容都掌握了，那么就可以从中选一个最适合的，反之选择的范围就极有限。

例文《头发之美》是写母爱的伟大，这类文章已有许多人写过了。但本文作者却寻找与选择了母亲头发的视角来作描写与渲染，写出了新意。你看，母亲的头发散发出柠檬草的清香，但随着岁月的流逝，黑发中冒出了白发，就如自己成长的烙印，那头发之美就蕴含在母亲是帮着撑起我世界的人，那头发间柠檬草的香味依然迷人。读罢全文，母爱的伟大是多么富有震撼力和感染力。由此可见，抓住人物的某个特征来变换视角，其表情达意的效果会迥然不同。

例文：头发之美

我俯下身，闻到你头发里柠檬草的清香，妈妈，每当我一遍一遍用手指抚过你发丝的时候，我总觉得，那头发是世间的美丽。

小时候，我头发长及腰处，你每天早早地帮我把头发打理好。你用梳子在温水里浸一下。一下一下地理着我的长发。我总是一梳就叫疼，你却总是无动于衷地继续着。

流年偷换，我的长发如杂草般疯长，我把它剪了。你常站在镜子前面，拔弄着你齐耳的短发。你叹口气说，哎，有白头发了，我那一刻只是很吃惊。我的妈妈，怎样的妈妈，我从心里发出了深情的呼唤。我是一个受了委屈回家就抱着妈妈哭的人，没事就撒娇和妈妈粘在一起的人，我的世界永远被她撑着。你的眼神不必游离，不必逃避，我已读懂你眼里的伤悲，还有你若隐若现的浅笑轻颦。

直到我帮你拔头发的时候，那时，我真不敢相信我掀开你头发深处时，会有那么多的白头发冒出来，白头发，我讨厌这三个亵渎的字眼。你怎么……我的声音有几分颤抖。“太辛苦了”，你说得如此轻松，淡定。我不敢动你的头发，我怕弄痛了你，我又想起小时候你帮我梳头的样子，很久以后我才发现，觉得梳子好重。我觉得我该补回你些什么，我的头发，岁月或快乐。

我情不自禁说，妈妈，你以前有没有留过长发呀。你说，当然，还很喜欢留长头发。自古女子，无不惜发如金，但又有谁可以偷溜过岁月的羁绊。你如今头上丝丝的白发，就如我成长的烙印，一点一滴，你用你的光辉色彩，来润色我的岁岁年年，不过，不要皱眉头，不要伤感，那才是最最美丽的。那像是中国画中的皱笔，棱角分明，墨韵淋漓其中浅吟低唱。那又如一种烟淡云疏的滋味，濡染着你发间的香气，使发丝更加轻盈。

少壮能几时，鬓发各已苍。所以，那很美丽，如琵琶乐曲。就算哪一天，黑发会沦为一片空白，也将是我心中的一片圣洁。就像你永远是我的好妈妈，帮着撑起我世界的人。

让我们回到开头：我俯下身，闻到你头发间柠檬草的香味，其实，那头发是世间的美丽。

中考马上就要到来了，语文迷小编为大家整理提供中考英语写作万能句子，赶紧来看看吧。

1. 不用说…… It goes without saying that … = (It is) needless to say (that) …

= It is obvious that …

例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

2. 在各种……之中，…… Among various kinds of …， … /= Of all the …， …

例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, …

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that …

例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwans economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

We shouldnt spend too much time on something we arent interested in.

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：那至少可以证明你很诚实。

At least it will prove how honest you are.

8. 状语从句

A)如果你不……，你就会…… If you dont …， youll …

例︰If you dont keep working hard, youll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

B) 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不 I think / I dont think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesnt think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式， S + 现在完成式。

例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。

考场作文有时间限制，有字数要求，要想达到优秀作文的标准，就必须惜时、高效、力求语言生动、中心突出。作为“风头”的开头，更是有着至关重要的作用。下面结合近年来中考作文，介绍几种考场作文的开头方式：

一、 概述法：

从婴儿的“呱呱”坠地到哺育他长大成人，父母们花去了多少的心血和汗水，编织了多少个日日夜夜;从上小学到初中，乃至大学，又有多少老师为他呕心沥血，默默奉献着光和热，燃烧着自己，点亮着他人。

——《一颗感恩的“心”》

开头概述一个人的成长花费了父母老师等多个人的心血，引出下文“感恩是发自内心的、需要满怀敬重的、有意义的”三个分论点，结尾再点“拥有一颗感恩的心给个人带来的影响。”号召大家心存感恩。是典型的并列式结构作文，思路清晰，中心突出，在考场作文中最常见。

二、 假设式：

也许，你只是理所当然地享受着父母的关爱，从而从无心注意他们两鬓上日益斑白的发丝;也许，你只是运用自己过人的智慧，将商场上的对手打得狼狈不堪，甚至倾家荡产。而此时，你会说，“这是竞争”，而你可曾想，这会招来更多的“虎视眈眈”。

也许，你只是为了自己的一些蝇头小利，而欺诈行骗，到头来众叛亲离，而你却只管喜滋滋地沉醉于自己苦心得来的“战利品”上。

也许……

也许，在自己心中的舞台上，你一直是一个独舞者。

——《心的舞台》

本文为了表现“心有多大，舞台有多大”这一主题，开头运用了发散式思维，设想了生活中存在的几种现象，点其危害——“他将永远生活在‘自我’当中，直至孤独地死去。”从反面切入正文，摆事实，讲道理，结尾点出中心。这样贴合生活，使论述集中有力量。

三、 特写式：

好大的落地窗户!我看到阳光从窗口射进屋里，微微有些刺眼。眯起眼睛，我看到了那熟悉的精灵在你额角闪烁光亮，在阳光下那般绚丽……

——《劳动代表“我爱你”》

本文记叙了小时候妈妈为我操劳，长大了我也学着为妈妈做力所能及的事情，全文紧紧围绕“劳动代表‘我爱你’”这一中心，开头即用特写镜头，写妈妈额头的汗水晶莹闪烁，从一个巧妙的角度切入了正文。

四、 回忆式：

开头：芒果的芳香每每飘入我的鼻子，萦绕在我周围时，我便想起了那最好的奖赏。此时，奶奶的爱就如芒果的芳香，萦绕在我心中，充盈着我的心房……

结尾：又是一个夏季，芒果又熟了，那一个个金黄的芒果又唤起了我深深的思念。芒果的香味越来越浓，正如奶奶的爱，那是奶奶给我的最好奖赏。

——《最好的奖赏》

因一件事物引出回忆，中间叙述事情，结尾回扣开头。这种倒叙式写法在不少课文里能够见到。往往能起到叙事感人、主题集中的效果。

五、“开门见山”式：

我们应该学会赏识、赞美他人，努力去挖掘他人的闪光点。

同是一棵树，有的人看到满树的郁郁葱葱，而有的人却只看到树梢上的毛毛虫。

为什么同样一件事物，会产生两种截然不同的结果呢?原因就在于有的人懂得赏识、赞美，而有的人只会用挑剔、指责的眼光看待事物。

——《学会赏识、赞美他人》

本文开门见山提出论点，并在下文举出因为受到他人赏识而成功的例子。进而提出：怎样才能做到赏识赞美别人呢?把论证引向深入。

六、 欲扬先抑式：

春天是诗意的，美丽的，但我一直不喜欢春天。

——《又见枝头吐新芽》

作者为什么不喜欢春天呢?原因是自己就出生在春天，且被大家公认为是“丑女”。全文写自己如何用智慧重塑自尊，终于迎来了属于自己的春天——学习上争创优秀，演讲比赛第一名。用“我明白了人生的意义，我不丑。”结尾。感情跌宕起伏，文章有新意。

七、 直抒胸臆式：

从懂事起，我一直觉得爸爸很伟大——不管是“海拔”一米八三的身材，还是在我心中的形象。在曾经的一段失去半边依靠的日子里，是爸爸天天拉扯着我，他的疼爱、他的教诲让我终于长大懂事，我怎能不感谢他?

——《温馨的爱》

开头用议论抒情的表达方式直接抒发对爸爸的敬仰和爱，饱含感情，语言有感染力。为下文叙事奠定了感情基调。

八、 比兴式：

因为有了重重磨练，幼鹰才能展开双翅飞向广阔的蓝天;因为有了次次磨练，小树才能茁壮成长，追求更高的世界;因为有了番番磨练，梅花才能傲雪凌霜散发出沁人的清香……

——《梅花香自苦寒来》

比兴手法起源于《诗经》，“先言它物以引起所咏之辞也。”(www.fwsir.com)在作文中也叫“类比”。由写物开头，自然过渡到写人。起到生动新鲜的效果。

古人在谈到结尾时常以“豹尾”为标准，是指结尾时笔法要简结、明快、干净利落，犹如豹尾劲扫，响亮有力，给读者以咀嚼回味的余地。

一、自然收束水到渠成

技巧点拨：所谓自然结束式，是指把文章内容表达完了之后，自然而然地收束全文，而不去设计蕴意深刻的哲理语句，不去雕琢丰富的象征形体，以事情的终结作全文的结尾，干净利落，不枝不蔓。

如《一堂有趣的科学课》是这样结局的：“下课铃声响了，当同学们恋恋不舍地放下手中的实验时，一个个不由自主地埋怨道：“怎么搞的，这节课时间这么短!”

二、卒章显志画龙点睛

技巧点拨：这种结尾方式，是指在文章结束时，以全文的内容为依托，运用简洁的语言，把主题思想明确地表达出来，或者在全文即将煞尾时，把写作意旨交待清，使文章中心鲜明突出。

如一同学在写《承诺》时这样结尾：“无论在人生中会遇到什么样的困难，都永远不会放弃，做一个生活的强者——这就是我的承诺。”

三、首尾呼应凸显主旨

技巧点拨：首尾呼应是考场作文中最实用的方法之一，一般情况是作者先在开头提出文章的中心，然后在结尾时再次强调，照应开头，首尾遥相呼应，结构完整，浑然一体，从而使文章的中心鲜明突出，能唤起读者心灵上的美感。

荆州中考满分文《把梦想带给花季》的开头和结尾

(开头)“都说生活的船不能没有理想的帆，都说生活的理想就是为了理想的生活，而理想的生活中最快乐的时光，便是梦想的花季

(结尾)花季中，我希望自己能永远记住先哲的那句良训：生活的船不能没有理想的帆。生活的理想就是为了理想的生活。”

《战胜自己》的开头和结尾：(开头)：“善于战胜自己，这是我的长处。这个“自己”，是害怕困难缺少勇气的自己，成功时很得意洋洋的自己。 (结尾)：善于战胜自己，这就是我的长处。困难前面不失掉信心，要有勇气战胜之：成功时不趾高气扬，要看到缺点，保持冷静的头脑。”

四、引用佳句多姿多彩

技巧点拨： 用名言、警句、诗句、俗语、歌词等收尾，洋溢着诗意，揭示着真谛，呈现出含意深刻的耐人寻味的内容，使之深深地印在读者的心中，意味深长。

吉林省中考满分文《陶醉》的结尾：(“佐拉说：“人生——只有两分半种的时间，一分种微笑、一分种叹息、半分种的爱……”在我看来，在我陶醉于欣赏母亲的梳妆中，那一分钟的微笑不是勉强，那一分钟的叹息之后不再是叹息，而是爱的传递，母亲将她对生命的爱，对生活的爱，对亲人的爱融于平日的点滴中，我忘情天其中了…”)

如一同学如此写《美好的明天》的结尾：(明日歌中说：“明日复明日，明日何其多，我生待明日，万事成蹉跎……”希望大家能把握今天，创造出美好的明天。)

五、巧妙发问引人深思

技巧点拨：一篇好的文章做到言有尽而意无穷，要具有哲理启发性。如同欣赏一支优美的乐曲，曲虽终但余音缭绕，给人留下无穷的韵昧。结尾以发问的形式提出问题，启发读者思考，具有感染、强调的作用，可谓言有尽而意无穷。

如有同学这样写《我的语文老师》结尾：“难道我的语文老师不是一个称职的好老师吗?你见过这样的老师吗?” 如：自然的色、自然的香、自然的味、自然的美，这一切都源于自然。自然是伟大的。是神奇的。它与生活是那么的近，那么的紧。品味自然，不就同品味生活了吗?

六、联想引申多姿多彩

技巧点拨：结尾展开联想，由此及彼，由表及里，使主题得到升华。

如某同学写《花》的结尾：“多姿多彩的花朵在校园里尽情绽放，也在我的心里播下了种子……”

七、抒发情感气势不凡

技巧点拨：用抒情的方式收束文章，运用排比、比喻修辞，以优美的文字抒发内心真实情感，并配以适当的议论，使文章结尾气势不凡，强劲有力。能够表达作者心中的情愫，激起读者情感的波澜，引起读者的共鸣，给人以真实感、充足感。

如吉林省中考满分文《花样年华》的结尾：“春光似海，青春如花。青春是美丽的，美丽的青春在于奋斗，在于拼搏。愿天下的人们都能让自己的青春绽放出花一样的馨香!” 《公园里的秋色》：“啊!我爱那迷人的秋色，我爱秋姑娘送给大地妈妈的一件衣服——秋天。”

八、景物烘托情景合一

技巧点拨：采用描写景物结尾，如同欣赏一支优美的乐曲，曲虽终但余音缭绕，给人留下无穷的韵昧。

如广州中考满分文《雨中品读》：“风停了，暴雨也结束了，太阳重新露出了笑容，两代人的那扇玻璃也被那片残阳熔化了。太阳在远处逐渐隐去，消失在一片晚霞中，两者混为一体，没有距离。” [ 这段结尾的特点十分突出，景物烘托的作用也很明显，小作者通过对雨后景物的描写暗示了两代人之间情感隔阂的消失，情与景有机地结合在了一起。含蓄隽永。余味无穷。 ]

例如《雨季》的结尾：雨停了，阳光放射出他温柔的光芒，天空中出现了彩虹，犹如一座七彩的桥架在天宇，我心也变得纯洁、明净。

九、启发思考意犹未尽

技巧点拨：即作者用恰当的词语组织形成句子，结尾给读者留下思考余地，让人有所启迪，获得感悟，可谓情韵深厚。

如一同学写的寓言《狐狸和乌鸦续》结尾：“乌鸦遇事不冷静思考，盲目听信狐狸，结果又上当了。”[这引起了读者的深深思考：不论做什么事，要学会冷静思考，明辨是非。]

十、出人意料戛然而止

技巧点拨：这种结尾不是按照故事情节的通常逻辑，来处理人物或事情的结局，而是用意想不到的结局戛然而止，让人在目瞪口呆之余，不禁感叹作者的奇思妙想、生活的千变万化。

如某同学创造性地写《龟兔赛跑续》：正当乌龟为自己的聪明而夺得冠军沾沾自喜时，裁判宣布了一个令大家非常意外的结果——兔子赢了。原来，比赛的规则是比赛谁跑得慢。

十一、含蓄深刻余味无穷

技巧点拨：含蓄结尾写法，就是把要说的话、表达的真情隐藏起来，使文章结尾留有空白，常采用比喻、象征手法和空白艺术，耐人寻味，给人留下无穷的想象余地，使人浮想联翩，能把读者引向更深远的境地，有“余音绕梁，三日不绝”之奇效。

如《挑山工》一文的结尾：从泰山回来，我画了一幅画——在陡直的似乎没有尽头的山道上，一个穿红背心的挑山工给肩头的重物压弯了腰，他一步一步向上登攀。这幅画一直挂在我的书桌前，多年来不曾换掉，因为我需要它。

十二、升华主题揭示本质

技巧点拨：所谓升华主题，就是在主题的基础上自然延伸，透过现象，揭示本质，丰富和深化主旨内涵，

如《母亲》的结尾：“谁言寸草心，报得三春晖。”我的母亲就是这样一位无私的伟大的母亲。然而，她是我们千千万万劳动人民中的一员，正是这些劳动人民才创造了这个美丽世界。我们要发奋学习，将来用实际行动来报答祖国和人民。[作者将自己的个人感情和普通劳动人民系在一起，表达赞美之情，立意深远。]

作文结尾方法千万，不管怎样落笔，都应与正文一线相生，不可缺痕。古人云：“结句当如撞钟，清音有余。”可见，文章的结尾关键要有丰富深厚的内容，经得起咀嚼，能启发读者想象和思考，达到“余音绕梁，三日不止”的境地。

1.1词汇方面

如果把写英语作文比作建楼房的话，英语词汇在英语写作中起着砖、瓦的作用，是句子的最基本的组成部分，所以词汇是我们高中英语教学中的重点，单词听写是课堂教学必不可少的一个环节，但学生的词汇量毕竟有限，遇到问题时，便会用汉语词汇去补充英语词汇的空缺。

例如：交通十分繁忙。误：The traffic is busy. 正：The traffic is heavy.

她和一位教授结婚了。误：She married with a professor.

正：She married a professor.

英语词语的词义往往比较复杂，并和汉语有着一定区别。这种不同就会会导致学生仅把写作当作一词一句的翻译来做，结果是事倍功半。

1.2语法方面

英语中难点就是时态，语态的掌握。英语中常用时态共十六种，语态分为主动语态与被动语态，语气有陈述语气与虚拟语气之分。不同的时态有它特有的句法结构。如现在进行时态使用be＋v－ing形式来表示。现在完成时则用have／has ＋p．p来表示。一般将来时则用shall／will／be going to＋v来表示。英语中时间意义的表达是通过动词的时和体来加以反映，而汉语中不存在时、体等，汉语则依靠表示时间的副词（如“曾经”、“正在”、“已经”、“将要”）作状语，或利用虚词“了”、“着”、“过”等作补语这一语法手段来体现，动词本身无任何变化。在英语中，“already”和“ever”常常用在完成时态之中，不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。学生常常把上述句子错译成“Yesterday I have been to the park．”“Five years ago，they have known each other．”又如在英语中，我们常常用否定前置来

Winter solstice is the earliest Chinese festival, call it yesterday, as early as the han dynasty had formed when we are familiar with todays twenty-four solar terms. Twenty-four solar terms, every 15 days for a throttle, a throttle is divided into three. As the winter solstice is divided into "hou earthworms knot; 2 hou elk horn, three HouShuiQuan move." Are the ancients from traditional agricultural production routine. Fade as the farming civilization, modern agriculture is affected by season is not very big, such as the vegetables all the year round in the greenhouses, traditional throttle effect on guidance and restriction of agricultural farming is also a little bit fade.

People now pay more attention to the throttle keeping in good health, in winter it was the season of supplements. After spring, summer, autumn three season, the body organs need to enter a state of rest during the winter, physical consumption in winter supplements in the past. Left the teacher said, so also have "winter signings, dozen tiger next year" the proverb.

冬至是中国最早的节日，称之为冬节，早在汉代时候已经形成了我们今天熟悉的二十四节气。二十四节气，每十五天为一个节气，一个节气分为三候。如冬至分为“一候蚯蚓结;二候麋角解，三候水泉动。”都是以古人从传统农业生产生活规律中总结出来的。随着农耕文明逐渐消退，现代农业受季节的影响不是很大，比如大棚里的菜一年四季都可以吃到，传统节气对农业种田的辅导和制约作用也在一点点消退。

现在的人们更多关注的是节气养生，冬季也是进补的季节。经历春夏秋三季后，身体各个器官在冬季需要进入休息的状态，过去身体上的消耗在冬天进补。左老师说，因此也有“冬季进补，来年打虎”的俗语。

什么是点题？点题，就是在恰当的地方用简明扼要的语句点明题意，揭示的主旨，暗示全文的脉络层次。点题之笔，在诗歌中又称之为“诗眼”，在中又称之为“文眼”。

点题，是获取“保险”分的“奠基石”；点题，不仅是写作水平一般的同学的法宝，而且也是想要获取高分甚至满分的考生的妙招；点题，是挽救离题文的“救命草”，能有效防止中心不明或游离，避免无中心、多中心、材料不支持中心等现象。

高考作文不喜欢含蓄，这与阅卷工作时间紧、任务重有关，正如某省高考作文阅卷组组长说：“高考作文，要多一点‘二锅头’，少一点‘碧螺春’！二锅头——我国北方的一种烈性酒，一口下去，两眼冒火，浑身发热。碧螺春——此茶需要慢慢地品味，快喝猛喝是喝不出滋味来的。”高考作文必须有很强的‘视觉冲击力’。让阅卷老师在瞬间被它吸引，被它打动。‘犹抱琵琶’，太曲折，太含蓄，都是高考作文的大忌。“考场作文的立意不仅要准确，而且还应该在行文时将其显豁地展现出来，在作文中要不断提到话题，点明你的行文和话题的关系，引领读者随你的思维而去。”“有时候一个关键词、一句关键性的话，就会救活一篇高考作文！这是未曾阅卷的朋友想象不到的！”

一、标题点题。

拟写的标题切合题意，让阅卷老师一眼就能知道的主旨。像《别让孩子成为时尚的受害者》（江苏）、《成败皆因常识》（广东）、《选择适合自己的路》（河北）、《三月陌上花自开》（山东）、《心中的乡情不会随时间风化》（山东）等无不是紧扣题意的精彩妙题。

如果标题看起来与题意关系不大，赶快补救。如四川满分作文《乌云晴日上，清流暗礁藏——忘记与铭记》，就采用了副标题的形式，点明了题意，不会让阅卷老师因费解引发反感。

二、首尾点题。

开篇（包括题记）便点明题义，卒章显“题”。

把点题的句子放在醒目的位置。如果是前面的内容很少提到话题甚至有偏题的嫌疑，那最后的亡羊补“题”就显得更为重要了。高考高分作文往往都是很重视首尾点题的。例如四川某考生的《熟悉》的开头和结尾：

（开头）生活如美人的脸，总是半遮半掩。没有人生来就对生活熟悉。我们在生活的小路上对事物总是由不熟悉继而变为熟悉。人们常说，熟能生巧，我们就应该只掌握熟悉的，放弃一切新的事物而止步不前？

（结尾）没有人一生下来就对生活熟悉。渐渐地，我们所熟悉的事物越来越多。此时，不妨放下熟悉的事情，去挑战新的事物，让自己的人生不在熟悉而无味中度过，而描绘出自己不一样的多彩人生！

三、中间醒目处点题

首尾点题固然很重要，但我们也不能把中间的主体段落给忘了。在中间的关键处、醒目处适当地来上几个点题的句子，常常可起到提纲挈领、突出主旨的作用，同时也是在不断提醒阅卷老师，我是紧扣话题作文的。这应该是最醒目的点题方式。

1、运用主旨句点题。

这些主旨句可以领起全段，也可以用独立成段的形式表达。例如湖南某考生《踮起脚尖》在的中间部分采用了三个主旨句“踮起脚尖，感受大自然的美丽”“踮起脚尖，谱写人间的真爱”“踮起脚尖，成就完的美人生”“踮起脚尖，就更靠近阳光”点题，收到了题义凸显、引领全篇、脉络清晰、层次分明的效果。

2、运用小标题点题。

使用小标题点题，既能彰显文意，又使得结构清晰，让人一目了然，给人好感。例如四川考生优秀作文《挺立前行》采用了“司马迁·不屈”“朱元璋·奋进”“康熙·勇敢”三个小标题，既有力地诠释了话题，又引领下文，纲举目张，一箭双雕。

3、点题句分析论据。

议论文中，叙述完事例论据后，如果能紧扣话题进行适当地分析议论，既能避免罗列事例、文体不清的毛病，又能起到画龙点睛、突出中心的作用。如广东省高考一号标文《情与理的抉择》，在简单叙述完郑培民的事例后，紧接着来了几句议论分析，“感情亲疏，并没影响郑培民清醒认识到自己是人民的公仆，他没有因为个人利益而抛弃为人民服务的宗旨，依旧踏实勤恳、无私奉献。他们父子的这种高洁情操，在当今社会实属难得”，只短短两句话，可它把事例与话题紧紧连在一起了。

另外，还要注意扣题的两种方式：明扣和暗扣。议论文则多采用明扣，记叙文、散文、小小说要明暗结合。如果标题或话题是比喻型的，则一定要把明扣和暗扣紧紧结合起来。

英文写作是一种综合能力训练，临阵磨枪是不能取得好成绩的，也是不可取的，应该重视平时的英语作文训练。下面是小编帮大家整理的英语写作教学方法，希望大家喜欢。

高考英语作文占25分，有着不可忽视的比重，它足可以说明写作教学在高中英语教学中占有相当重要的位置。然而高考现状却不乐观，部分学生由于平时缺乏足够的训练，所以对英语写作要么感到无从下手，充满畏难情绪，胡乱写些英语单词或不着边际的句子充当字数，权作心理慰藉；要么用词不当，构句无章，错误频出，行文不流畅，表达不地道，无写作质量可言。如何提高学生的写作水平和促进写作教学呢？笔者认为应注意下列几个问题：

一、注重写作教学的基本训练阶段

语言教学最高层次是应用。英语属于结构语言，它有自己的基本句型、固定搭配、固定短语等，这些都是不可变的，要想在写作中用上它们，用好它们，必须加强这方面的基本训练。首先，加强五种基本句型结构教学。几乎所有的英语句型都是五种句型的扩大、延伸或变化，因此训练学生“写”就要抓住五种基本句型的训练，让他们把这五种基本句型记牢，不断运用。五种基本句型是：

(1)S＋V；

(2)S＋V＋O；

(3)S＋V＋O＋O；

(4)S＋V＋P；

(5)S＋V＋O＋C。

五种基本句型虽然能表达一定的意思，但无法比较自由地表达思想，因此还必须对学生进一步进行扩句训练，在课堂上充分发挥学生的想像力，进行扩句练习。其次，加强句型教学，要对一些句子进行分析，增强他们利用各种句子进行一意多种表达的训练。再次，充分利用新教材中“巩固语言的练习，”对学生进行基本语感的训练。

二、注重写作训练的多样化

听、说、读、写四种技能是相互依赖的，说的能力有赖于听的能力，进而有助于写作。听是理解和吸收口头信息的手段。听和读是输入，只有达到足够的输入量，才能保证学生具有较好的说和写的输出能力。因此，在日常的教学中要注重写作训练的多样化。

首先，在Dialogue的教学中，除了听录音、对话、表演和编写相似的对话外，还要求学生把对话改写成一段短文，这样就要求学生在变成短文的过程中，注意时态、语态、人称和前后的逻辑关系，从而为写作打下基础。

其次，在Reading教学中，回答问题时要求学生必须用自己的语言，且人称、时态要做相应的变化，这样既能搞懂本意，又能用同义句表达，提高了表达能力。还要让学生用课文中的词组进行复述，学生复述课文不是件容易的事，既要把握课文中的重点，逻辑关系，又要用自己的语言把主要内容表达出来。这样既锻炼了他们组织篇章结构、句子与句子之间逻辑关系的能力，又提高了语言的精炼度，使自己的写作能力有了很快地提高。

再次，在“Listening”教学中，除了让学生听懂做完听力练习之外，还让他们把练习作为guide进行复述听力材料，有时还让他们写在作文本上。

三、注重写作训练的规范化

高中起始阶段的写作训练，培养学生的写作模式是非常重要的。我按教师用书上说明的写作步骤，即：①构思(讨论题目)；②写提纲(理顺思想的逻辑关系)；③起草(打草稿)；④校订(检查错误，重新安排内容)；⑤修改(定稿)。对学生进行写作模式的训练。这样看起来比较麻烦，但避免了反复，养成了好的写作习惯。再就是书写和文体格式要规范。严格要求学生正确、端正、熟练地书写字母、单词和句子，注意大小写和标点符号，养成良好的书写习惯。。同时对各种文体特点、格式要讲清楚，使学生熟悉规范的书面表达形式，用正确的标准评析和规范自己的书面表达。

四、注重教师的指导作用

教师批改是写作教学的有机组成部分，批改过程中，教师的指导作用就在于肯定学生的成绩，指出错误，给学生以恰当的评价。但在批改过程中，如果抓住学生的错误不放，有错必纠，改到最后，就变成了教师自己的作品；如果对错误视而不见，写得再多也收效甚微。我根据教学实践，对于新教材中的“有指导的写”的写作训练，规定学生限时写完，同桌、前后桌互相批改，重新行文，再上交。这样批改起来就非常轻松，而且典型错误，很容易找出，有利于讲评。对于新教材中的“自由写作”训练，我指导学生弄清主题，抓住要点，组词造句，安排好顺序，过渡到段落形成短文，多用熟悉的单词和句型，多用五种基本句型表达。然后让学生共同研究，互相评论写好的草稿，以便最后写出修改的稿子来，这就有助于减轻教师修改作业的负担，也有利于学生写作水平的提高。

总之，英文写作是一个学生综合能力的书面体现，是一个长期复杂的训练过程。因此，培养学生的写作能力不能一蹴而就，而要在平时从学生的实际水平出发，有目的、有计划、有要求、有检查、有反馈地进行，由易到难，循序渐进。只有这样，到高考时才能做到厚积薄发、思如泉涌、下笔如有神。

在小学阶段，孩子们经常写的作文无非就是一些写景状物的，还有记录一件事情的作文，但是，要想在这简单的作文中拿到比较高的分数也不是那么容易的。下面，就和小编一起来看一看小学生记事作文的写作技巧，希望对大家有帮助！

怎样记叙好一件简单的事:

一、要交代清楚事情发生的地点、时间;

要把事情的经过、因果写明白。

一件事，总离不开时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等六个方面的内容，因此，只有把这些方面写清楚了，才能使别人明白你写了一件什么事。

然而，交代这六个方面内容不应该呆板，要根据文章的需要灵活掌握。

时间、地点也并不是非要直接点明不可的，有时候可以通过描述自然景物的特征及其变化。

将它们间接表示出来。如“鸡喔喔叫了起来”，就是指天将亮了：“西边的太阳就要落山了”，指的是傍晚，等等。

二、要把事情经过写具体，并做到重点突出。

在记叙文六个方面的内容中，起因、经过和结果，是构成事情最主要的环节。

为了把事情写得清楚、明白，在记叙中一定要写好事情的起因、经过和结果，特别要把事情的经过写具体，给人留下完整而深刻的印象。

三、记叙的条理要清晰。

一件事都有发生、发展和结果的过程，按照事情发展的顺序记叙，文章的条理就会清楚明白。

确定记叙的顺序以后，还要安排好段落层次。

适当地分段，可以使文章眉目清楚。

要做到记叙的条理分明，必须在动笔之前，仔细地想一想，文章应该先写什么，再写什么，然后写什么，把记叙的轮廓整理出来。

写记叙文，必须考虑哪些先写，哪些后写，安排好记叙的顺序，否则就会头绪杂乱，条理不清。

铭仁园高三话题类作文常用短语与句型荟萃(一)----旅游&交通

本话题主要包括：1.旅游；2.描述一次旅程；

针对本话题，高考命题人员可能会从以下角度来命题。

1.描述个人旅游经历 2. 谈旅行中的不文明现象 3 .太空旅游、生态旅游 4.度假方式的变化及其原因5.旅游计划的拟订、准备及注意事项 一、话题常用单词

1. travel/journey/trip/tour n.旅游，旅行 16. a group/organized tour n. 团体游

2. travel agency n. 旅行社 17. a self-driving tripn. 自驾游

3. guiden. 向导，导游 18. destinationn. 目的地

4. flight ticketn. 机票 19. sceneryn. 风景，景色

5. passport n. 护照 20. disadvantage n. 不利条件

6. visan.签证 21. insurancen. 保险

7. identity card(ID) 身份证 22. interesting/ funny/ exciting adj 有趣的

8. tent n. 帐篷 23. enjoyable令人愉快的

9. camp n&vi. 露营 24. memorable 令人难忘的

10. hoteln. 旅馆 25. attractive/fascinatingadj 迷人的

11. necessity n. 必需品 26. boring/dull/tiringadj.无聊的

12. schedule n. 计划表，日程表 27. well-organized adj 组织有序的

13. tourist attractions/places of interest 28. convenient adj 方便的，便利的 /scenic spots/sights旅游景点 29. crowded adj 拥挤的

14. DIY tour n. 自助游 30. severe/seriousadj 严重的 15. space tourism n. 太空旅游

二、话题常用短语

1. go on a wildlife tour/a hiking trip

参加野生动物之旅/去远足

2. be on holiday/a trip to sp 去某地度假/旅行

3. see sb off 送行

4. pay a visit to sp/sb 参观某地/拜访某人

5. show sb around 带领某人参观

6. set out/off 出发，启程

7. check in 登记住宿

8. check out 结账退房

9. have a good time/enjoy oneself/have fun 玩的开心

10. broaden one’s horizon/mind 开拓视野

11. eich one’s knowledge丰富知识

11. experience foreign culture 体验国外的文化

12. join a tour group参加旅游团 三、话题常用句型

1. He who travels far knows much. 远行者见闻多。

2. Travelling can eich our knowledge.旅游可以丰富我们的知识。

3. Travelling enables us to learn a lot that we cannot get from books 旅游可以使我们学到很多在书本上学不到的东西。

4. It’s my pleasure to tell you how to get to the Great Wall. 我很乐意告诉你如何到达长城。

5. Welcome to Sichuan. I feel it an honor to be your guide. 欢迎来到四川。我很荣幸能够担任你的导游。

6. I will keep you company to visit numerous places of interest.我将陪你去参加许多的名胜古迹

7. A visit to Sichuan will be an unforgettable experience. 到四川旅行将会令人难忘。

8. There are many places of interest in Sichuan, such as…四川有很多名胜古迹，比如…

9. Sichuan is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest.

四川有很多景点，并且享有很有世界著名的名胜古迹。

10. However, travelling may cause some problems. 然而，旅行可能会造成一些问题。

11. Great changes have taken place in the ways that people spend their holidays in the past decades. 在近几十年内，人们的度假方式已经发生了巨大的变化。

四、佳作欣赏

nick,将于八月来四川旅游，特来询问，有关旅游景点的情况，请根据，提供的要求写封回信，表示盼望他的到来

要点：1.旅游资源：许多世界著名的风景名胜，如九寨沟（海子：清澈见底，色彩斑斓）；都

江堰水利工程（2000年的历史，仍发挥作用） 2.相关信息： 气侯适宜，交通方便。

Dear Nick,

Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Projcet.

Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time. Im looking forward to your coming.

假设你是李华，父母答应你今年高三毕业后去美国进行为期10天的观光旅游。请你给美国网友Lucy 写一封电子邮件，咨询以下事情：1. 不随团旅游的食宿、交通等问题。2. 必看景点与时间安排 3. 邀请她到中国观光。

Dear Lucy

How are you doingMy parents have just promised me to make a 10-day tour of America after my graduation from senior high school this summer, which will be a good chance for me to experience American culture and practice my oral English.

As I don’t like to join a tour group, could you please offer me some advice on where to stay, what to eat and how to travel in such a short timeI would appreciate it if you could tell the must-see attractions and the time arrangement. Your advice will surely make my visit enjoyable and worthwhile.

Welcome to China at your convenience. Looking forward to your early reply.

范文二：文明旅游

有些旅游景点的文物景观遭到了严重的破坏，致使最近文明旅游的倡议越来越受重视，因此就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表看法。

内容包括：(1)谈谈对某些人喜欢在旅游景点随便涂鸦留言的看法;

(2)对专门修一段仿造城墙让游客付高价留言的做法你是赞成还是反对，并简要陈述你的理由。

It is reported that tourists to China’s Great Wall can now leave their mark on a fake(伪造的) wall recently built near the real wall in Badaling if they pay 999 yuan.

In China, many visitors have the hobby of carving graffiti on places of interest, especially on some famous cultural relics. Last year I went to the Great Wall and found many people had left names and ugly words on the Wall, which destroys many historic bricks. In my opinion, such people should feel ashamed of leaving their marks on the great relics which were created by our ancestors.

So personally, I quite agree with this brilliant project though it has caused criticism from some people. The Great Wall would be ruined one day if we didn’t take any steps to protect it. The fake wall is a really good idea because it will protect our relics as well as making profits from the project

话题作文是一个宽泛的作文命题，很多考生都不易把握，那么写好话题作文呢，下面整理了一些话题作文的写作技巧，希望对大家有所帮助!

一、化一为万

比如读书这个话题，有的同学尽管整日在书海中泛舟，但面对这一话题感觉还是有点单一，似乎无话可说。其实，只要打开思路，挖掘得法，有关读书的话题是一座取之不竭、掘之不尽的丰富宝藏。做到内容丰富是不难的，但你必须善于联想。围绕读书这个话题，你可以讲述读书的故事，奏响想书、买书、借书、偷书、读书中的小插曲;可以记叙读书的经历，见证读书陪伴成长的过程;可以介绍读书的方法，选书、精读与浏览，读书札记，经典诵读，读书与实践;可以品说读书的滋味，酸甜苦辣咸，味道各异，一一道来;可以漫谈读书的感受，读后感仁者见仁，智者见智;可以抒写读书的收获，书中自有为人之道、作文之法;可以渲染读书的陶醉，沉醉书海，自然如入仙境;可以推介所读的好书，或简叙书文内容，或罗列推荐理由;可以鉴评所读的书，赏析精彩片段，评价细小瑕疵;可以评价对书的态度，说长道短自有一番道理。如此等等，你尽可以选择其中一点进行作文

二、化浅为深

如我长大了这个文题，谁也不会在取材上发生困难，看样子真是浅得不能再浅了，但实际上，这个题的关键在于对长大的理解。如果在审题之中认为长大的含义只是生理、身体的变化或是学会了某种生活技能、能够料理自己、胆子变大了，或者能对付别人的欺负等等，那这种理解就很肤浅，写出来的文章在选材立意上也就上不了档次。如果说能够寓理于事，从不同的角度写出正处于花季年龄的初中生成长中的追求、向往、烦恼和困惑，以及对人生的初步认识，写出人生中的各种各样的责任感已经在心中出现，那么，这样的思考就是准确地把握了文题的含义。

三、化实为虚

如以风景为话题写作。写好这个话题，就要去拓宽思路，化实为虚。风景不仅指自然环境，还可指美好的人和事物。如生活中的风景随处可见;校园中寻求知识是一道富有诗意的风景;家庭中感受亲情是一道充满温馨的风景;社会上某一种新的、健康的气象是一道多彩多姿的风景;一个人冥思静想的意识中也会出现一种风景认真地想过这种种新风景后，我们再去构思自己的文章，显然就要高明得多。

四、化整为零

有一类作文命题先出材料再出题，所以必须先读后写。作为议论文，它可以是材料作文，但作为记叙文，它有时候只是暗示着一种作文的角度或者作文的方向，或者说是暗示要求表现的中心思想。请看下面这个作文试题：世界，充满七彩阳光，人生，充满美好向往，在通往理想的攀登之路上，每一步都弹奏着苦与乐的乐章。根据这首小诗的含义，以攀登为题写一篇不少于600字的文章，除诗歌以外文体不限。对这个文题，不论你写哪一种文体的文章，恐怕都得注意苦与乐这三个字，它是材料中暗示的方向。因此你在审题时必须先读懂材料，对材料进行化整为零，然后把材料中隐含的要点审出来。

五、化熟为生

有些看似很熟悉的题目，比如美在课余这个文题，可供取材的内容是不少的。其实这个题目有一个迷惑点，这个迷惑点在那个美字上。稍不注意，就会由于觉得这个文题似曾相识而忽视对美字的品读。由于没有抓住这个美字，就会写出丰富多彩的课余、好玩的课余、有趣的课余、热闹的课余等等内容，而就是没有突出这个美字。要记住，不管命题作文的形式多么复杂，你的眼睛要永远盯着它的题目。在熟悉的题目面前不要激动，不要以为它就是你做过的原题，仍要认真全面地审题。

六、化生为熟

先看试题：数百年前，一位聪明的老国王召集聪明的臣子，交代了一个任务：编一本《各时代智慧录》流传子孙。聪明的臣子工作了很长时间，完成了一本十二卷巨著。国王看后，认为书太厚，要求臣子把它浓缩一下。几经删减，浓缩为一本书。国王还认为太长。聪明的臣子把一本浓缩为一章，又把一章浓缩为一页，又把一页浓缩为一段，最后把一段浓缩为一句。国王看后，十分满意，说：这是各时代智慧的结晶，人们一旦知道了这个道理，我们担心的大部分问题就可以解决了。这句千锤百炼的话是：天下没有免费的午餐。请以天下没有免费的午餐为话题，自拟题目，自择文体，写一篇600字左右的文章。这个话题，是从材料中引出的，但是，材料不能作为作文的内容。原因是话题和材料没有因果关系。命题的这个特点，在审题时要明确，这样才能避免写作的失误。由于话题是一个比喻形式，所以在确定作文立意的时候，要明确比喻的具体含义。免费的午餐，这是西方人常用来说明没有付出就不会有收获的道理，即一切都要靠自己的奋斗才能获取。中国古代的寓言故事《守株待兔》也是说的这个意思。明确了话题的含义，就会化陌生为熟悉，就会有话可说。

作排比，造势磅礴

清代沈德潜说：“歌行起步，宜高唱而入，有‘黄河落天走东海’之势。”因此，作者 如果在文章的开头用整齐划一的句式或一连串的比喻、反问、拟人句，就会形成浩浩声势，增强感染力。如：

(1)我看见西子浣沙的涟漪，望见貂婵戏水的波澜，听到红拂袖水的誓言，闻到虞姬 临江的哀叹。水边的女人，永远带着那一份无悔，保持着那永不失去真彩的灵动。(江苏考生《水边的女人》)

(2)曾几何时，在众说纷纭中彷徨，找不到前进的方向;曾几何时，在他人的只语片 言中迷茫，缺一双飞离困惑的翅膀;曾几何时，没有选择坚守抑或听取的胆量，心中少一片照亮前路的阳光——朋友，别把心灰，别把气丧，请听取心灵对真善美的 呼唤，让心灵之灯为你导航!(江西考生《听取心灵的召唤》)

例3用一组语言诗化的排比句勾勒出一幅幅水边女人的画面。句式整齐，文势流畅，画 面清新，意境优美;例4连用三个“曾几何时”的句式构成排比，从反面极力渲染“迷途”的可怕，突出需要“心灵之灯”导航的重要性。这样铺排，形成气势，拨 人心弦。

(3)。种子冲破岩层的禁锢，迎向光明;雄鹰穿过风暴的阻遏，飞向云霄;骏马突破 级绳的束缚，奔驰原野;海燕则冲向更猛烈的暴风雨。(《摆脱束缚》)

(4)、蜜蜂羡慕雄鹰能够搏击蓝天自由翱翔，却没有意识到自己能传播花粉使大自然 五彩缤纷，果实累累;沙砾羡慕碧玉青翠欲滴价值可观，却没有意识到自己终能成就平坦大道和万丈高楼;丑小鸭羡慕白天鹅洁白无暇万般美丽，却不知道自己正焕 发出独特的风采。(《是金子，总会闪光》)

(5)、盈盈月光，我掬一杯最清的;落落余辉，我拥一缕最暖的;灼灼红叶，我拾一 片最热的;美美芳草，我摘一束最灿的;茫茫人海，我要选择哪一种最符合我性情的人生?(《心灵归属何方》)

借书信，平中见奇。

(1)

尊敬的孔子老爷爷：

你好!我是你的一个普通子孙，相隔数千年后斗胆写信打扰你，不仅为了向你致上崇敬 的问候，而且怀着几个难解的问题急待你的指教。(《给孔子的一封信》)

(2)

可恶的标准答案：

看到你，我实在是义愤填膺。所以，在愤怒火焰的驱使下，我写了这封信来声讨你。答 案本是丰富多彩的，可是你却偏偏要戴上“标准”这顶帽子。要知道，就因为“标准”二字，发生了无数的悲剧。以下是你的三大罪状：(《给“标准答案”的一封 信》)

(3)

屈公：

悠悠数千载，安然无恙乎?

每每拜读大作，或伫立案头，或观龙舟竞渡，粽投鱼腹，不胜感慨系之。思量再三，不 禁为您的结局或曰“下场”抱憾。以您的文韬武略，后世百代能有几人与您匹敌，何苦为了区区一个楚王，轻掷千钧之身呢?(《谏屈原书》)

(4)

臣征言：

臣昨日读《韩非》见一事：宋有富人，雨大而坏屋舍，其子与邻翁俱言曰：“室坏而不 修则贼至也。”果之如此，富人嘉其子之惠而疑邻翁者，何也?子与之亲而邻与之远也。(《陈情表》)

引名句，起点高远。

引用名言警句、古诗词、歌词等作为文章的开头，可以营造一种文化氛围，唤起读者的 阅读情趣，同时也丰富了文章的文化底蕴，使文章熠熠生辉。如：

(1)“智者乐水，仁者乐山，智者动，仁者寿”。冯友兰先生曾经说过，属于海洋性 文明的希腊文明，亦即西方文明，如同灵动的水，如同灵动的智者，追求变革，而属于大陆性文明的中国文明，却是一位长寿的“仁者”，是一座沉稳的大山，尊重 传统，对“变”有天生的审慎。(江苏考生《永远的葱郁永远的中国》)

(2)“从谏如流”常被用来形容能虚心听取别人的意见。古语云：“古之贤君，其从 谏也，犹水之就下，沛然谁能御之?”由此可见，古人对此是非常推崇的。波兰的谚语也说：“常问路的人不会迷失方向。”至此，我们是否可以下个结论：从谏如 流，多多益善，听从一切的谏议?(山东考生《给“从谏如流”上把锁》)

例1引孔子及冯友兰的话导入，例2由古语及谚语入笔，切合题旨，意蕴丰富，既显示 出考生深厚的文化积淀功底，又展现其灵活驾驭的才思。可见，把自己平时集锦的妙言佳句巧妙地安置在文章的显眼处，无疑会使开篇文采飞扬，魅力十足。

(3)问世间情为何物，直教人生死相许。元好问的确好问，也很会问。他这一问可谓 一问问千古。多少年来，有多少人在这个问题上徘徊，又有多少人在付出巨大代价后作出了人生最终的答案。但各家之言却如每个人的脸一样，各不相同。 (《问世间情为何物》)

(4)美学大师罗丹曾经说过：“美是到处都有的，对于我们的眼睛，不是缺少美，而 是缺少发现。”今天，受这位富有创新精神的学者启发，我想说：“答案是普遍存在的，对于我们的脑袋，不是缺少思考，而是缺少角度。”许多时候，我们都迷惑 于问题的不解或徘徊于多解的选择路口，怎样走便成了心中的疑团，往往举棋不定，左右乱倾，这时，就有换个角度考虑的必要，这样会给你带来更多成功的机 会。(《旋转这只万花筒》)

(5)古人云：“仁者乐山，知者乐水。”乐山之挺拔峻秀，乐水之轻盈灵动。无怪乎 一条青溪会引来诸如李白杜甫的驻足凝视，会令众多得志或不得志的文人骚客甘愿在此了却一生，不原再“误入尘网中”。(《水的联想。》)

(6)天之道，利而不害;圣人之道，为而不争。孟子曰：“若所行似善而非善，毋宁 不为;若所行似恶而非恶，毋宁为之。”匆匆的人生路途，匆匆的行路脚步，匆匆的心灵选择。在这来去匆匆之间，又应点燃一盏怎样的心灯?(《心星点灯》)

说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

文题是文章的眉目，“文好题一半”，一个好的题目，可以概括全文的内容，可以体现全文的思路，可以蕴涵全文的主旨，可以表明全文的特色，能给人清新脱俗，耳目一新的感觉，能一下子抓住读者的注意力、激发起仔细阅读的兴趣，能使文章起到眉目传神的妙用。如《扬长避短，成功之道》、《“英雄”偏到“无用武之地》，这些文题巧用成语，新颖别致。又如《“钦差大臣”请下岗》、《“李鬼”打假》，这些文题巧用名人名字，耐人寻味。再如《千里马变成推磨驴》、《岂可回族街头卖猪肉》等活用修辞给人赏心悦目的感觉。

考场作文的文题，首先必须准确，要扣准话题，不能偏题离题;其次要醒目，要紧扣文章内容，让人一看一目了然，给人耳目一新的感觉;再其次要简洁，要短小简单，能给人留下深刻的印象，能给人广阔的想象空间。常见的文题有三种类型①老实型。老老实实的采用原话题的原词句，并不多加改造。如《心灵的选择》《小议诚信》。②深化型。对原话题理解的基础上，所拟文题或明确主旨，或概括内容，或体现思路，或表明特色，如《失败是种难言的美丽》《人在旅途》。③艺术型。采用一定的修辞方法，常见的如比喻式《人生也是一张答卷》《成功之花只对挑战者绽放》，夸张式《世界很小是个家》，引用式《你不该悄悄地走开》(歌曲)《横看成岭侧成峰》(诗句)，反问式《21世纪你美吗》《岂可回族街头卖猪肉》，情景式《滑铁卢上空的雄鹰》《带着三句话上路》，符号式《出发+拼搏=到达》，呼告式《妈妈，我想对你说》，对比式《英雄无用武之地与英雄有用武之地》。这三种情况以后两种为好。